DATE 09/01/2015 DOC. MSE20030 REV. 6.5.

DIR-67
AUTOMATIC PROGRAM FOR THE TEST OF
DIRECTIONAL RELAYS ANSI-IEC 67
USER MANUAL
Ver. 6.5.3
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REVISIONS SUMMARY VISA

N. PAG. DATE
4.0.0 All 30/03/2006 Issued revision 4.0.0 Morandi

5.2.0 6, 29-30 17/11/2008 Added “Save in TDMS” menu item and the link Rossoni
with the same print report as TDMS
5.2.1 All 16/02/2009 Updated images. Described nominal Morandi
characteristic settings and Verify Vo-Io
characteristic test type
6.5.3 ALL 9/1/2015 Updated to the new revision Lodi
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PREFACE .......................................................................................................................................................... 4

1 DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT ANSI 67 ..................................................................................................... 5

1.1 Menu description .................................................................................................................................................. 5

1.1.1 Menu file ......................................................................................................................................................... 5

1.1.1.1 Open .................................................................................................................................................... 6

1.1.1.2 Save Results ........................................................................................................................................ 6
1.1.1.3 Save in TDMS .................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1.1.4 Notes to the test........................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1.1.5 Print results ......................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1.1.6 Exit .............................................................................................................................................................. 7
1.1.2 Menu options .................................................................................................................................................. 7

1.1.2.1 Header ................................................................................................................................................ 7

1.1.2.2 Preferences .......................................................................................................................................... 8

1.1.3 System information ......................................................................................................................................... 9
1.1.4 Languages ..................................................................................................................................................... 10

1.2 Program description ........................................................................................................................................... 11

1.3 Settings tab .......................................................................................................................................................... 12

1.3.1 Sector & Vo/Io for the 67 N relay................................................................................................................. 13
1.3.2 Overcurrent for the 50-51 relay .................................................................................................................... 14
1.3.3 Timer and input contact ................................................................................................................................ 16

1.4 Test tab and Test selection tab ........................................................................................................................... 17

1.4.1 Click and test ................................................................................................................................................ 18
1.4.2 Search sector and MTA ....................................................................................................................................... 20
1.4.3 Verify Vo-Io characteristic ........................................................................................................................... 21
1.4.4 Search Io-Vo characteristic ........................................................................................................................... 21
1.4.5 Dragging ....................................................................................................................................................... 23
1.4.6 Automatic test I-t .......................................................................................................................................... 23

1.5 Results tab ........................................................................................................................................................... 25

1.6 Actions ................................................................................................................................................................. 26

1.6.1 Change colors ............................................................................................................................................... 26
1.6.2 Perform table functions ................................................................................................................................. 26

2 PRINTING RESULTS............................................................................................................................... 29

3 IMPORT RESULTS IN EXCEL ................................................................................................................ 31

4 NOTES ON MEDIUM VOLTAGE RELAYS ............................................................................................. 33

4.1 Directional earth fault – Ansi 67........................................................................................................................ 33

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Preface

The program DIR-67 has been designed as an interactive test software for all ISA Automatic test
sets, to test directional relays ANSI-IEC 67.
Theoretically, from the beginning the user is driven throughout all steps in simple way, so that he
has the feeling that everything is under control.
It is like playing with a fully manual test equipment with very powerful tools. The following are the
features available in the program:
 Capability to load/save the results created as a Microsoft Access file (*MDB;*.67)
 Manual and automatic test of any type of directional relays
 Capability to load a result and repeat all the tests included
The Revision 6.5.3 has, as an additional feature, the capability of importing the nominal over-
current curve.
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1 Directional Earth Fault Ansi 67

1.1 Menu description

Note that some selections are also available in the toolbar. Exclusive toolbar selections are:

 Connect - disconnect to the test device

 Set digital inputs
 Transfer prefault data
 Gernerate prefault
 Test start, stop, reset
 Options: IEC61850-8, IEC61850-9, TRANSCOPE .
For the meaning of these latter selections, please refer to the Manual test program.

