‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٤٦
  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ?‫?א‬   ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬       
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬"‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

W‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬
 W‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 K٦ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  

-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ١ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬WK‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Data ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Data Transmission ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  Communication
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬     F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E ‫א‬
‫א‬ E١{٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Terminals‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Data Networks‫א‬ 
 K?‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
     Computer Communication ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
    ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ?    ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬٢ J١
‫א‬‫א‬ Nodes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ?  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K     ‫א‬    
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J١
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬   J
  ?         ? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬   J

 J ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
، MUX‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
KATM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫א‬   J

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ (Microprocessor) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ W‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬
      ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Integrated Service Digital  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Network (ISDN)
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J١
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 (End User Modules) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬    ،  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،
   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
Data Terminal ‫א‬‫א‬Host ‫א‬‫א‬
 KEnd System‫א‬‫א‬،Equipment (DTE)
 
 Interface Processing Modules ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Local Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
     ‫א‬    ‫א‬   
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Backbone Channel‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Trunks‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ،K ‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬ E١ J١F‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W ‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

Interface and
processing unit
backbone communication
channel

Local communication
channel Host devices

١ J١ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬٣ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KMaster/Slave ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬  J٢
K‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٥

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬١ J٣ J١ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ١ J١ J٣ J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 mainframes ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

Host computer center

M T

M T

  E٢ J١F‫א‬

-٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

  
W‫א‬‫א‬  J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J  JF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬         E  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬   K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
        ، ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 KE٣ J١F‫א‬K
 
 

Main frame Main frame

Mini Mini Mini Mini

Computer Computer Computer Computer

Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro

comp. comp. comp. comp. comp. comp. comp. comp.

٣ J١ ‫א‬
 
 
-٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 JF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
KE٤ J١F‫א‬K‫א‬

PC PC PC

PC PC PC

٤ J١ ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٣ J١
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬KE  J F‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬
 Mesh Topology‫א‬  J١
point-to-‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ point
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥ J١F‫א‬K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

  ‫א‬  N‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 WM‫א‬‫א‬
M = N(N-1)/2 
 

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K
 Star Topology ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢   
 JF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦ J١F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
Tree Topology ‫א‬  J٣
   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬     K‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
KE٧ J١F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 Bus Topology ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬   ،point-to-point ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 multipoint‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨ J١F‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 Ring Topology‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
E٩ J١F‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬

 WHybrid Topologies‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠ J١F‫א‬?‫א‬

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١ J٣ J١
F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
E‫א‬ J‫א‬ J J J J J J
 W
 Local Area Network (LAN) ‫א‬‫א‬ J١   
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
K١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
E١١ J١F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 
 
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   LANs‫א‬‫א‬K
   LAN    LAN     ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    MAN ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٢ J١F‫א‬K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

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 
 
 Wide Area Networks (WAN)‫א‬‫א‬ J٣   
‫א‬  ‫א‬    LANs ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
   Big MAN     Big LAN    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ،  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
، ‫א‬،،،
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬    
     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬،Public Switched Data Network (PSDN) ‫א‬،‫א‬
        ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
E١٣ J١F‫א‬ K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 
 ‫א‬ X.25 ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Leased Line‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬         ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 Circuit Switching ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٤ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    K ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬          ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 Packet Switching ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
?? ?? ?? ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE١٥ J١F‫א‬

 
‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    
KDatagramE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 Virtual Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
Packet ‫א‬ Circuit Switching ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Switching
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ E ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    K‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE١٦ J١F

 ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١ 
 X.25‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J١  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ X.25‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ? X.25? W‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٧ J١F‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬        
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

 Frame Relay‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٤ J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Frame Relay‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬X.25‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
Frame ‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J١F‫א‬KL٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KRelay
 

 
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤ J ١
‫א‬ X.25‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬    Frame Relay
 ATM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬Frame Relay‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  •
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

- ٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬ ATM       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
1.2  ،L  622  ،L  155.52    ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KL
٤٨‫א‬٥F٥٣‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

Integrated Service Digital Network ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J٤ J١

 W(ISDN)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KISDN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٩ J١F‫א‬K‫א‬
 

- ٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
LK ١٤٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ISDN‫א‬‫א‬ 
B-  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  L K ٦٤ ‫א‬   W ‫א‬ 
D- Channel ‫א‬   L K ١٦ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Channels
  L K ٦٤ ‫א‬  ،(Basic Rate) ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
ISDN?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Primary Rate)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ N-ISDN‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬FL ١{٥٤٤‫א‬‫א‬ ISDN
B-  L K ٦٤ ‫א‬       ٢٣   ‫א‬ 
KE ٢٣B+DF D-ChannelLK ٦٤‫א‬‫א‬ Channels
 B-ISDN?‫א‬‫א‬ ISDN?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 
 WISDN
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ،  ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   J٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
 
 Internet ‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٤ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

      ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬        ‫א‬    ‫א‬
  ‫א‬          ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TCP/IP
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K
   ‫א‬     ‫א‬      J٣
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬ ( IP Address ) ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ٢٣٥ ١٦٢F‫א‬E ١٩٤٢٥٥٢٣٥١٦٢F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ E ١٩٤ ٢٥٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
uniform resource locator  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  W‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ address (URL)
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

(KSU)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KSU.EDU.SA‫א‬
‫א‬    K(SA) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   (EDU)  
 IP‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  J‫א‬W‫א‬ URL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬    J‫א‬ ‫א‬   JE ‫א‬ F ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬  http   ،http:// www.microsoft.com W 
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K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
E-mail‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
File Transfer‫א‬  J٢
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
News Group‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

Gopher Lists‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Shat‫ א‬ J٥
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ E‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

Web page EF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦

     ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
        ‫א‬       
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W    ‫א‬  ‫א‬       
 K، J JIBM J
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬    ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬    ،  KE ‫א‬ F  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
Network Model‫א‬  J١
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Network Protocols‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

Interface ‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Network Architecture‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Peer Layers‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Network Entity‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
n‫א‬K‫א‬         ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ n+1‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 
 K Peer Entity ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Layer service ‫א‬  J٧

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E ‫א‬  F   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 KService Access Point‫א‬

Layer Data‫א‬  J٨
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  Header‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J١
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬       
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Open System Interconnection (OSI)‫א‬‫א‬ J
Organization for ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩٨٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ International Standardization (ISO)

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬ OSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ١٩٨٣   ،  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬ CCITT ‫א‬‫א‬ISO
 KE٢٠ J١F‫א‬EF

 
 
 Physical LayerE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J١   
   ‫א‬    OSI‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  Data Link Layer ‫א‬ J٢   
E‫א‬  J‫א‬  J‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    
FrameK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

  J‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  KE‫א‬   J‫א‬     J ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KSDLCHDLC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Network Layer ‫א‬ J٣   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ Packets   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Routing ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KIP ‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬     ‫א‬    
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Transport Layer ‫א‬ J٤   

‫א‬      ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
TCP‫א‬ IP TCP/IP ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 SPX‫א‬ IPX SPX/IPX ‫א‬W‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬
(software tools)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K(hardware)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 Session Layer ‫א‬ J٥   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ Buffer‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
Full ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Half Duplex ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KDuplex
 
 Presentation Layer ‫א‬‫א‬ J٦   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W  K‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ E 
  EBCDIC‫א‬ ASCII‫א‬F‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  


 Application Layer‫א‬ J٧   
‫א‬‫א‬ OSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
File Transfer  ‫א‬   W ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Protocol (FTP)
 KE-mails‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(STMP)

