Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AVINASHIPALAYAM, TIRUPUR.
Submitted by
D.VADIVEL. ITI,DME.BE,MISTE.,
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ANNA UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI.MAY–2013
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Prof.V.Suresh Dr.R.MAGUTEESHWARAN
SUPERVISOR. HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT.
Mechanical engineering Mechanical engineering
Jay Shriram group of institution, Jay Shriram group of institution,
Tirupur Tirupur.
CHAPTER TITLE
NO
SYNOPSIS
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Introduction
2 Literature review
3 Description of equipments
3.1 Spring
3.2 DC Gun
3.5 Relay
5 Working principle
7 Applications
8 List of materials
9 Cost Estimation
10 Conclusion
Bibliography
photography
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure TITLE
Number
1 Block diagram
2 Overall diagram
SYNOPSIS
SYNOPSIS
The main objective of this concept is used to apply the gear by using
automation system in automobiles. This is the new innovative model mainly used for
the vehicles to control the vehicle. In this project we design the automatic gear
changing mechanism in two wheeler vehicles by using the electronic devices. This is
very useful for the gear changing mechanism in automobile vehicles. By using this
we can easily control the vehicle and improve the performance of the vehicle also we
INDRODUCTION
CHAPTER-1
INDRODUCTION
A motorcycle (also called a motor bicycle, motorbike, bike, or cycle) is a
considerably depending on the task for which they are designed, such as long
distance travel, navigating congested urban traffic, cruising, sport and racing, or off-
road conditions. In many parts of the world, motorcycles are among the least
LITERATURE SURVEY
CHAPTER-II
LITERATURE SURVEY
MOTOR CYCLE:
The first motorcycle was designed and built by the German inventors Gottlieb
Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Bad Cannstatt in 1885. The first petroleum-
powered vehicle, it was essentially a motorised bicycle, although the inventors called
their invention the Reitwagen ("riding car"). However, if a two-wheeled vehicle with
steam propulsion is considered a motorcycle, then the first one may have been
American. One such machine was demonstrated at fairs and circuses in the eastern
In 1894, Hildebrand & Wolf Muller became the first motorcycle available for
adapted their designs to accommodate the new internal combustion engine. As the
engines became more powerful and designs outgrew the bicycle origins, the number
Until the First World War, the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world
was India, producing over 20,000 bikes per year. By 1920, this honor went to Harley-
motorcycles in the world, producing up to 75,000 bikes per year in the 1950s. The
Grand Prix seasonIn the 1950s, streamlining began to play an increasing part in the
development of racing motorcycles and held out the possibility of radical changes to
motorcycle design. NSU and Moto-Guzzi were in the vanguard of this development
both producing very radical designs well ahead of their time. NSU produced the most
advanced design, but because of the deaths of four NSU riders in the 1954–1956
seasons, they abandoned further development and quit Grand Prix motorcycle
racing. Moto-Guzzi produced competitive race machines, and by 1957 nearly all the
From the 1960s through the 1990s, small two-stroke motorcycles were
popular worldwide, partly as a result of East German Walter Kaaden's engine work in
the 1950s.
degree of popularity in the United States. Apart from these high capacity
motorcycles, there is a very huge market for low capacity (less then 300 cc)
dominated by mostly Indian companies with Hero Honda being the world's largest
manufacturer of two wheelers. Its Hero Honda Splendor model is the highest selling
motorcycle in automotive history, having sold more then 8.5 million to date.
A 2006 Honda HeroRecent years have also seen resurgence in the popularity
of several other brands sold in the U.S. market, including BMW, KTM, Triumph,
Outside of the U.S., these brands have enjoyed continued and sustained
success, although Triumph, for example, has been re-incarnated from its former self
currently manufacture and sell more motorcycles than any other country and exports
are rising.
world. The Piaggio group of Italy, for example, is one of the world's largest producers
of two-wheeled vehicles.