1.1.1 Menu file

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1.1.1.1 Open
This menu item allows loading a result file that contains all the tests performed and the relative
relay settings (graphics included). Results are stored into a database file (Microsoft Access file).

1.1.1.2 Save Results

This menu item allows saving a result file containing all the tests performed and the relative relay
settings. The standard dialog window appear to allow the user select the name of the file to be
saved.

1.1.1.3 Save in TDMS

This menu item allows exporting the result file into the database of TDMS program. When you
click this voice a window with the network topology defined inside TDMS will appear. This
window allows the user to select the node of the network tree created by TDMS into which the
sequence must be saved and assign a mnemonic name to the result file; To export the opened result
tests, select the relay node in which the sequence must be saved, choose a descriptive name for the
file and press the “Save” button. By pressing the “Cancel” button, the sequence will not be saved
into TDMS.

1.1.1.4 Notes to the test

By selecting this menu it is possible to add comments regarding the tests performed. This notes will
be included in the results file and can be printed.
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1.1.1.5 Print results

This menu item is discussed in the relative chapter about printing.

1.1.1.6 Exit
Closes the application.

1.1.2 Menu options

1.1.2.1 Header
By choosing this menu item, the user is asked to fill data that identifies the conditions of the test.
They will be printed on the results, allowing the traceability of the test performed. In detail, please
insert the Substation name (Plant name), the Line name (Feeder), data regarding the relay such as
Relay Manufacturer, Relay Model and Serial Number. Also fill the Operator and Instrument
Serial Number fields. The other fields are to be considered optional.
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Click on Load logo to change the logo to be printed on the test report, or if the program is not able
to find the predefined logo. Reasons could be that the file no longer exists or the .INI file is
corrupted.

1.1.2.2 Preferences
This menu item loads a window where the operator can specify general parameters that will
influence the way test are carried out or results are displayed
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The frame CT Ratio allows using appropriately a CT on the current outputs (specifically designed
for the option IN1-CDG). It allows therefore to select which is the CT ratio by selecting the primary
side and secondary side currents, and to define on which outputs it will be used. The selection can
be made by choosing the appropriate Primary/Secondary side values from the menus or by typing
directly the ratio in the provided box. CT ratio can be selectively applied to the current outputs.

The frame Time delay allows the user to define how to display trip times and delays: in seconds or
in cycles. In the latter case it must be indicated the reference frequency to be used for the cycle
calculation.

The frame Zero Power allows defining specific working parameters of this instrument and will be
enabled only if the instrument is connected.

The frame Output Colors allows to choose the color appearance of the voltage and current outputs
in: the Manual mode screens, both Pre-fault and Fault values.

The frame Measure Conversion constants allows to choose whether to take into account the value
and type of a conversion parameter. This will be reflected on the values shown by the Measuring
board, and is particularly useful when measuring signals via a transducer, such as clip-on
transformers. In this case the transducer can convert from Current to Current (and therefore the ratio
I/I Conversion is taken into account) or from Current to Voltage (and therefore the ratio I/V
Conversion is considered).

The frame Power Line Synchronization is disabled: if enabled, the generation will be
synchronized to the mains.

The frame GPS & IRIG Injection Delay applies when these options are available (models DRTS6
or DRTSXX). It is possible to delay the test generation with respect to the synchronization pulse:
this serves to synchronize different devices.

By pressing OK the parameters will be saved, whether with Cancel any change is discarded.

1.1.3 System information

It’s a panel showing information regarding the connected instrument, (RAM, Flash EPROM etc.).
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A picture of the connected instrument appears. It also shows ISA contact details.

