4.

APPENDICES
4.1 Tables and Figures

Figure 1: To create a constant centripetal force, a known mass was hanged over the clamp-on pulley. After setting
the radius and the spring bracket the mass hanging over the pulley was removed

Figure 2: Determining the centripetal force with constant radius but variable mass of rotating body

Figure 3: The Apparatus was gently rotated to get the frequency of rotation
4.2 Sample Computations
TABLE 1 TABLE 2
1
𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚4𝜋 2 𝑓 2 𝑟 𝑓=
1 𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚4𝜋 2 𝑓 2 𝑟 𝑓=
𝑇 𝑇

m = 212.4 grams r = 17 cm

Trial 1: Trial 1:

T = 1.965 s r = 16 cm T = 1.875 s m = 212.4 grams

1 1
𝑓= = 0.5089 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠 𝑓= = 0.5333 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠
1.965 1.875

𝐹𝑐 = (212.4)4𝜋 2 (0.5089)2 (16) 𝐹𝑐 = (212.4)4𝜋 2 (0.5333)2 (17)

= 34,745.5454 dynes = 40,542.1090 dynes

Trial 2: Trial 2:

T = 1.863 s r = 17 cm T = 1.736 s m = 161.7 grams

1 1
𝑓= = 0.5368 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠 𝑓= = 0.5760 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠
1.863 1.736

𝐹𝑐 = (212.4)4𝜋 2 (0.5368)2 (17) 𝐹𝑐 = (161.7)4𝜋 2 (0.5760)2 (17)

= 41,071.2065 dynes = 36,005.0688 dynes

Trial 3: Trial 3:

T = 1.944 s r = 18 cm T = 1.292 s m = 111 grams

1 1
𝑓= = 0.5144 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠 𝑓= = 0.7740 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠
1.944 1.292

𝐹𝑐 = (212.4)4𝜋 2 (0.5144)2 (18) 𝐹𝑐 = (111)4𝜋 2 (0.7740)2 (17)

= 39,938.2172 dynes = 44,628.6303 dynes

Trial 4:

T = 1.926 s r = 19 cm TABLE 3

1 𝐹𝑐
𝑓= = 0.5192 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠 𝑚=
1.926 4𝜋 2 𝑓 2 𝑟

𝐹𝑐 = (212.4)4𝜋 2 (0.5192)2 (19) m = 212.4 grams (actual value) r = 17 cm

= 42,947.4337 dynes Trial 1:

Trial 5: T = 2.15 s 𝐹𝑐 = 29,000 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠

T = 2.098 s r = 20 cm 1
𝑓= = 0.4651 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠
2.15
1
𝑓= = 0.4766 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠 29,000
2.098 𝑚=
4𝜋 2 (0.4651)2 (17)
𝐹𝑐 = (212.4)4𝜋 2 (0.4766)2 (20)
= 202.5098 grams
= 38,093.6366 dynes
Trial 2: Trial 4:

T = 2.06 s 𝐹𝑐 = 34,300 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠 T = 1.77 s 𝐹𝑐 = 44,100 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠

1 1
𝑓= = 0.4854 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠 𝑓= = 0.5650 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠
2.06 1.77
34,300 44,100
𝑚= 𝑚=
4𝜋 2 (0.4854)2 (17) 4𝜋 2 (0.5650)2 (17)

= 216.9132 grams = 205.8415 grams

Trial 3: Trial 5:

T = 1.845 s 𝐹𝑐 = 39,200 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠 T = 2.15 s 𝐹𝑐 = 49,000 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠

1 1
𝑓= = 0.5420 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠 𝑓= = 0.5721 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠
1.845 1.748
39,200 49,000
𝑚= 𝑚=
4𝜋 2 (0.5420)2 (17) 4𝜋 2 (0.4651)2 (17)

= 198.8286 grams = 223.0712 grams

𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + ⋯ + 𝑇𝑛
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐹𝑐 =
𝑛
TABLE 1
34,745.5454 + 41,071.2065 + 39,938.2172 + 42,947.4337 + 38,093.6366
=
5
= 39,359.2079 dynes

TABLE 2
40,542.1090 + 36,005.0688 + 44,628.6303
=
3
= 40,391.9306 dynes

TABLE 3
202.5098 + 216.9132 + 198.8286 + 205.8415 + 223.0712
=
5
= 209.4329 grams
4.3 Calculation and Analysis of Percent Difference
Percent Difference
|𝐴𝑉 − 𝐸𝑉|
= × 100%
𝐴𝑉 + 𝐸𝑉
( )
2
TABLE 1
|39,200 − 39,359.2079|
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = × 100%
39,200 + 39,359.2079
( )
2
= 0.4053 %

TABLE 2
|39,200 − 40,391.9306|
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = × 100%
39,200 + 40.391.9301
( )
2
= 2.9951 %

TABLE 3
|212 − 209.4329|
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = × 100%
212 + 209.4329
( )
2
= 1.4068 %

4.4 Guide Questions

1. When the radius and mass held constant, what do you expect to happen to the centripetal force if the
frequency of rotation is increased?

Based from the formula of centripetal force (𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚4𝜋 2 𝑓 2 𝑟), since the frequency of rotation is directly
proportional to the centripetal force, it is expected for the centripetal force to increase as the frequency of rotation is
increased.

2. What will happen if the centripetal force apparatus was set up slightly off the horizontal?

Once the centripetal force apparatus is off balance it will be hard to keep the ring from spinning at the need
target. The reason for this is due to the uneven acceleration, or rather velocity of the weights since the gravity
accelerates and decelerates it during the uneven set-up. Therefore, the off horizontal off apparatus makes an
inconsistent frequency of rotation.