All these motorcycles are conventional ones that means they use
conventional energy source such as fossil fuels (petrol, diesel) which produce
harmful gases such as CO2, carbon monoxide, NO, etc. which cause air pollution as
Keeping these facts in mind and also the possible extinction of fossil fuels in another
100 years we have to reduce the use of such fuels and look for other energy sources
and here we have powered the two wheeler using electricity produced while it’s
was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the
current gave rise to a circular magnetic field around the wire. This motor is often
demonstrated in school physics classes, but brine (salt water) is sometimes used in
place of the toxic mercury. This is the simplest form of a class of electric motors
called homopolar motors. A later refinement is the Barlow's Wheel. These were
The first real electric motor, using electromagnets for both stationary and
practical application was invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832.
with the intention of commercial use was built by the American Thomas Davenport
and patented in 1837. Although several of these motors were built and used to
operate equipment such as a printing press, due to the high cost of primary battery
power, the motors were commercially unsuccessful and Davenport went bankrupt.
encountered the same cost issues with primary battery power. No electricity
distribution had been developed at the time. Like Sturgeon's motor, there was no
Gramme connected the dynamo he had invented to a second similar unit, driving it
as a motor. The Gramme machine was the first electric motor that was successful in
the industry.
In 1888 Nikola Tesla invented the first practicable AC motor and with it the
polyphase power transmission system. Tesla continued his work on the AC motor in
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
CHAPTER-III
DESCRIPTION OF EQUPMENTS
3.1. SPRING
The automobile chassis is mounted on the axles not direct but through some
form of springs. This is done to isolate the vehicle body from the road shocks which
may be in the form of bounce, pitch, roll or sway. These tendencies give rise to an
uncomfortable ride and also cause additional stress in the automobile frame and
body. All the parts which perform the function of isolating the automobile from the
it is more rigid, it will not absorb road shocks efficiently and if it is more flexible it will
continue to vibrate even after the bump has passed so we must have sufficient
energy. Springs are usually made out of hardened steel. Small springs
the shape of a helix which returns to its natural length when unloaded
this is called return spring. Springs are placed between the road wheels
and the vehicle body. When the wheel comes across a bump on the
road, it rises and deflects the spring, thereby storing energy therein. On
expending the stored energy. In this way the spring starts vibrating, with
filed for a US patent on 1 April 1919, which was issued in July 1922 as
proposed. By late 1944 enough theory had been worked out to allow the
six firing twelve rounds per minute, and it was to fit existing 12.8 cm FlaK
40 mounts. It was never built. When details were discovered after the
war it aroused much interest and a more detailed study was carried out,
of Chicago
CONSTRUCTION:
inserted between the rails (from the end connected to the power supply),
it completes the circuit. Electrons flow from the negative terminal of the
power supply up the negative rail, across the projectile, and down the
opposite direction along each rail, the net magnetic field between the
rails (B) is directed vertically. In combination with the current (I) across
projectile along the rails. There are also forces acting on the rails
attempting to push them apart, but since the rails are firmly mounted,
they cannot move. The projectile slides up the rails away from the end
A very large power supply providing, on the order of, one million
has been achieved with small projectiles explosively injected into the
the rails. Such a railgun would require frequent replacement of the rails,
MATERIALS
projectile, and heating due to the large currents and friction involved.
The recoil force exerted on the rails is equal and opposite to the force
propelling the projectile. The seat of the recoil force is still debated. The
traditional equations predict that the recoil force acts on the breech of
the railgun. Another school of thought invokes Ampère's force law and
asserts that it acts along the length of the rails (which is their strongest
axis). The rails also repel themselves via a sideways force caused by
the rails being pushed by the magnetic field, just as the projectile is. The
rails need to survive this without bending, and must be very securely
mounted.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
and controlled over a useful amount of time. The most important gauge
2008, the largest known energy used to propel a projectile from a railgun
was 32 million joules.. The most common forms of power supplies used
The rails need to withstand enormous repulsive forces during firing, and
these forces will tend to push them apart and away from the projectile.
rapid vaporization and extensive damage to the rail surfaces and the
insulator surfaces. This limited some early research railguns to one shot
The inductance and resistance of the rails and power supply limit
States Navy, The Institute for Advanced Technology, and BAE Systems.