1.1.4 Languages
This menu gives the capability to change the language of the software without closing the program.
The active language will be saved by quitting the program.
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1.2 Program description

There are two sections, left and right:

- Section Left: control of test parameters
- Section Right: visualization of results

In Section Left you have four tabs:

- Settings: of the real and nominal values
- Test: control of test parameters
- Test Selection: here you decide what type of action to perform on the relay
- Results: and here you can store all results after each test

In Section Right you have three tabs:

- Graph Angle Sector: represents the result of the sector verification.
- Graph Vo-Io: represents the search of the characteristic Vo-Io at a specific angle, in this
case –90°.
- Graph I-t: over-current diagram.
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1.3 Settings tab

There aren’t many parameters to be set:

 Vnom: this is the phase to neutral voltage used during the test
 Inom: nominal current of the relay
 Fn: nominal frequency
 Imax: the maximum current during the test… it is set to 1A (but it can be modified) as it
represent the zero sequence current
 Vmax: the maximum voltage during the test… it is set to 100V (but it can be modified) as
the zero sequence voltage can increase up to the phase-phase voltage
 Vdc: it is the dc power supply to the relay. The Vdc is applied after pressing the button

 Ramp Vdc: if the auxiliary DC voltage is applied with a step, an overload may occur on
the Vdc amplifier. This is normally caused by a high filter capacitor put in parallel of the power
supply. In this case it is recommended to generate the Vdc with a ramp otherwise the capacitor
is sensed as a short circuit, at least during the first few milliseconds.

Other settings define the relay type:

o Vo = (V1+V2+V3)/3: select this if the relay needs the complete three phase voltages to
determine the zero sequence voltage Vo (or Vr): the three voltages
V1, V2, V3 will be used during the test.

o Vo = V1 (Open delta): select this if the relay needs only one voltage coming from open-delta
connected VT’s
only V1 will be used during the test

Then, it is possible to define the directional characteristic or the overcurrent characteristic: two tabs
are available.
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1.3.1 Sector & Vo/Io for the 67 N relay

Time settings

o Tnom Nominal trip time

o Err Max Maximum allowed time error to consider a test Pass. The maximum
error is calculated as the maximum between the relative error given in
% and the minimum error

Angle Sector Characteristic

o Characteristic Angle this is the MTA, and represent the angle of maximum sensitivity

o Err Max [°] Maximum allowed angle error to consider a test Pass.
o Sector extension: represent the extension of the directional sensitivity

Vo-Io Characteristic

o VoNom [V] Nominal voltage limit of the Vo-Io char

o Err Max [°] Maximum allowed voltage error to consider a test Pass. The maximum
error is calculated as the maximum between the relative error given in
% and the minimum error
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o Io Nom [A] Nominal current of Vo-Io char

o Err Max [°] Maximum allowed current error to consider a test Pass. The maximum
error is calculated as the maximum between the relative error given in
% and the minimum error

Note: Io will always be generated using current I1 of the test equipment.

As explained before, the relay will trip only when

MTA - Sector / 2  Io  MTA + Sector / 2

This is not enough: Vo and Io must be higher than their relative pick-up’s.

1.3.2 Overcurrent for the 50-51 relay

With this selection, it is possible to define the overcurrent relay characteristic curve.

 The relay characteristic is made of a number of parts, superimposing on each other, and each
one corresponding to a threshold. Each line of the above table represents the characteristic of the
corresponding element. There is no limitation on the number and type of thresholds.
 The element is defined with:
o Type (definite time, normal inverse, very inverse, standard…)
o Pick up, this given in units of In.
When the relay is sensing the fault current, it will check all the phases for which the measured
current is more than the pick-up current. As a result, for a specific test current, the tripping time is
the one of the fastest tripping phase. This is why the test of three phase relays must be done with
three single-phase tests: else, one or two faulty phase measurements would not be detected.

