WZ | oe Toe [Sl VEE male sory Wet KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, VIKAS PURI, NEW DELHI -110059 PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION CO AJAYKUMAR XII- A CBSE Roll No. - Ldertificate This is to certify that this Investigatory Project” ~— on “Electromagnetic Induction” has successfully completed by [AY KUMAR of class XII-A under the guidance of Mr._A.K. SINGH _in_ particular fulfilment of the curriculum of Central Board of Secondar Education [CBSE] leading to the award o annual examination of the year 2017-18. Teacher-In-Charge External Examiner.Acknowledgements I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not| have been possible without the kind support and help o: many individuals. I would like to thank my principal MR. DEVENDER KUMAR and school for providing me with facilities required to do my project. I am highly indebted to my Physics teacher, Mr._A.K. SINGH, for his invaluable guidance which has sustained ny efforts in all the stages of this project work. I would also like to thank my parents for their continuous support and encouragement. My thanks and appreciations also go to my fellow classmates and the laboratory assistant in developing the project and to the people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.INDEX Certificate Acknowledgements Aim Apparatus Introduction Theory Conclusion Bibliography End of projectAIM To determine faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction using a coppe wire wound over an iro rod and a strong magnet.APPARATUS Insulated copper wire An iron rod A strong magnet and A light emitting diode (LED) ae yhyINTRODUCTION araday’s law of inductionis a basic law of electromagnetism that predicts how amagnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental operating principle of transformers, inductors, and many types of electrical motors and generators. Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday was the first to publish the results of his experiments. Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he calledlines of force. These equations _ for X 7electromagnetics are extremely important since they provide a means to precisely describe how many natural physical phenomena in our universe arise and behave. The ability to quantitatively describe _ physical phenomena not only allows us to gain a_ better understanding of our universe, but it also makes possible a host of technological innovations that define modern society. Understanding Faraday’ s Law of Electromagnetic Induction can be beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life function because of the principles behind Faraday’ s Law. From natural phenomena such as the light, we receive from the sun to technologies that improve our quality of life such as electric power generation, Faraday’ s Law has a great impact on many aspects of our lives. Faraday’ s Law is the result of the experiments of the English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday. The concept of electromagnetic induction was actually adiscovered simultaneously in 1831 by Faraday in London and Joseph Henry, an American scientist working in New York, but Faraday is credited for the law since he published his work first. An important aspect of the equation that quantifies Faraday’ s Law comes from the work of Heinrich Lenz, a Russian physicist who made his contribution to Faraday’ s Law, now known as Lenz’ s Law, in 1834 (Institute of Chemistry). Faraday” s law describes electromagnetic induction, whereby an electric field is induced, or generated, by a changing magnetic field. Before expanding upon this description, it is necessary to develop an understanding of the concept of fields, as well as the related concept of potentials.Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement similar to a modern toroidal transformer) to induce current Faraday's First Experiment Some physicists have remarked that Faraday’s law is a single equation describing two different phenomena: the motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on a moving wire (see Lorentz force), and the transformer EMF generated by an electric force due to a changing magnetic field (due to the Maxwell Faradayequation). James Clerk Maxwell drew attention to this fact in his 1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force. In the latter half of part II of that paper, Maxwell gives a separate physical explanation for each of the two phenomena. A reference to these two aspects of electromagnetic induction is made in some modern textbooks.THEORY Magnetic flux: The magnetic flux (often denoted ® or ®,) through a surface is the component of the B field passing through that surface. The ST unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) (in derived units: volt-seconds), and the CGS unit is the maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a fluxmeter, which contains measuring coils and electronics that evaluates the change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the magnetic flux. If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through a surface of vector area S is®, =B-S= BS cos, where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic flux density) having the unit of Wb/m~? (Tesla), S is the area of the surface, and 4 is the angle between the magnetic field lines and the normal (perpendicular) to S. For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux through an infinitesimal area element dS, where we may consider the field to be constant db, = B-dS. From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and the fundamental theorem of the curl the magnetic flux may also be defined as: Og= A-dé, aswhere the line integral is taken over the boundary of the surface S, which is denoted? S,LAW The most widespread version of Faraday’s law states: “The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to the negative of the time rate of| change of the magnetic flux through the circuit.” This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds only when the closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire and is invalid in other circumstances as discussed below. A different version, the Maxwell ~ Faraday equation (discussed below), is valid in all circumstances. When the flux changes—because B changes, or because the wire loop is moved or deformed, or both— Faraday’s law of induction says that the wire loop acquires an EMF é, defined as the energy available perunit charge that travels once around the wire loop (the unit of EMF is the volt). Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured by cutting the wire to create an open circuit and attaching a voltmeter to the leads. According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units), F=q(E+vxB) the EMF on a wire loop is: e=rg F-dt=$ (E+vxB)-de 4 Jwire wire where Eis the electric field, Bis the magnetic field (aka magnetic flux density, magnetic induction), d&is an infinitesimal arc length along the wire, and the line integral is evaluated along the wire (along the curve the coincident with the shape of the wire).The Maxwell ~ Faraday equation states that a time- varying magnetic field is always accompanied by a spatially-varying, non-conservative electric field, and vice-versa. The Maxwell ~ Faraday equation is OB Ot VxE= where vx is thecurloperatorand again E(r,t) is the electric field and B(r, t) is the magnetic field. These fields can generally be functions of position r and time t. The four Maxwell’s equations (including the Maxwell Faraday equation), along with the Lorentz force law, are a sufficient foundation to derive everything in classical electromagnetism. Therefore it is possible to "prove" Faraday’s law starting with these equations. Faraday’s law could be taken as the starting point and used to "prove" the Maxwell — Faraday equation and/or other laws.)CONCLUSION Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century, describes a _ very important electromagnetic concept. Although its mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday’s is not hard to grasp: it relates an induced electric potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many; far-reaching ramifications that touch our lives in many ways: from the shining of the sun to the convenience of mobile communications, to electricity to power our homes. We can all appreciate the profound impact Faraday’s Law has on us.IBLIOGRAPHY https://en.wikipedia.org https://www.google.co.in Class 12 Physics Lab Manual Class 12 NCERT Textbook Physics for you blogs https://www.vaibhavkandwal.comEXPERIMENT PHOTOSEnd of Project Thank you!