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 (Transmission Control Protocol /Internet Protocol-TCP/IP)
 
‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K Internet- Satellite- Packet Radio- ARPA NetK
 KE٢١ J١F‫א‬OSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 Network Interface Layer‫א‬  J١
OSI ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   Token Ring ‫א‬   Ethernet ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ E‫א‬  J‫א‬  J‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ATM-Frame Relay-X.25 W‫א‬     
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K Gateways ‫א‬‫א‬Routers‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Internet Layer‫א‬ J٢ 
‫א‬‫א‬  OSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 IP    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    K‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   E  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ IP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ Router ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
Reverse  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K    ‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RARP‫א‬‫א‬،EF IP
 KIP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬Internet‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Routing Information Protocol (RIP)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
Internet Control Message Protocol ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
  Multi Casting ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ K (ICMP)
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E ‫א‬ ‫א‬F
Internet Group  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 KManagement Protocol (IGMP)
 
 Transport Layer‫א‬ J٣ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   OSI‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F TCP‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬،E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬User Datagram Protocol (UDP)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 ‫א‬ J
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬          
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
    K ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
‫א‬   packets   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    TCP ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(ACK) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ (NACK) ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Ports‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ TCP‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UDPTCP‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)  ‫א‬
K‫א‬EF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٢ J١F‫א‬
 
- ٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

F T S D T S
T E M N F N
P L T S T M
Application N P P P
layer E
T
Port
-23- Number
-21- TCP -25- -53- -69- 165
Transport UDP
layer

٢٢ J١
 
 
‫א‬HTTP‫א‬EF‫א‬،
‫א‬K‫א‬ ٥٣‫א‬DNS ‫א‬٨٠
‫א‬H IP‫א‬W ‫א‬ TCP/IP‫א‬
 IP‫א‬ W   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ Socket    ‫א‬  
١٩٥{١٧٥K، ٢٢{١١W ٨٠ ( Socket ) ‫א‬W
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬ ١٩٥K ١٧٥K ٢٢K ١١ IP‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ HTTP‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Client)‫א‬K ٨٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ١٠٢٤‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ UDP TCP (Source Port)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Error Detection‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 Flow Control‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 

 Packets Numbering‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ (Packet Switching)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،      ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬   TCP ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ TCP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ? Connectionless‫א‬?
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ UDP‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٣ J١F‫א‬KUDP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TCP
- ٤١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 

FTP TELNET SMTP HTTP SHTTP DNS SNMP NFS RPC TFTP

TCP UDP

IP

Ethernet Token ring FDDI PPP X.25

network network network network network

٢٣ J١ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
 
‫א‬   ‫א‬        E٢٤ J١F ‫א‬
KEHTTPF‫א‬TCP/IP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Transmitter
Receiver

Service and
application layer Service and
application layer

Data

TCP Transport
layer TCP Transport
layer
segment

IP layer
IP layer

Data gram

Layer of reaching Layer of reaching

to the network to the network

٢٤ J١ 
Sever Router PC

HTTP IP HTTP

TCP Interface TCP

network
IP IP

Interface Ethernet PPP Interface

network network network network

  ٢٤ J١  
- ٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 Application Layer‫א‬‫א‬ J٤

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KOSI
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KUDPTCP‫א‬
 
 WW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TCP/IP‫א‬ J
 
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)‫א‬ J١  
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
FTP‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬TCP‫א‬FTP‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬TCP‫א‬‫א‬FTP‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K( Server )‫א‬ ٢١
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ٢٠   ‫א‬
 K(Client)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ FTP‫א‬ 
  J      ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   J
  ( ASCII Code)
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K          ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   FTP ‫א‬  (Servers) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(Clients)
 

- ٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢ 

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
TCP‫א‬(Explorer) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  ٨٠‫א‬ (Web Server) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ TCP‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 TCP‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  HTTP ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣ 
 K‫א‬   (E-mail) ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥‫א‬ ‫א‬ SMTP
 K‫א‬
 
 Post Office Protocol (POP) ‫א‬ J٤ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ POP‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٢٥‫א‬‫א‬١١٠‫א‬
 
 Domain Name System (DNS) ‫א‬ J٥ 
              ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   DNS ‫א‬  K‫א‬
‫א‬    DNS    TCP/IP    K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬ IP    ‫א‬   (Hosts)
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬ IP‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  DNS  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TCP/IP‫א‬
 
Dynamic Host Configuration  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J٦
 Protocol (DHCP)
‫א‬‫א‬(Workstations)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  DHCP          KDHCP ‫א‬   TCP/IP
IP‫א‬‫א‬IP
 K‫א‬
 
Simple Network Management  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   J٧ 
 Protocol (SNMP)
‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ (Agents)
 KSNMP
 
 Telnet ‫א‬ J٨
(Server/Client) L   TCP/IP ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬
‫א‬Telnet‫א‬KTelnet 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Telnet
‫א‬ Telnet‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ TCP ‫א‬   Telnet ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬FDX‫א‬
 K‫א‬Telnet‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 Packet Internet Groper (PING) ‫א‬‫א‬ J٩

     K TCP/IP      PING ‫א‬ ‫א‬
      ‫א‬ TCP/IP ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
echo request     PING   K   
  ‫א‬
‫א‬   Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  echo reply‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ICMP ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Trace Route‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠ 
‫א‬‫א‬،PING‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬ F ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
UDPICMP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K
 NETSTAT ‫א‬‫א‬ J١١ 
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K TCP‫א‬ E F ،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 KInternational Standardization Organization (ISO) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
International Telecommunication union  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J٢
 K(ITU-T)
American National Standardization Institute ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J٣
K(ANSI)

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Institute of Electrical & electronic ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J٤

KEngineer (IEEE)
 KElectronic Industrial Association (EIA) ‫א‬ J٥
 KInternet Society‫א‬ J٦
 KATM Forum ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩
 ‫؟‬ISDN‫א‬W١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬W١١
 K‫א‬ J‫א‬W‫א‬W١٢
 KOSI‫א‬‫א‬W١٣
 KTCP/IP‫א‬‫א‬W١٤
 ‫؟‬TCP‫א‬W١٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬TCP/IP‫א‬OSI‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W١٦
K‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  W١٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

- ٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W١٨
 KTCP/IPOSI‫א‬
 KManchester‫א‬  J
K‫ א‬ J
KIP‫ א‬ J
KSegmentation‫ א‬ J
KEthernet  J
KUDP  J
Kports‫ א‬ J
KFull Duplex‫א‬‫א‬  J
KASCII Code  J
K‫א‬  J
KTCP  J
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٩
 K‫א‬  J
K‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬Connectionless‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢٠
 KUDP  J
KTCP  J
KICMP  J
KIGMP  J
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

KIP  J
 W‫א‬‫א‬W٢١
 K‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬  J
K‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W٢٢
 W‫א‬
 K  J
K  J
K  J
K  J
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   KL         ‫א‬ W٢٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬ATM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢٤
 ‫א‬   ATM ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ W٢٥
 KUNI ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EData TransmissionF‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 K٣W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ٥٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ١ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
(Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
 KEF‫א‬
 ( InformationF‫ א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Data )‫ א‬ J٣
‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬
 (SignalsF‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J

 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Analog SignalsFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 
Digital SignalsFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤ J٢FE٣ J٢F‫א‬

 
 

 
 
EData ConversionsF‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J٢
ETransducersF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E٥ J٢F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬–  J
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬ J  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬–  J