Meaning of each column:

- NR: is the element number.
- I/In: this is the pick-up threshold of the element, given in multiple of In.
- Curve: defines the type of curve, depending on the standard (see the Standards paragraph for
more details).
- TD: this is the time multiplier, or Time Dial. It applies only to inverse time curves.
- T [ s ]: this is the trip time; it applies only to definite time characteristic or Custom curves
(see the Standards paragraph for more details)
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- Alternatively to TD, some relays characteristic may be expressed as a function of T(10I>),

which is the time delay at 10 times the Pick-up Current. The user can enter either TD or
T(10I>); the program will recalculate the other value accordingly.

The table displays a default characteristic. The curve programming is performed as follows:
 Go to the first element, and correct, if necessary, the threshold setting, by double clicking on
it;
 Press the Curve description: a down arrow is displayed. Click on the arrow: you access a
very long list of pre-defined shapes, according to many different Standards.

 Double click TD or T(10I>), according to the relay setting, and program it.
 Once you have finished, the first element of the curve is drawn on the diagram.
 Now you can move to next element(s), until the characteristic is programmed.
 If you prefer, instead of modifying parameters you can delete one line.
 If some element is missing, press add and then program it.
 “Clear all” removes all the programming, and makes you to start from scratch.
 At the end, the complete characteristic is displayed.

In the example, the characteristic is made of three elements:

 First one: time dependent curve, type IEC Very Inverse; I/In = 1; TD = 1 s;
 Second one: definite time; I/In = 7.6; T = 0.2 s;
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 Third one: definite time; I/In = 10; T = 0.04 s.

At the end, you have four more selections:

 Maximum time error, in percentage;
 Minimum absolute time error, in ms;
 Current maximum error.
 Fault: single phase, two phase, three phase.

1.3.3 Timer and input contact

In this page there are also the settings related to the input contact to monitor or the auxiliary contact
to be enabled and if so with the delay relative to the test start.

By clicking on the square box in the Timer and Input contact frame, it is possible to define the
hardware status of the contacts. This section applies to DRTS ,DRTS3, DRTS6 and ART100. The
following window appears:

 Debounce.
The debounce is the time during which the instrument waits for the input to become stable: this
serves to avoid stopping the test because of noise, and also to ignore contact bounces. When a
transition is sensed the debounce counter starts: any opposite transition before the debounce expires
resets the counter. Only if the input does not change for the programmed duration the input is
accepted, and the timer stopped. Default value: 500 us. With electronic inputs the value can be
programmed to 0; with heavy contacts the debounce is better programmed to 2000 us (maximum).
The time measurement is not affected by this selection.
 Type
There are three selections about the type of contact: Dry; Polarized by a d.c. voltage; Polarized by
an a.c. voltage. With selection dry, next selection is not applicable. With selection a.c. voltage, the
debounce is forced to 2000 us to overcome the zero crossings of the input.
 Threshold
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When the contact is selected Polarized, it is also possible to select the threshold voltage: all inputs
less than 80% of the selected value are made equal to zero. This serves to avoid noise on the line, or
in case there is a protective resistor in parallel to the contact driving the coil, so that the Open
contact does not correspond to zero volts. Available thresholds: 5 V (logic input); 24 V; 48 V; 100
V. This selection should match the wetting voltage.
If dry input is selected and a voltage is applied the instrument does not suffer, provided that the
input is no more than 220 V. If a voltage is selected and the input is not polarized, the trip is not
sensed.
If a wrong voltage threshold is selected:
. Threshold higher than the voltage: the trip is not sensed;
. Threshold lower than the voltage: the contact could be found closed when it is open.

1.4 Test tab and Test selection tab

It is better to talk about the two tabs at the same time. This is because what you can do in test tab
depends on your selections in the selection tab.

These are the possible selections:

 Click and test… either on Vo-Io graph or in the angle sector graph
 Search sector and Char angle… to verify the directionality
 Verify Vo-Io characteristic… to verify the nominal settings
 Search Io-Vo characteristic… to search the pick-up’s for voltage on current
 Dragging… continuously generating the Io and Vo values at the mouse position on the graph.
 Automatic test I – t… to verify automatically the overcurrent characteristic.

