Chp.

14 Cardiovascular System

Componentsheart, arteries, veins, capillaries, venules, arterioles **not the lungs**

Layers of the heart

 Pericardiumoutermost layer (fibrous capsule), parietal and visceral layers

 Myocardiummiddle layer (muscle)
 Endocardiuminnermost layer

Chambers of the heart

 Atriasuperior, smaller, receive blood from the body

 Ventriclesinferior, larger, pump blood away from the heart

Blood flow through the heart

 Superior vena cava/inferior vena cava/coronary sinusright atriumtricuspid

valveright ventriclepulmonary semilunar valvepulmonary trunkright/left
pulmonary arterieslungsright/left pulmonary veinsleft atriumbicuspid/mitral
valveleft ventricleaortic semilunar valveaorta

Cardiac Impulses

 Sinoatrial node (SA)atrioventricular node (AV)AV bundle/bundle of HisPurkinje

fibers

Cardiac Cycle

 Atrial contraction/systole=ventricular relaxation/diastole

 Ventricular contraction/systole=atrial relaxation/diastole

Electrocardiogram

 P waveatrial depolarization
 QRS complexventricular depolarization
 T waveventricular repolarization

Sinus rhythmnormal rhythm and heart rate

Arrhythmiaabnormal rhythm

Murmurabnormal sounds of the heart

Blood Vessels

 Arterycarries blood away from the heart, thicker, more flexible

 Veincarries blood back to the heart, thinner, has valves, less flexible

Layers of blood vessels

 Tunica intimaendothelium, smooth

 Tunica mediamuscle
 Tunica adventitiaconnective tissue

Blood flow through vessels

 Arteriesarteriolescapillariesvenulesveins

Pathologies

 Rheumatic feverresult of streptococcus infection, damages valves of the heart

 Endocarditisdamage/inflammation of the endocardium
 Myocarditisinflammation of the myocardium
 Pericarditisinflammation of the pericardium (very painful)
 Myocardial infarction”heart attack”, tissue death as a result of lack of blood flow
 Bradycardiaheart rate < 60bpm @ rest
 Tachycardiaheart rate > 100bpm @ rest
 Angina pectorischest pain as a result of restricted blood flow to the myocardium
 Hypertensionhigh blood pressure (>140/90)
 Hypotensionblood pressure (<110/60)

Cardiac output

 CO=SV * HR cardiac output=stroke volume * heart rate