  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K(CodecF
 ‫א‬–  J
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE

Analog data

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J٢
 ESpeed of Data Transmission and BandwidthF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧ J ٥FE٨F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E J J J٨ J
 K‫א‬ASMO‫א‬ASCII‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Ebit/secFLELF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 L٦٠٠  ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 LK٥٦–L٩٦٠٠  ‫א‬PCM‫א‬
 LK١١٥  ‫א‬
 LK٦٤–LK١٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
 LK٦٤–LK٣٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L٣–L١٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L١٠–L٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
 L١–L١٠٠–١٠ LAN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L٦٢٢–١{٥٤٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (NyquistF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EBit RateF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  bit/sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Nyquist RateF 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ fs‫א‬ n
 W‫א‬Tb
  R = 1/Tb = n . fs
 W
 RW(bit rateF‫א‬‫א‬
 n:‫א‬
  fsW‫א‬
  Tb:‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 R = 2 W
 WW(band widthF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W
 Wn = 8 bits‫א‬fs = 8 K Hz‫א‬‫א‬PCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KR‫א‬ J١
 KW‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 KTb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 W‫א‬
1- R = n fs = 8 x 8 = 64 K bit /sec

2- W= R/2 =64/2 = 32 K Hz
 
3- Tb= 1/R = 1/64 = 14.625 micro sec
 
 
 EBaud RateF‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬Baud/sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
Baud Rate = 1/ Tbaud
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WETbaudFtime interval of baud
 
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
  one baud = 5 bits or 7 bits
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
One baud = 7 bits or 8 bits or more

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W
K‫א‬‫א‬K٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
Baud Rate = 1/ TBaud = 1/20 m sec = 50 baud/sec

 (Transmission ImpairmentsF‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
EAttenuation) ‫א‬‫ א‬١ J٥ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٦ J٢F
 
 Nf = - 10 log10 Pf /P1000 dB
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ : Nf
f‫א‬:Pf
 ١٠٠٠‫א‬:P1000
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 EDelay DistortionF‫א‬ ٢ J٥ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧ J٢F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‬ ‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬

٧ J٢ ‫א‬
 
 
 (Time JitterF‫א‬‫ א‬٣ J٥ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE٨ J٢F‫א‬
‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬

٨ J٢ 
 
 EInter-symbol InterferenceF‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J٥ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٩ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬
‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬

‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‬

٩ J٢ 
  
 
 
(Cross Talk)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٥ J٥ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 (Intermodulation Noise) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٥ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 (Electrical Interference)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٥ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 EThermal NoiseF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨ J٥ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
N o = K o . T watt/ hz 
 
Ko = 1.38× 10-23 J/K 
T ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎء‬

١٠ J٢  ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬

 (Impulse Noise )‫א‬‫א‬٩ J٥ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١١ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫ﻗﺪرة‬
‫اﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎء‬

١١ J٢  ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬

 
EChannel CapacityF‫א‬ ٦ J٢
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 R‫א‬  J
 Kbit/sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ENoiseF‫א‬ J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EError RateF‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K0‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬0
 
ESignal-to-Noise RatioF‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 C = W log2 ( 1 + S/N ) bit/sec 
 W
 L‫א‬: C
 ‫א‬‫א‬: W
 ‫א‬‫א‬: S
 ‫א‬‫א‬ : N
 Log2 x = log10 x / log10 2 = 3.322 log10 x

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W
EC‫א‬F‫א‬K٣٤٠٠‫א‬
 ‫א‬K١٠٠٠‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KS/N‫א‬

W‫א‬
 C = W x 3.322 log10 ( 1+ S/N  
=W x 3.322 log10(1+1000)
=3400 x 3.322 log10 (1+1000)
= 34 k bit/sec

(S/N)dB = 10 log10 S/N

=10 log10 1000 = 30 dB
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EPeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEb/No 
Eb/No = S.Tb / Ko.T = S/R.Ko.T 
  Eb/No dB = 10 log10 S/R.KoT 
= 10 log10 S – 10 log10 R – 10 log10 Ko – 10 log10 T
= SdBw – 
10 log10 R + 228.6dBw – 10 log10 T

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W
 1/10000Eb/No= 8.4db‫א‬‫א‬
 T= 290 ‫א‬‫א‬R= 2400 bit/sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Eb/Nodb = Sdbw – 10 log10 R + 228.6dbw – 10 log10 T
  8.4db = Sdbw – 10 log10 R + 228.6dbw – 10 log10 T
= Sdbw – 10log10 2400 + 228.6dbw -10log10 290
Sdbw = - 161.8 dbw

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ W١
 K‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 K‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 W٤
 W
 ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬  
 
٢٠٠
 ،٣‫א‬W٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٨‫א‬٥
 KL٤٨٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 K٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK٦٤‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬K٣‫א‬‫א‬W٨
 ‫؟‬١٠٠٠‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩
 ‫؟‬٢٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WW١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
J
‫א‬‫א‬K٤‫א‬W١١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K n = 8 bits‫א‬PCM
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬W‫א‬W١٢
 K

- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Transmission Channels) ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬

٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ETransmission ChannelsF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 K٣ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ١ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬E ‫א‬FGuided‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬FUnguided‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EGuided Media F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 F‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
 
 ETwisted Pairs Wires) ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٣
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬twisting‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 EShielded Twisted Pairs- STPF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1A‫א‬
 STP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 E١ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬6A

 
 EUnshielded Twisted Pairs JUTPF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

KSTP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UTP‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢ J٣F‫א‬
 

 
٢-٣ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   J ‫א‬ UTP-cat1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L٤ ١{٥ Cat2
10BaseT-100BaseT4-  L١٠ ١٦ Cat3
Tele.Sys.
Token Ring LAN  L١٦ ٢٠ Cat4
100BaseTx Fast- MAN Fast  L١٠٠ ١٠٠ Cat5
1000BaseT4-Gigabit Ethernet  L١٠٠٠ ١٠٠ Cat5e
1000BaseTx – Gigabit Ethernet  L١٠٠٠ ٢٥٠ Cat6
MAN‫א‬LAN ‫א‬ L١٥٠ J١٠٠ ١٥٠ STP
‫א‬

  ECoaxial Cables) ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٢ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE٣ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

L٥٠٠‫א‬٥٠٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
(٣-٣)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬  
 
Radio ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬RG ‫א‬Government(RG)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
thick ‫א‬
 ‫א‬RG-8 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 KEthernet
‫א‬ RG-11، RG-58 ،RG-9‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
Kthin Ethernet‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬RG-59‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 EOptical Fiber F‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Repeaters
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 Cable Composition‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٣ J٢ J٣
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٣F‫א‬
 W
 core‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬cladding‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬jacket‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EMultimode FiberF‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٥ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬
 

 
EMultimode Graded-Index Fiber F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٦ J٣FK‫א‬

 
     
ESingle Mode FiberF‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٧ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 
EFiber Sizes F‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
62.5/125 62.5 125
 50/125 50 125
100/140 100 140
8.3/125 8.3 125

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K٥ •
KL٢‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
K‫א‬ •

W‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

- ٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
LAN‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫• א‬

 EUnguided Media) E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W
 EOmnidirectional AntennaF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫• א‬
KEUnidirectional Antenna)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
 
 
- ٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W(Propagation Mode) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬(Surface PropagationF‫א‬‫א‬  J
 E٨ J٣FK‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ E٨ J٣F‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
‫א‬ ETroposphereF‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٩ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ E٩ J٣F ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬EIonosphereF‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٩٠‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٠ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  