Test Tab
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1.4.1 Click and test

The test can be performed either on Vo-Io graph or in the Angle Sector graph
On Vo-Io graph just do the following:

 Select an angle
 Set the extensions of the graph by clicking on the arrows beside the graph. We suggest that you
set:
o Vmax = 100 V
o Vmin = 0,1 V
o Imax = 1 A
o Imin = 0,01 A
 Move with the mouse over the graph and then click down when you have reached the desired
point
 Select the Test tab to see the relative values for voltage and current the measured trip time.

This is the Vo and Io representation in graphical and tabular form.

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Please note:
o Fixed parameter: Angle Vo-Io
o Variable parameter: Vo and Io
o In our representation we generate the Vo by moving the star-point along V1. The distance 00’
between the two star points (0 before and 0’ after the fault)is equal to Vo .

On Graph angle sector just do the following:

At the beginning the program proposes the nominal angle sector…

 Move with the mouse around the sector. Please note that Vo, Io, and phIo are displayed on the
left-top side. Also note that Vo and Io are fixed and equal to Vmax and Imax that you have set
in Setting Tab, while only phIo is variable
 Click when you have reached a specific angle to check.
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Please note:
o Fixed parameter: Vo and Io
o Variable parameter: phIo = Angle Vo-Io

It is normal to test as it follows:

 Directionality:
o Trip for a test in forward direction
o No Trip for a test in the reverse direction
 Blinders:
The results are displayed as it follows:
o Trip: red point near the outer border
o No trip: green point near the inner border
See the figure for reference.

All tested points are added to the test table as usual.

1.4.2 Search sector and MTA

The test verifies the directionality and the blinders with an automatic test. After confirming the
selection by pressing the OK button, the following lines are added to the Test Table:

The test is initiated after pressing the button :

o A direction test is performed to check the directionality. This test is performed in two steps:
1. in forward direction at angle MTA
2. in reverse direction at angle MTA + 180°
o if the direction test is bad, one of the following messages is displayed:

o if the direction test is successful the test will carry on with the following:
 Verification of Blinder 1 and 2 with a binary search
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 The error is displayed in the Err column

1.4.3 Verify Vo-Io characteristic

It is possible to verify the Io or the Vo limit of the characteristic by selecting the relative option.
 If Verify Io is selected then it is necessary to set the Voltage at which the test will be
performed. The result is a Test Pass or Fail. By changing the voltage it is possible to explore
all the Io side of the characteristic
 If Verify Vo is selected then it is necessary to set the Current at which the test will be
performed. The result is a Test Pass or Fail. By changing the Current it is possible to explore
all the Vo side of the characteristic
A test will be a pass or a fail depending on the Nominal characteristic set and the Max error allowed
in the Settings page of the program.

1.4.4 Search Io-Vo characteristic

The test is performed at a specific angle and it is used to check the pick-up’s of the current Io at
different values of Vo, and viceversa.

The above frame is to decide how many searches are to be performed.

 Vo max, Vo min: these values are used to define fixed voltage values of Vo, then the program
measures the pick-up current Io with a binary search
 Io max, Io min: these values are used to define fixed voltage values of Io, then the program
measures the pick-up voltage Vo with a binary search
 Tests/dec: this value defines how many tests will be performed per decade. A decade is an
interval like 1 to 10, or 10 to 100. Tests/dec = 5, for instance, means that between 1 and 10 the
program will test 10 – 8 – 6 – 4 and 2

To give an example, with the values displayed above, the program will search the Io threshold for
Vo = 100 –80 – 60 – … – 20 – 10 – 8 – 6 – … – 2
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The red net in the graph is to show you the voltage and current values where the search will be
performed.