HEAT DISSIPATION
through the rails, as well as the friction of the projectile leaving the
device. The heat created by this friction itself can cause thermal
expansion of the rails and projectile, further increasing the frictional heat.
degree of ablation also, and this can limit railgun life, in some cases
severely.
MATHEMATICAL FORMULA
permeability constant (μ0), the radius of the rails (which are assumed to
the rails(d) and the current in amps through the system (I) as follows
between the point where the force (F) is measured and the beginning of
the rails is greater than the separation of the rails (d) by a factor of about
RAIL GUN:
not contain explosives, but are given extremely high velocities: 3500 m/s
comparison, the M16 rifle has a muzzle speed of 930 m/s, or 3,000 ft/s),
which would make their kinetic energy equal or superior to the energy
velocities railguns have greater range, less bullet drop and less wind
projectile to velocities greater than about 1.5 km/s and ranges of more
from the breech, meaning that a fresh round could be cycled almost
lost as it is not driving the projectile. This could be overcome through the
ENERGY DISSIPATION
The energy in the magnetic field itself does not simply dissipate;
In the circuit the magnetic field keeps the current in the coil flowing
oscillator.
projectile to high velocity. The name Gauss gun is sometimes used for
magnetic accelerators.
accelerated quickly along the barrel via magnetic forces. Coilguns are
distinct from railguns, which pass a large current through the projectile or
sabot via sliding contacts. Coilguns and railguns also operate on
different principles.
While playing with my can crusher, I noticed that a can placed off center
tended to be pushed out of the solenoid. A little searching of the patent literature
convinced me that I had inadvertently created a very poor, single stage, coil
Propellant powered guns are typically limited to muzzle velocities on the order
of 2,000 meters per second. This limit is inherent to the use of expanding gas to
drive the projectile down a barrel. Barrels simply can't withstand the temperatures
and pressures required for higher expansion rates of the propellant combustion
products (normally CO2 and NOx). One attempt at a gun for higher velocities used
to a small one for compression of the drive gas) to provide a high pressure of
hydrogen gas (hydrogen is the lightest, and hence fastest expanding, of all
gasses). While some success was achieved, the apparatus was cumbersome and
the velocities were still limited. For some applications, particularly orbital launching,
Two basic types of electromagnetic gun are described in the patent literature,
the rail gun and the coil gun. Both use stored energy sources to produce a large
magnetic field and a high electric current through a driving armature. The interaction
of the current with the magnetic field generates a force which propels the armature
(and any projectile connected to it). Beyond that, they differ substantially, and each
has practical difficulties which has prevented them from being more than laboratory
curiosities.
An audio tape recorder, tape deck, reel-to-reel tape deck, cassette deck or
tape machine is an audio storage device that records and plays back sounds,
including articulated voices, usually using magnetic tape, either wound on a reel or in
a cassette, for storage. It its present day form, it records a fluctuating signal by
moving the tape across a tape head that polarizes the magnetic domains in the tape
ELECTRICAL
Electric current flowing in the coils of the tape head creates a fluctuating
magnetic field. This causes the magnetic material on the tape, which is moving past
and in contact with the head, to align in a manner proportional to the original signal.
The signal can be reproduced by running the tape back across the tape head, where
the reverse process occurs – the magnetic imprint on the tape induces a small
current in the read head which approximates the original signal and is then amplified
for playback. Many tape recorders are capable of recording and playing back at once
by means of separate record and playback heads in line or combined in one unit.