‫א‬

E١٠ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ELine of SightF‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١١ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬ ‫א‬
E١١ J٣F
‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬
‫א‬    ≤ 3 K Hz    ‫א‬
(ELFF‫א‬
‫א‬  3 – 30 K Hz    –
 (VLFF
  30 – 300 K Hz   ––
 (LFF  
  300–3000 K Hz   ‫א‬‫א‬
 (MFF
(HFF  3 – 30 M Hz   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  30 – 300 M Hz  ‫א‬  J J
 (VHFF ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   300–3000 M Hz  EF‫א‬  J
 (UHFF  ‫א‬ J
   3- 30 G Hz  E‫א‬F‫א‬  J J J
 (EHFF  
‫א‬ 30- 300 G Hz  ‫א‬  J‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
  300- 3000 G Hz  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   3- 30 T Hz  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  30- 300 T Hz    ‫א‬
  300- 3000 T Hz    ‫א‬
  3x1018-    
 3x1023Hz
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 EMicrowaves F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬،٢٠١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٢ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 

‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬ EF ‫א‬
E١٢ J٣F
 
- ٨٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ESatellite) ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eup linkF ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K(down linkF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Downlink‫א‬‫א‬ Uplink‫א‬‫א‬
C 3.7 to 4.2 Ghz 5.925 to 6.425 Ghz
Ku 11.7 to 12.2 Ghz 14 to 14.5 Ghz
Ka 17.7 to 21 Ghz 27.5 to 31 Ghz
  
‫א‬E ٣٠١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٣ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

- ٨٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

K‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

- ٨٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ERadio Broadcast F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ Eomnidirectional antennasF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٤ J٣F ‫א‬K(UHF)
 ‫א‬‫א‬(VHF)‫א‬‫א‬(HF)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬(AM)‫א‬( M )‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 KK١٦٠٠
٣٠٣‫א‬‫א‬(AM)  ‫א‬(SW)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K
K١٠٨٨٨‫א‬‫א‬(FM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K١٠٠١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬  J

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
(١٤ J٣F‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ECellular Telephony) ‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬(mobile station)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬cell‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(base station)
‫א‬‫א‬(mobile telephone switching center)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢{٣١٩٠٠ J١٨٠٠ J٩٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E١٥ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

- ٨٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 EWireless LANsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥{٣٠–٥{١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٥{١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KL٢٠‫א‬
 KL٢٠‫א‬٥{٨٢٥–٥{٧٢٥‫א‬‫א‬٥{٣٥–
 
 EInfrared Links F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٣١٠x ٣ J١١١٠x٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 ‫א‬ J ‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 L
 K٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
L
 ٢ JL
 K١١٥‫א‬٨
K‫א‬‫א‬١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

- ٩٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬W٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬ RG-8‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬٤٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K٦‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

- ٩١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
 
 KKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 KKKKKKKKK‫א‬RG‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K J
 
 K‫א‬……‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K J

- ٩٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 (Transmission Channels)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 K J
 K‫א‬ J
 K J
 
 K…،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K J
 K J
 K J
 K J
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٨ ‫א‬‫א‬W٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬

 

- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 K٣ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ١ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Data CodingF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECoderF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(DecoderF‫א‬
 KCodec‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 EEncoding of Digital DataF‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1‫א‬‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   

(١ J٤F‫א‬
 
 EUnipolar NRZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KELowF‫א‬‫א‬EHighF‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WNRZ – Level‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0‫א‬‫א‬
 

+V
NRZ -L
0V

1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

E٢ J٤F ‫א‬
 
 EEncodingF‫א‬
 KTb‫א‬‫א‬ VH‫א‬W1‫א‬‫• א‬
- ٩٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 KTb‫א‬‫א‬0 V‫א‬W0‫א‬‫• א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K0,s‫א‬1,s
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
J
 ENRZ – SpaceF‫א‬–‫א‬‫ א‬ J 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
+V
NRZ -S

0V
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

E٣ J٤F 

- ٩٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 EEncodingF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W1 ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬0V1‫א‬‫א‬0V
 K‫א‬Tb
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W0‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬+V0‫א‬‫א‬0V‫א‬
K‫א‬Tb
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 ENRZ – MarkF–‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

+V
NRZ -M

0V
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

E٤ J٤F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬

- ٩٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W1‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬+V1‫א‬‫א‬0V‫א‬
 KTb‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W0‫א‬‫• א‬
KTb‫א‬‫א‬+V0‫א‬‫א‬+V
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K0,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
J
 EPolar EncodingF‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٤
‫א‬+V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٥ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K-V
 

- ١٠٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫ א‬‫א‬

NRZ RZ ‫א‬

NRZ-L NRZ-I  

E٥ J٤F
 
 
 EPNRZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٢ J٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ١٠١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 EPNRZ – LevelF–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

+V
PNRZ -L

0V

-V

1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

E٦ J٤F
 
 
 (Encoding)‫א‬
 KTb‫א‬‫א‬+V‫א‬W1‫א‬‫• א‬
.Tb‫א‬‫א‬–V‫א‬W0‫א‬‫• א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬0,s‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 EPNRZ – IF–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 K1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

+V
PNRZ -I

0V

-V
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

E٧ J٤F
 
 (Encoding)‫א‬
-V+V‫א‬W1‫א‬‫• א‬
 KTb‫א‬‫א‬1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KTb‫א‬‫א‬–V ‫א‬W0‫א‬‫• א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬
K1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
0,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 EPRZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٢ J٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
-F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0,s ‫א‬1,s‫א‬
 K‫א‬EV, 0 , +V
 

+V

0V

PRZ
-V

1
1 0 0 0 1 1 0
E٨ J٤F‫א‬
 
 (Encoding)‫א‬
0 ‫א‬‫א‬ W1‫א‬‫• א‬
+V‫א‬ Tb/2،‫א‬
 K0V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–V ‫א‬Tb/2،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W0‫א‬‫• א‬
K0V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬
‫א‬0,s‫א‬1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
KTb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

- ١٠٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 EPolar Bi-phaseF‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٢ J٤

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 EPolar ManchesterF–‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
–V ,+V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KEthernet ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


+V

0V

-V

1
1 0 0 0 1 1 0

E٩ J٤F
 
 (Encoding)‫א‬
+V‫א‬Tb/2، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1‫א‬‫• א‬
 K–V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–V‫א‬Tb/2، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W0‫א‬‫• א‬
K+V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬

- ١٠٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬0,s‫א‬1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
KTb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 EPolar Differential ManchesterF‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬  J


 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Token Ring)

+V

0V

-V

1
1 0 0 0 1 1 0

E١٠ J٤F
 
 (Encoding)‫א‬
1‫א‬Tb/2، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K01‫א‬‫א‬XOR
0‫א‬Tb/2، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W0‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K01‫א‬‫א‬XOR

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬
KTb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 EScrambled EncodingF‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤
K–V, 0 , +V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  (AMI)‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 

+V
AMI

0V

-V
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

E١١ J٤F
 

- ١٠٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 (Encoding)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬1,s‫א‬W1‫א‬‫• א‬
KTb‫א‬‫א‬0VW0‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K
‫א‬1,s‫א‬1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K0,s
+V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K–V
 