A selection like this will only perform searches of current Io thresholds

Press the OK button to insert the test points to the Test Table. Then press the button to
start the test.
To explain the way the test is performed, we suppose that we have selected both searches for
voltage and current according to the figure above:

1. At the beginning the voltage Vo is set to the maximum: Vo = 100 V

2. A binary search is started until the pick-up current Io is measured with the desired accuracy
3. The result is stored in the Test Table
4. The voltage is reduced to 80V
5. Steps 2 to 4 are repeated until there are no more Io searches left
Then
6. The current Io is set to the maximum: Io = 12 A
7. A binary search is started until the pick-up voltage Vo is measured with the desired accuracy
8. The result is stored in the Test Table
9. The current is reduced to 10 A
10. Steps 7 to 9 are repeated until there are no more Vo searches left

Note

It may happen that a Io search at fixed voltage Vo fails. For instance, if we have selected that we
want all Io values for Vo up to 0.1 V, and the pick-up voltage is only 1V, all tests between 1 V and
0.1 V would fail because the relay never trips. In this case, in order to save time, you’ll be notified
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that the test failed for that specific voltage value, and all the remaining test at lower voltage will be
skipped.
Same for the Vo search at fixed current Io.
Look at this figure. Here we are displaying a test result together with the test selections: it is evident
that nearly all searches of Io below 10V cannot lead to a result because the relay never trips

1.4.5 Dragging
This is not a real test. It is used to generate voltage and current Vo, Io in real time at mouse
position. You can click and drag in the following graphs:

 click and drag in the Graph Vo-Io

 the generation is active only at mouse-down
 at mouse-up the generation is cut
 voltages and current are displayed in fasorial and table format in the figure below

These leds will light on

according to the status of
digital inputs C1- C8

 click and drag on the fasorial graph

 click with left button: change Vo
 click with right button: change Io

1.4.6 Automatic test I-t

With this selection, the window is the following.
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With this test, you can automatically verify the overcurrent relay characteristic. You have to enter
the start test current, the stop test current and the step current; that is, the first test current, the last
test current and the current increment between two tests. The values can be entered either in pu, or
in A. The program computes and displays the number of tests it will perform.
In order to help you set these values, the program displays the dots corresponding to the test points.
Once you press OK, a set of lines are added to the test table.

The I-t diagram is the following.

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The test execution is simple: for each point, the program generates the fault current and measures
the corresponding trip time. The result table displays:
 The measured trip time;
 The nominal trip time, and the corresponding tolerance;
 The time error, in ms;
 The Pass/fail judgement. The result is Pass if the time error is less than the tolerance.

1.5 Results tab

Click on to transfer the results from the Test Table to the Result Table.

Here you can decide whether to save, print or delete all the results. You can also open previously
executed test results.
By clicking on the result table it is also possible to select multiple rows and delete them by
choosing the menu item that appears after the click.
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1.6 Actions
Different actions are possible when you test a relay.
For instance you may change the colors of the graph: background, nominal characteristic, tested and
not tested points.
You can repeat a test that you feel wasn’t performed correctly because the relay wasn’t energized.
So you can:

1.6.1 Change colors

Just right click on the graph to get the setup colors windows here displayed. Press the button where
you want to change color and get into the other window:

1.6.2 Perform table functions

By Clicking on the Test Table, a popup menu appears. The enabled items depend on the status of
the test table:
 If the table is empty, by clicking on the header of the table, the only available item is “Select
columns to show”
 If more than one row is selected, the items “Comment to the test”, “Load fault values with
line values” and “Load line values with Fault values” are not enabled, otherwise all items
are enabled.

The tasks to be performed to the test table are:

 delete selected tests: deletes the selected rows from the test table regardless if they have
already been executed or still to be tested
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 Mark as executed: this function puts a mark * beside the test number of the selected rows. In
this way it is possible to treat a not executed test as it has been executed and therefore save it
into a database.
 Repeat selected tests: repeats the tests corresponding to the selected rows
 Comment to the test: The following window appears:

In the “Message” box, it is possible to define a comment to the test that must be displayed
prior to the test execution. The “Show this message” Checkbox allows the user to decide
whether to display the message when this test is executed. There is also a “Notes” box,
where other notes can be inserted. “Message” and “Notes” are stored together with the test
data and can contain also pictures.
By pressing the OK button, if the “Show this message” checkbox is set, an icon will appear
on the first column of the test table beside the test number. This means the comment is
active and will be shown when the test is executed.

