Frequency Transformations in analog and digital domains

The simple filter for easy design is lowpass filter. The design of highpass and other filters are
transformed form this lowpass filter and it is called as frequency transformation. The
frequency transformation can be done wither in analog domain or in digital domain.

In the analog domain

The transformation can be done using the following relationship.

p
s s (lowpass to lowpass) (1)
 'p

 p ' p
s (lowpass to highpass) (2)
s

s 2  l u
s (lowpass to bandpass) (3)
s ( u   l )

s ( u   l )
s  p (lowpass to bandstop) (4)
s 2  l u
where Ω’p=another low pass/high band edge frequency
Ωl=lower band edge frequency
Ωu=upper band edge frequency

In the digital domain

The transformation can be done using the following relationship.

z 1  a
z 1  (lowpass to lowpass) (5)
1  az 1

z 1  a
z 1  (lowpass to highpass) (6)
1  az 1
z 2  a1 z 1  a2
z 1  (lowpass to bandpass) (7)
a2 z 2  a1 z 1  1

z 2  a1 z 1  a2
z 1   (lowpass to bandstop) (8)
a2 z 2  a1 z 1  1