 W‫א‬
 K ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K0,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 EHDB3F‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬0,s‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K0,s‫א‬HDB3‫א‬KAMI

- ١٠٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 (Encoding)‫א‬
 KAMI‫א‬Tb‫א‬‫א‬+V1 •
 0000‫א‬ •
XY00X000X‫א‬
KVBYV
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬000X‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 000X‫• א‬
K ‫א‬1,s‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬X000X‫• א‬

K
‫א‬1,s‫א‬‫א‬0000‫א‬Y00X‫• א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬X,YY00X‫• א‬

KY
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

AMI
+V

-V
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1

HDB3

Original 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Signal

HDB3 1 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 1 0 0 0 1 -1 1 0

AMI
+V

-V
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1

HDB3

Original 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Signal

HDB3 1 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 1 -1 1 0 0 1 -1 1 0

E١٢ J٤F

 
- ١١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 EB8ZSF‫א‬٣ J٣ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬0,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ B8ZS‫א‬KAMI

 KHDB3, AMIB8ZS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٣ J٤F‫א‬
 

 
 
 (Encoding)‫א‬
 KAMI‫א‬Tb‫א‬‫א‬+V1  J
K000WX0YZ‫א‬00000000‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬000NP0PN‫א‬000WX0YZ‫ א‬ J
KW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬000PNoNP‫א‬000WX0YZ‫ א‬ J
KW‫א‬
KZ000WX0YZ‫א‬1  J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B8ZS

- ١١١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤
 EM- arry Encoding and Modulation RateF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Shift KeyingF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
EAmplitude Shift Keying-ASKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EEFrequency Shift Keying-FSK‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 EEPhase Shift Keying-PSK‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٤F‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(modulation rateF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Baud rate
KM=2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬M‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬ M>2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬4PSKM=2‫א‬‫א‬BPSK‫א‬  J
‫א‬ M = 4 =22
 KE١٥ J٤F‫א‬

 
‫א‬8PSKM=2‫א‬‫א‬BPSK‫א‬ J
‫א‬M=8=23
 KE١٦ J٤F‫א‬

- ١١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 
M‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W
M = 2n
n = log2 M

- ١١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K360°/MZM-ary‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K180°/MZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W
 KM = 2n = 22 = 4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n = 2‫א‬ J
 KM = 2n = 23 = 8‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n = 3‫א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٤
 EPerformance of M-array Encoding SystemsF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 KES/NF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬M>2‫א‬
L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L
 R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Kmodulation rate‫א‬
 WLD
 D = Baud Rate = bit rate / Baud length = R/n Baud/ sec.
n = log2 M
R = D . n = D log2 M bit/sec.

Binary Encoder M-array Encoder

Digital Data R bits/ sec D baud rate

(١٧-٤)‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
 
- ١١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،D، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٤F‫א‬

 W‫א‬،W،‫א‬
D = 2W
R = D . n = D log2 M = 2W log2M bit/sec
W = R/ 2 log2 MHz
Mlog2 M‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬L١٠‫א‬8- PSK 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٨٠
 W‫א‬
 M = 8 = 23 = 2n
 n = Baud length = 3 bits
R = 10 M bit/sec
D = R/n = 10 M /3 = 3.33 M Baud/sec
 W = D/2 = 1.66 M Hz
 
 EQuaternary Phase Shift Keying-QPSKF‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٤
 
‫א‬٤M = 4M-ary Encoding‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E11100100F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
QPSK‫א‬E١٨{١٩{٢٠ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 



- ١١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
(٢٠-٤)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬


- ١١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
 
1,s‫א‬‫א‬NRZ-L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
 ‫؟‬0,s‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NRZ ‫א‬‫א‬  J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
KL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8-PSK‫א‬‫א‬  J


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧
 W ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK  J
 
 Digital-to-digital J
 Digital-to-analog J
 Analog-to-analog J
 Analog-to-digital J
 
 WPCM‫א‬ J
 Digital-to-digital J
  Digital-to-analog J
  Analog-to-analog J
  Analog-to-digital J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Digital-to-digital J
 Digital-to-analog J
  Analog-to-analog J
  Analog-to-digital J
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
NRZ-L J
RZ J
B8ZS J
 HDB3 J

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
Unipolar J
NRZ-L J
NRZ-I J
RZ J
 Manchester J

10110101011001‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨
 KAMINRZ-L
 
‫א‬‫א‬K8-PSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩
 ‫؟‬LK٦٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K4-PSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٠
 

 

 
 

 

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Digital Data F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(Digital Data Communication)

 ECommunication

٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

   
EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 K٣W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ١ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EDigital Data Transmission MethodsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

(١-٥)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
 
 
 EParallel TransmissionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٢ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬ 
n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kone clock pulse ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦٤ J٣٢ J١٦ J٨

1
0
CPU
0 Memory
1
1

(٣-٥)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
 
 (Serial Transmission)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬n ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J٥FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

1 0 0 1 0
‫א‬ ‫א‬
٣-٥ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EAsynchronous TransmissionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
1,s‫א‬0,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
٨٥  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬frame
 
 KTb0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K٨٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K2TbTb1‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬10‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٥F‫א‬
 
start stop

Idle slot one 5- 8 bit data ch. bit 1-2 Remain idle
of line bit odd even bits or next-start bit

0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1

(٤-٥)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

- ١٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 ETransmission EfficiencyF‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 W‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬k
 Transmission Efficiency = k/n×100 %
   
=8/11X100% = 72.73 %
waste percentage= 100% - 72.73 % =27.27 %
 
 
 ESynchronous TransmissionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Block‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬١٦ J٨‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 K‫א‬Block‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٦ J٨‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

8-bit flag control Block of Data Error control 8-bit flag

(sync.) 8 or 16 bits 2400bits 8 or 16 bits (sync.)

(٥-٥)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Transmission Efficiency = k/n×100 %
=2400/2432 × 100%
 =98.68 %
 waste percentage= 100% - 98.68% =1.32 %
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
high-level data link ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kcontrol protocol (HDLC)

- ١٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 ETransmission ModesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٦ J٥F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

(٦-٥)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
 
 
 ESimplex ModeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٣ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،E٧ J٥F ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

Simplex
Broad Cost
Radio

(٧-٥)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
 
 EHalf Duplex Mode -HDXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Half- Duplex

Station A Station B

(٨-٥)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
 
 
 EFull Duplex Mode-FDXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٩ J٥F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Full- Duplex

Station A Station B

(٩-٥)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

 
 EFull/Full Duplex Mode-F/FDXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠ J٥F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Station B

Station A

Station C
Full/ Full- Duplex

(١٠-٥)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
 
 
 EError ControlF‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Noise)‫ א‬ J
K(Limited bandwidthF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
KEBit rateF‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٥F‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 
 ETypes of ErrorsF‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٤ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٢ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Types of errors

Random Burst
errors errors

(١٢-٥)‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 ERandom ErrorsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬single error‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0  ‫א‬‫א‬
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0  ‫א‬‫א‬
 error
 
 EBurst ErrorsF‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 
 errorerror
  
error detection‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬error correction‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Eparity bits‫א‬‫א‬FEredundant bits
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬XOR‫א‬‫א‬KE١٣ J٥F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
0+0=0 1+1=0 0+1=1  1 + 0 = 1

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Error Control

Error Error
Detection Correction

(١٣-٥)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 EError DetectionF‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J٥