MECHANICAL
with a constant rotation speed drives the capstan. This, usually combined with a
rubber pinch roller, ensures that the tape speed does not fluctuate. Of the other two
motors, one applies a very light torque to the supply reel, and the other a greater
torque to the take-up reel, to maintain the tape's tension. During fast winding
operation the pinch roller is disengaged and the reel motors provide the necessary
power. The cheapest models use a single motor for all required functions; the motor
drives the capstan directly and the supply and take-up reels are loosely coupled to
the capstan motor with slipping belts or clutches. There are also variants with two
Specifications
Typical applications:
2) Audio
200pcs/carton
Volume: 0.029cbm
N.W.: 15.5kg
G.W.: 16.0kg
Specifications:
The slot sensors are U-shaped and the active face is located between the two
arms. The sensor is actuated when an object passes the slot. Slot sensors detect
laterally approaching targets reliably, regardless of their distance to the active face.
Slot sensors, sometimes called optical fork sensors because of their "forked"
shape, detect objects that pass between the two arms—one with the emitter, the
other with the receiver. The fixed slot width provides reliable opposed-mode sensing
range of 29 different models to suit any of your application needs. With the industry's
smallest size, the PM series plays a key role in the miniaturization of your
equipment. All models are equipped with two outputs, one for Light-ON and the other
for Dark-ON sensing. This increases the versatility of the sensor for use in existing
installation and allow for wire replacement if the cable is severed. The PM series
BGL Series
The BGL series of photoelectric slot sensors offer laser-like accuracy with
highly visible red LED or Class II laser emission for resolutions down to 0.3mm.
These self-contained thru beam sensors, configured in a simple “U” shaped housing,
save mounting and machine setup time. Typical thru-beam fiber optic applications
can be solved using BGL slot sensors, saving installation time and cost. Since the
BGL slot sensor is completely self-contained, it replaces the two thru-beam cables
and the fiber optic amplifier, eliminating the need for special mounting brackets.
FEATURES
– High resolution
– Adjustable sensitivity
APPLICATIONS
– Position verification
– Feed verification on automatic assembly equipment
SL10 & SL30 Series Slot Sensors are ideal for sensing of color marks on
clear film.
(SL30 models)
Ideal for detecting registration marks, holes or gear teeth; edge guiding; and
counting
If you are looking for Banner Slot Sensors, please call us on (800) 894 - 0412 or
email us at info@clrwtr.com we will do our best to help you find the Banner SLM
Series Sensor that you are looking for at the most competitive prices possible. If you
are searching for Banner C-GAGE Label Sensors technical information (data-sheets)
please use the Banner Datasheets OR Product Selection Guide page links.
The SR31 series is composed of slot sensors with infrared LED
and 42 mm deep slot. These sensors are suitable for detecting opaque
3.5 RELAY
the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and
changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off. So relays
have two switch positions and they are double throw (changeover)
switches. Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can
typically 30mA for a 12V relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for
relays designed to operate from lower voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot
provide this current and a transistor is usually used to amplify the small
IC current to the larger value required for the relay coil. The maximum
output current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so these devices
Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many
changeover contacts are readily available. Most relays are designed for
PCB mounting but you can solder wires directly to the pins providing you
take care to avoid melting the plastic case of the relay. The animated
picture shows a working relay with its coil and switch contacts. You can
see a lever on the left being attracted by magnetism when the coil is
switched on. This lever moves the switch contacts. There is one set of
contacts (SPDT) in the foreground and another behind them, making the
relay DPDT.
3.6 CONTROL UNIT:
MICROCONTROLLER:
INTRODUCTION:
revolutionizing various industries and influencing our day to day life more strongly
than one can imagine. Since its emergence in the early 1980's the microcontroller
has been recognized as a general purpose building block for intelligent digital
systems. It is finding using diverse area, starting from simple children's toys to highly
complex spacecraft. Because of its versatility and many advantages, the application
students, teachers and practicing engineers, creating an acute education need for
identifies the vital features responsible for their tremendous impact, the acute
educational need created by them and provides a glimpse of the major application
area.