 Store all tests: transfers all the test that have been executed (with the mark *) from the test
table to the result table
 Delete all tests: deletes all the rows in the test table
 Set columns to show: opens up a window, showing the columns available in the test table
and allowing the user to select which columns should be displayed.
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2 PRINTING RESULTS
By selecting “Print Results” option in the file menu, the following window opens:

By checking the option “Show Graph” the report will include a graphic diagram of the results; by
checking the option “Include Notes Page” the report will include a page containing the notes added
by means of the menu item “Notes to the test”
When the user press OK, the following window appears:

The toolbar at the top of this window is the following:

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The first four buttons allow the user to browse thorough the pages of the report
(first, previous, next and last page).

The button allows the user to print the report, after selecting the printer.

The button allows the user to export the report in the Adobe Acrobat (*.pdf), Microsoft ® Excel
(*.xls), Microsoft ® Word (*.doc) or Rich Text Document (*.rtf) formats, by selecting the type
from the drop down menu, as shown in the following picture:

The button allows the user to zoom in or out the print preview.
Doc. MSE20030 Rev. 6.5.3 Page 31/33

3 Import results in Excel

As mentioned in chapter 2 , a result file is formatted as a data base file, ready to be used by
Microsoft Access. Furthermore, it’s possible to import a result table in Microsoft Excel . In the
following figures is explained which are the selections in Excel:

 Define a new data base query:

 Data base type selection

 Select the data base file:

Doc. MSE20030 Rev. 6.5.3 Page 32/33

 Select the columns:

 And, after the inclusion of all the columns without any filter, and ordering the rows by
“DBNumber”, the table will appear:
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4 NOTES ON MEDIUM VOLTAGE RELAYS

These notes quickly explain the basic functionality of two medium voltage relays

4.1 Directional earth fault – Ansi 67

This type of relay is normally used to protect MV networks against earth faults.
There are several kind of DEF relays. Usually, they operate by measuring the active and reactive
power flowing into the line. When a phase to earth fault occurs, the total power factor decreases as
consequence of a greater angle between currents and voltages.
The phase angle during the fault depends upon the status of the
neutral of the network. For a network with insulated neutral,
the phase angle will be a little bit less than 90°: this is due to
the capacitance of the line.
For other earthing systems (read: Petersen Coil, etc.), the
MTA
phase angle can be less: 40°, 60°...
As a conclusion, two key settings for a directional relay are the Angle Sector
Characteristic Angle MTA and the width of the Angle
Sector sensitivity. The first one is the nominal angle between
current and voltage, with the voltage taken as the reference.

Another key characteristic of a DEF relay is the capability to detect very high resistance earth
faults. The fault current could be very low depending on the fault resistance and grounding status;
sometimes the fault current is even
comparable with the load current.
V
Also, the earth directional relay
shouldn’t trip for all values of voltage Tripping Zone
and current. It is widely accepted that
a directional relay characteristic can Non tripping
run inside the dotted line area, as Zone
shown in the figure.
DEF relays work by measuring the
zero sequence voltage and current. If I
the zero sequence current is easy to
measure (it is the neutral current), the
zero sequence voltage is more complicated. Depending on the system, the Vo can come from delta
connected VT’s, producing a residual voltage Vr = V1+V2+V3, or with internal compensation, so
the relay requires the three phase voltage.
Please note that normally DEF relays measure the residual voltage and current instead of zero
sequence voltage and current. In other words:
Vr = V1+V2+V3 instead of Vo = (V1+V2+V3)/3
Ir = I1+ I2 + I3 instead of Io = (I1+ I2 + I3)/3