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٤ J٥F‫א‬

Error Detection
Techniques

Vertical or Cyclic
Horizontal Redundancy
Redundancy Checking
Checking

(١٤-٥)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
 

- ١٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 EParity check BitF‫א‬‫א‬ J

  ‫א‬٨٧‫א‬ 
‫א‬1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬even parity‫א‬‫א‬odd parity‫א‬‫א‬
1,s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
1010111 1« 1010111 0« 1010111
 
 Longitudinal Redundancy Check-LRCFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KLRC
‫א‬LRC‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KLRC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W
w1= 11100111,w2= 11011101,w3= 00111001,w4= 10101001W‫א‬‫א‬
w1= 11100111  W‫א‬‫א‬
     W2= 11011101       
W3= 00111001       
w4= 10101001 
 
      
LRC= 10101010       
 WLRCH‫א‬‫א‬
W1 W2 W3 W4 LRC
11100111 11011101 00111001 10101001 10101010
 

 
 ECyclic Redundancy Check-CRCF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬CRC‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٩{٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬polynomial‫א‬
 W‫א‬10‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1ZDZ‫א‬
X7 + X5 + X2 + X + 1ZD(X)‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
CRC-12 = 1100100000011 = X12 + X11 + X8 + X + 1
CRC-16 = 11000000000000101 = X16 + X15 + X2 + 1
CRC- ITU-T = 10001000000100001 = X16 + X12 + X5 + 1
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
D = 10110111 , D(X) = X7 + X5 + X4 + X2 + X + 1 W‫א‬G
g = 110011 , g(x) = X5 + X4 + X + 1 W‫א‬‫א‬G
 W‫א‬
‫א‬b(x)،b(x)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬g(x)‫א‬mXm×D(x)/g(x)
 Km = 5‫א‬CRC‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Xm×D(x)= X5×(X7+X5+X4+X2+X+1)
= X12+X10+X9+X7+X6+X5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
X7+X6+X4+X2+X+1
X5+X4+X+1 X12+X10+X9+X7+X6+X5
X12+X11+X8+X7
X11+X10+X9+X8+X6+X5
X11+X10 +X7+X6
X9+X8+X7 +X5
X9+X8 +X5+X4
X7 +X4
X7+X6 +X3+X2
X6 +X4+X3+X2
X6+X5 +X2+X
X5+X4+X3 +X
X5+X4 +X+1
3
X +1 = remainder = b(x) , b = 01001 = CRC
 
 WT(x)،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T(x) = Xm × D(x) + b(x)
  = X12+X10+X9+X7+X6+X5+X3+X
 WT،‫א‬
  T = 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 = Data + CRC


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 EError CorrectionF‫א‬ ٢ J٤ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 EAutomatic Repeat Request –ARQF‫א‬ J

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(ARQ)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٥١٢٢٥٦ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K ARQ‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 W‫א‬?Stop-and-Wait ARQ‫א‬‫א‬?
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ACK‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NACK‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
- ١٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٥ J٥F ‫א‬K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

Tx Rx

Frame 0
ACK0
Frame 1
ACK1
Wait time
out Frame 0 lost

Frame 0
ACK0
Frame 1
NACK1
Frame 1
ACK1

١٥-٥ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
 
 
 Forward Error Correction-FECFF‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Hamming codecyclic code‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬1,2,4,8,16,.. ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
m، ‫א‬‫א‬k،‫א‬n،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 n = m + k = 2m -1 W
n = 2m -1 = 23 – 1 = 7Wm = 3
k = n – m = 7 – 3 = 4 bits
 K3Z‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 
3,5,6,7‫א‬‫א‬1,2,4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 d d d m d m m  W
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬000
1‫א‬001
2‫א‬010
3‫א‬011
4‫א‬100
5‫א‬101
6‫א‬110
 7‫א‬111

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 EInterfacingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬E‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E–‫א‬––F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Interface‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬"Data Circuit Equipment (DCE)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬DCE, DTE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٦ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  DCE‫א‬DTE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬(Interface PortF ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 EMechanical Characteristics F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬E ‫א‬ J ‫א‬ J ‫א‬ J‫א‬ ‫א‬ J‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 EElectrical CharacteristicsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
DCE‫א‬DTE‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 (Functional Characteristics)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EEProcedural Characteristics‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬Electronic Industries Association (EIA)‫א‬‫א‬
International Telecommunication Union- Telecommunication Standards ‫א‬
RS-232 EIA-232 ‫א‬‫א‬Committee(ITU-T)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KDCE‫א‬‫א‬DTE‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 
 E١٨ J٨F‫א‬
     

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 EModem UnitF‫א‬ ٦ J٥
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 JF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 KDCE‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٩ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 E١٩ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PSK- QAM‫א‬
 
 
 

- ١٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
FSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٦ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬Bell‫א‬  J
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
209202103‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Modem Line Operating Synchronization Modulation Max. Bit
 Series Facility Mode Mode Type Rate
 103 Dail-up FDX Asynchronous FSK 300 b/s.
 202 S Dail-up HDX Asynchronous FSK 1200 b/s.
 202 T Private HDX/FDX Asynchronous FSK 1800 b/s.
 209 A Private HDX/FDX Synchronous 16-QAM 9.6k.b/s.
 209 B Dail-up HDX Synchronous 16-QAM 9.6 k.b/s.
 

- ١٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 ITU-T‫א‬CCITT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V
K‫א‬V.34 V.29 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 Recommendation Description
 V.29  9600 b/s – FDX – Leased Circuits
 V.32 9600 b/s – FDX – Leased Circuits + Echo Supression
 V.33  14.4 k.b/s – FDX – Leased Lines
 V.34  (V.fast) ITU- 28.8 k. b/s Standard
 V.39  (V.fast) ITU- 56 k. b/s Standard
 

- ١٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬W١
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،KKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،KKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K J‫א‬ J J
 K J J J
 K J J J
 K J J J
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KVRC J
 KLRC J
 KCRC  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
- ١٥٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 K‫א‬1101111‫א‬1110111‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 K J
 K‫א‬ J
 
 
 KCRC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 K J
 
 K‫א‬1010‫א‬111111‫א‬‫א‬ J
111111000 J
1111110000 J
111111 J
 1111111010 J
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،٢٤٠W٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،01101011‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

- ١٥١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

،10010101 01001111 11010000 11011011‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬LRC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬11001100111‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0101‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 
 
 

- ١٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Multiplexing) ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬

٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 EMultiplexingF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ١ J٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KEMultiplexingF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬– JF‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬

Multiplexing

FDM TDM STDM

Syn. Asyn.