MICROCONTROLLER:
substantially reduces the cost of building simple products, which use the
natural way to implement many products. This means the idea of using a
microprocessor for low cost products comes up often. But the typical 8-bit
microprocessor based system, such as one using a Z80 and 8085 is expensive. Both
8085 and Z80 system need some additional circuits to make a microprocessor
system. Each part carries costs of money. Even though a product design may
requires only very simple system, the parts needed to make this system as a low
cost product.
chip microcontroller. This could be called microcomputer, as all the major parts are in
the IC. Most frequently they are called microcontroller because they are used they
MICROPROCESSOR, ROM, RAM, I/0, CLOCK, TIMERS, and also SERIAL PORTS.
or "computer on a chip".
computer. Micro suggests that the device is small, and controller tells you that the
its support circuits are often built into, or embedded in, the devices they control.
products. For example most personal computers keyboards and implemented with a
transmission circuits. Many low cost products, such as Toys, Electric Drills,
Microwave Ovens, VCR and a host of other consumer and industrial products are
based on microcontrollers.
time periods.
A serial i/o port to allow data to flow between the controller and other
processing.
Microcontrollers are:
Smaller in size
Inexpensive
Micro controller is a stand alone unit, which can perform functions on its own
without any requirement for additional hardware like i/o ports and external memory.
The heart of the microcontroller is the CPU core. In the past, this has traditionally
been based on a 8-bit microprocessor unit. For example Motorola uses a basic 6800
designed CPU cores, for example the microchip PIC range of microcontrollers.
CHAPTER-4
DESIGN AND DRAWING
CHAPTER-4
The automatic gear changer in two wheelers- DC gun model is consists of the
machine.
Tape motor
U-Slot sensor
Control unit
DC gun
WORKING PRINCIPLE
CHAPTER-V
WORKING PRINCIPLE
Here we have two dc gun arrangements which are arranged on either side of
the vehicle pedal rest for applying the gear. The dc gun is fixed at the end of the flat
pedal rest. The plate rest has pivot at the center. The guns are operated with the
help of electric power supply and it is controlled by the control unit. One of the guns
is used to apply the gear and another one for reducing the gears. The gears are
applied on the vehicle depending up on the speed of the vehicle. The speed sensors
are placed near the wheel the sensor sense the signal and give the output signal to
the control unit. For this purpose, here we are using a tape motor with a U slot
sensor such that the speed can be varied through the tape motor. Depending up on
the signal the clutch and gears will automatically changed with the help of the control
unit. When the vehicle speed increases automatically the clutch and the gear will
change in the vehicles. The arrangement is clearly shown in the below diagram.
CHAPTER -6
Automatic method
Simple in construction
DEMERITS
We need to alter gear shifter which may increase the vehicles weight and will
APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER-VII
APPLICATIONS
LIST OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER-VIII
LIST OF MATERIALS
The various factors which determine the choice of material are discussed
below.
1. Properties:
The material selected must posses the necessary properties for the proposed
reliability etc.
their selection
a. Physical
b. Mechanical
d. Chemical
Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue resistance, impact
resistance, eleastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear
The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of view are,
Cast ability
Weld ability
Surface properties
Shrinkage
3. Quality Required:
This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the material.
4. Availability of Material:
for the designer to use some other material which though may not be a perfect
substitute for the material designed. the delivery of materials and the delivery date of
6. Cost:
COST ESTIMATION
CHAPTER-IX
COST ESTIMATION
1. LABOUR COST:
2. OVERGHEAD CHARGES:
=6000+1200
=7200
=2000
3. TOTAL COST:
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER-X
CONCLUSION
automobile department. It is very useful for driver while drive the vehicle at any
This project has also reduced the cost involved in the concern. Project has
been designed to perform the entire requirement task which has also been provided.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIORAPHY
Institute, Bangalore.