BME-

BME is a subject dealing with interpretation of medical data in both signals as well as
image form for both functional and anatomical, where a technical person develop
method to utilize the data for better diagnosis.

Data acquisition
Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real world physical
conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be
manipulated by a computer. Data acquisition systems, abbreviated by the
acronyms DAS or DAQ, typically convert analog waveforms into digital values for
processing. The components of data acquisition systems include:

• Sensors, to convert physical parameters to electrical signals.

• Signal conditioning circuitry, to convert sensor signals into a form that can be
converted to digital values.
• Analog-to-digital converters, to convert conditioned sensor signals to digital values.

Type of data
1. Signal - ecg , eeg , meg
2. Image – 2D ,3D xray , ct scan , mri

Image has two information anatomical and functional .

Molecular imaging
Molecular imaging originated from the field of radiopharmacology due to the need to better
understand fundamental molecular pathways inside organisms in a noninvasive manner.

Positron emission tomography scan

A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test that helps reveal how
your tissues and organs are functioning. A PET scan uses a radioactive drug (tracer) to
show this activity. This scan can sometimes detect disease before it shows up on other
imaging tests.

The tracer may be injected, swallowed or inhaled, depending on which organ or tissue
is being studied. The tracer collects in areas of your body that have higher levels of
chemical activity, which often correspond to areas of disease. On a PET scan, these
areas show up as bright spots.

A PET scan is useful in revealing or evaluating several conditions, including many

cancers, heart disease and brain disorders. Often, PET images are combined with CT
or MRI scans to create special views.

Single-photon emission computed tomography

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT, or less commonly, SPET) is a nuclear
medicine tomographic imaging technique using gamma rays.[1] It is very similar to conventional
nuclear medicine planar imaging using a gamma camera (that is, scintigraphy).[2] but is able to
provide true 3D information. This information is typically presented as cross-sectional slices through
the patient, but can be freely reformatted or manipulated as required.
The technique requires delivery of a gamma-emitting radioisotope (a radionuclide) into the patient,
normally through injection into the bloodstream. On occasion, the radioisotope is a simple soluble
dissolved ion, such as an isotope of gallium(III). Most of the time, though, a marker radioisotope is
attached to a specific ligand to create a radioligand, whose properties bind it to certain types of
tissues. This marriage allows the combination of ligand and radiopharmaceutical to be carried and
bound to a place of interest in the body, where the ligand concentration is seen by a gamma camera.

Multimodality imaging
Where we are combining both the anatomilcal and functional information of
organ.
Multimodality imaging such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) plays an important role
in accurately identifying the diseased and the normal tissues. CT images are
generally used for treatment planning. However, MR images provide better soft-
tissue definition. PET images are useful in identifying the disease at a metabolic
level even before it is visible on CT or MR scans. Image registration is a valuable
tool for transferring the information about the disease from MR and PET to CT
scans for treatment planning purposes.
 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MRI uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images
of the organs and tissues within the body.Since its invention, doctors and
researchers continue to refine MRI techniques to assist in medical procedures
and research. The development of MRI revolutionized medicine. MRI
scanning is a non-invasive and painless procedure.

What Is CT Scan?
CT, or CAT scans, are special X-ray tests that produce cross-sectional
images of the body using X-rays and a computer. CT scans are also referred
to as computerized axial tomography.

Functional information
Related to metabolic info or info of metabolic process of different tissues.

Anatomical information
Info of basic structure of the body.

Radiation
the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles,
especially high-energy particles which cause ionization.

Sensor
a sensor is a device, module, machine, or subsystem whose purpose is to detect events or
changes in its environment and send the information to other electronics, frequently a computer
processor. A sensor is always used with other electronics.
Thermocouple
A thermocouple is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar electrical
conductors forming electrical junctions at differing temperatures. A thermocouple produces a
temperature-dependent voltage as a result of the thermoelectric effect, and this voltage can be
interpreted to measure temperature. Thermocouples are a widely used type of temperature sensor.[1]

Resistance material
Increases metal
decreaes semiconductor
decreaes insulator

Biomedical Sensor

Biomedical sensors are a special type of sensors that provide

the necessary interface between the biological environment and
electronics systems, under strict requirements of high
compatibility with the hosting environment, lightweight, high
reliability, long expected life time, and adorability.