(١-٦)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
 
 
 
 EFrequency Division Multiplexing -FDMF‫א‬‫ א‬٢ J٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  B.Wch. ≥ B.W1 + B.W2 + B.W3 + - - - - - + B.Wn
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬

- ١٥٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 
KE٢ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
S1 S1
S2 De-
S2  
MUX Ch1 Ch2 Ch n MUX  
Sn Sn  
(٢-٦)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬  
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E٣ J٦F‫א‬K١٦٠٥K٥٣٥‫א‬
ECATVF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ٦
 
 
 




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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  


 

 
 
 
 EFDM Carrier SystemsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٢ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬AT&T‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ITU-T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 EBasic GroupF‫א‬‫א‬ J
١٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AT&T-FDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬EK٤‫א‬F
٤٨K١٠٨ K٦٠‫א‬AM-SSB
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢  ‫א‬K
 KE٤ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 ESuper GroupF‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬  AT&T- FDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
AM-SSB E٦٠F
‫א‬ K٢٤٠K٦١٢K٤٢٠‫א‬
‫א‬ KK٤٨‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬LK٥٠
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 EMaster GroupF‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AT&T-FDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
AM-SSBE٦٠٠F‫א‬
٢٤٠٠FK٢٥٢٠K٣٣٢٤K٥٦٤‫א‬
K K٢٥٢‫א‬‫א‬EK١٢٠HK
‫א‬L
 K٢٥٠ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 EJumbo GroupF‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ AT&T-FDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
AM-SSB‫א‬E٣٦٠٠F‫א‬
٢٠{٥٤٨  ٣{٥٦٤‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١{٨٦٤H١٥{١٢F١٦{٩٨٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ٢{٨٣١
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE١٠٨٠٠F‫א‬
- ١٥٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 ETime Division Multiplexing -TDMF‫א‬‫ א‬٣ J٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
Eslot  ‫א‬  F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W
Rch. ≥ R1 + R2 + R3 + - - - - - - + Rn
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W Rch.
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١ J٣ J٦

 ESynchronous Time Division MultiplexingF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ FBuffers 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬KKKKKKKKK
 KE٦ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١٥٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 
Demultiplexer‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 EFramingF‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eframing bitsF‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

، ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٨ J٦F‫א‬1‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 EBit StuffingF‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬(bit stuffingF‫א‬
multiplexer) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
clock F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEpulses
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K(De-multiplexerF‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KK٢Z‫א‬W١
 KK٤Z‫א‬W٢
 KK٢Z‫א‬W٣
 KL٧٢٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬W١١ J٤‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KPCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
KK٤Z2f1Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
KK٨Z2f2Z‫א‬‫א‬  J
WK٤Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬H٢ ‫א‬H١ ‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬
 KE٩ J٦F‫א‬Z٣‫א‬

t
Source 1

Source 2

t
Source 3

(٩-٦)‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

١٦  ‫א‬‫א‬،٤

 K١٦L٤٠٠٠Z

- ١٦٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

PCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
KLK٦٤Z١٦×K٤Zn.fZ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١١ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬  J
٨‫א‬‫א‬ L
 K٨L
 K٧{٢‫א‬‫א‬
K٢
K٦٤Z٨×K٨Z  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
KL
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KLK١٢٨Z٢×LK٦٤Z‫א‬٣٢Z٨×٢H١٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٦F‫ א‬ J
 
 

16 bits PCM-TDM 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits

32 bits frame

١٠-٦ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
 
 EDigital ServicesF‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 J‫א‬ JF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 WSwitched 56/ Service‫א‬L٥٦‫ א‬E١
L
 K٥٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Digital Service Unit (DSU)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KL
 K٥٦‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EDigital Data Service -DDSF‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
LK٦٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ Kdigital leased line‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EDigital Signal Service –DSSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬DDSDSU‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 EAT&T-TDM Digital Carrier System)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
ECCITT-TDM Digital Carrier Sys.F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

- ١٦٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
EDigital Carrier Systems-AT&TF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬T-1‫א‬Digital Signal Format ( DS-1)
‫א‬KT-1Carrier Line ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٤Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KK٤Z‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
KK٨Z‫א‬ K٣
Kµ-Companding Law ‫א‬١٢٨ZQ،‫א‬ K٤
K٧Zn،‫א‬ K٥
K١Z‫א‬ K٦
K١Z‫א‬ K٧
K١٩٣Z١HE١H٧F×٢٤ZNZ‫א‬ K٨
KL١{٥٤٤Z١٩٣×K٨ZN.fsZRZ‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
KDS-1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٦F‫א‬

Ch.1 Ch.2 Ch.24 Fb

8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

193 bits

125
micro sec

١١-٦ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
 

- ١٦٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
AT&T-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٦F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬TDM
 J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KAT&T‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 

- ١٦٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 AT&T-TDM‫א‬

‫א‬ DS ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 T1 DS-1  LK١{٥٤٤  ٢٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T1-c DS-1c  LK٣{١٥٢  ٤٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T2 DS-2  LK٦{٣١٢  ٩٦   J J‫א‬
T3 DS-3  LK٤٤{٧٣٦  ٦٧٢  J J
T4 DS-4  LK٢٧٤{١٧٦  ٤٠٣٢  J J
 T5 DS-5  LK٥٦٠{١٦  ٨٠٦٤  J J
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥ J٦
Multiplexing (STDM) Asynchronous Statistical Time-Division
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ، ٢٠ J
٢٠‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬٪٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
‫א‬PCM-TDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JG
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KSTDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ESystem PerformanceF‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬STDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬k‫א‬n
‫א‬‫א‬k‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬k<n
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
HDLC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٦F
 KSTDM

- ١٦٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

١٣-٦ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

Beginning Address Control STDM FCS Encoding

Flag Field Field Data Field Flag

 
 ١٣ J٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٦F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 EWave-Division Multiplexing -WDMF‫א‬‫ א‬٦ J٦
FDM‫א‬‫א‬WDM‫א‬‫א‬ 
De-mux.‫א‬‫א‬Mux.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMultiplexingF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
prism‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Fdiffraction grating‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Mux.
E١٥ J٦F‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 ‫א‬،L‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 ESynchronous Optical Network –SONETF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٧ J٦
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬CCITT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ SONET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KSynchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SDHSONET‫א‬‫א‬
Synchronous Transport ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SONET‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥١{٨٤Signal Level-1 (STS-1)
 K‫א‬SDHSONET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KL
SONET electrical SONET Optical Bit rate M bit/sec. SDH electrical
signal signal signal
STS – 1 OC – 1 51.84 -
STS – 3 OC - 3 155.52 STM – 1
STS – 9 OC - 9 466.56 STM – 3
STS – 12 OC - 12 622.08 STM - 4
STS – 18 OC - 18 933.12 STM - 6
STS – 24 OC - 24 1244.16 STM - 8
STS – 36 OC - 36 1866.24 STM – 12
STS – 48 OC - 48 2488.32 STM – 16
STS - 192 OC - 192 9953.28 STM – 64
 SDHSONET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ١٦‫א‬‫א‬WDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
٤٠ZL
 ٢{٥×١٦OC – 48 ‫א‬
OC - 192‫א‬  ٣٢‫א‬‫א‬،L
‫א‬‫א‬L
 ٣٢٠ZL
 ١٠×٣٢
 KE١٦ J٦FOC – nSTS – n‫א‬
 

- ١٧١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 

- ١٧٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W١
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 
 ‫؟‬،FDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬TDM‫א‬‫א‬W٤
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W٦
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،LK٦٤‫א‬‫א‬DS-0‫א‬W٧
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 FDM -
‫א‬‫א‬TDM -
‫א‬‫א‬TDM -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
 ‫؟‬‫א‬  J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-

- ١٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬-
K‫א‬-

 ، ‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬TDM‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 N -
n +1 -
n -1 -
n/2 –


 ،‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬TDM‫א‬  J

 KnKKKKKKKKKKKKKKm،‫א‬‫א‬m
 K-
K-
K-
K-
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،AT&T – FDM‫א‬  J
 KK٤×‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
KK٤×‫א‬-
KLK٨×‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
KLK٨×‫א‬-
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬  J
 FDM-
K‫א‬‫א‬TDM-
K‫א‬‫א‬TDM-
WDM-

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 EMultiplexingF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 KFDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
KK٤٥‫א‬-
K٢٠٠-

K١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬TDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٠
، ‫א‬‫א‬،LK١٤{٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬T-1Line‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(ATM Networks) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ATM‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KATM‫א‬‫• א‬
KAALATM‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 ١ J٧
‫א‬EAsynchronous Transfer Mode -ATM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ATM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬    E   J  J F ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬LL
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ATM ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬ ATM‫א‬ Broad Band ISDN (B-ISDN)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ATM ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬    E Packet Switching F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Cell Relay ‫א‬ATM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Cell)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ATM‫א‬ Frame Relay‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬Frame Relay ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ATM‫א‬EF‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،   ATM ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬ATM‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ LANs ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ATM  ‫א‬‫א‬   
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   ‫א‬  WANs
‫א‬‫א‬
 2.5 G b/s, 622.08 M b/s, 155.52 M b/s, 51.84Mb/s, 25.6 M b/s
،(Connection-OrientedF‫א‬‫א‬ ATM
  ،(Connectionless-Service) ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ATM
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 virtual (ChannelF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ATM٢ J٧
 ‫א‬     ITU-T ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬ ATM‫א‬‫א‬
 ATM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
 ATM‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W(User PlaneF ‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬     W(Control PlaneF  ‫א‬   J٢
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
Layer Management ‫א‬‫א‬W(Management Plane)‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Plane Management‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬User Plan‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 
 WATM‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬،ATM‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬
K622.08 Mb/s155.52 Mb/s
 E١ J٧F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ATM  •
KATM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( ATM Adaptation Layer -AAL)‫א‬ •
Higher ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ATM‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ،ATM   ATM   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ Layer
 ATM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ AAL‫א‬
 ATM AAL‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬end-to-endAAL،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    F ‫א‬ ‫א‬     AAL 
KAALE٢ J٧F‫א‬KEOSI
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 

 
 

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٧
 
‫א‬       W(Virtual Channel -VC) ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ATM ‫א‬
 KVirtual Channel Identifier (VCI)
W(Virtual Channel Link -VCL)‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ATMATM‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬VCI
 W(Virtual Channel Connection-VCC)‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ (VCLs)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  VCC‫א‬ AAL‫א‬
KVCC
‫א‬WEVirtual Path -VP) ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬   ATM  ‫א‬
K(Virtual Path Identifier -VPI)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:(Virtual Path Link-VPL) ‫א‬‫א‬ •
VPI‫א‬‫א‬VPI(VCLs)
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W (Virtual Path Connection -VPC)‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W(VCC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VCC‫א‬ ATM  VCC‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ATM
 WVCC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VCC‫א‬W‫א‬ •

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  VCC ‫א‬  WATM    •
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VCC‫א‬W‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ITU-I 
 
‫א‬ VCC‫א‬W‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬   J‫א‬  ‫א‬  F ‫א‬     •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE
K‫א‬‫א‬
K VCC‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬   ،VCC     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬    ‫א‬ WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬  •
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ‫א‬     J  F    ‫א‬
K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

    ،  ‫ א‬VCCs ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Congestion
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VCCs‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ITU-I   
‫א‬   VCCs ‫א‬   ‫א‬     
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬VPCs‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬    ،VPC ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 E (ATM Logical Connection- ATM‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٧
  ‫א‬ VCCs ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ATM   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ،X.25  Frame Relay ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬   ،‫א‬      VCI ‫א‬ VPI
        ،  ‫א‬   ATM    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،ATM VCC
       ‫א‬   ‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬         VCC      
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ VCCs ‫א‬  boundle       ،VPC
 KE٣ J٧FE‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 
 
 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ VPC VCCs‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬ VPC‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
EVPCs‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EVCCs‫א‬F‫א‬
 
 WVirtual Paths‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬W  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J٣
Transmission Path‫א‬
end- ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬    VCC 
  ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬F points
KE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬        E٤ J٧F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬
‫א‬، •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 
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 EEControl Signaling‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٧
 ‫א‬  VPCs ‫א‬ VCCs ‫א‬     ATM   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬VCCs‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬    Semi permanent ‫א‬  VCCs  ‫א‬‫א‬   •
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
    ،   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    VCCs ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬
Meta-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬Signaling Channel
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ،VPC       ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬VCCs
 W‫א‬‫א‬ VPCs
‫א‬    ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  VCCs ‫א‬    •
 KVCCs‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ VPC‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬VPC‫א‬VCC
  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   VPC ‫א‬   ‫א‬    •
KVPC‫א‬

 EATM (ATM Cells٧ J٧

   E ٥٣F ‫א‬   ATM ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ٤٨ ٥ Header
‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ، •
 ،     ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ، •
K‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 WATM
‫א‬ ATM‫א‬W Header Format‫א‬  J١
،User Network Interface (UNI)‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٧F
 KATM

 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٧F
 K‫א‬NNI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٧F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E b aF‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W Generic Flow Control (GFC) ‫א‬  ‫א‬  J٢
٤UNI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ٨،‫א‬  WVPI‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬ ١٢ UNI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NNI‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WVCI‫א‬‫א‬ J
K١٦‫א‬‫א‬Service Access Point‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W Payload Type‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ VCC ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W Cell Loss Priority (CLP)‫א‬ J٤
 CLP ٠،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CLP١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ W Header Error Control (HEC)‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
،٣٢‫א‬ATM‫א‬‫א‬٨
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ،  E‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬Real Time Applications‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٨‫א‬‫א‬WInformation Field‫א‬ J٦
K
 
 ATM (ATM Services) ٨ J٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ATM 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WATM Forum
 
 Real-Time Services‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 W‫א‬ 
W(Constant Bit Rate -CBR)‫א‬‫א‬  J

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W-Time Variable Bit Rate (rt-VBR) ‫א‬‫א‬  J

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 Non-Real-Time Services‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬ 
 
Non-Real-Time Variable Bit Rate ‫א‬‫א‬  J
QoS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W(nrt-VBR)
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W(Unspecified Bit Rate -UBR)‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ ATM‫א‬‫א‬،
  J١W ،VBR‫א‬‫א‬ CBR
  VBR‫א‬  J٢ ,VBR CBR ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬  J‫א‬  J‫א‬  J‫א‬  J‫א‬W‫א‬ UBR 
 K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 (Available Bit Rate -ABR)‫א‬‫א‬ J

 TCP  end-to-end   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ABR‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ TCP
Minimum Cell Rate (MCR)‫א‬Peak Cell Rate (PCR)
ATM‫א‬LAN‫א‬ABR‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
 AAL (AAL ServicesE٩ J٧
 WAAL‫א‬‫א‬ITU-I 
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ATM‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
  K‫א‬‫• א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ATM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 
 ‫؟‬ATMW٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 VCC‫א‬‫א‬  J
VCL‫א‬‫א‬  J

 ‫؟‬V P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ATM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
 
‫؟‬ATM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦

- ١٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(LANs and Its Instruments) ‫א‬‫א‬
LANs and Its F‫א‬‫א‬
 EInstruments

٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ J٣
.Token Bus-Token Ring- FDDI
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 K6W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  

- ١٩٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 ١ J٨
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E J JF‫א‬
   ،‫א‬
 KE١ J٨F
 

 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K١٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
١٠٠ L
 ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K

- ١٩٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬EtopologyF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬
KEF‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٨
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١٩٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 KServer‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  EClient StationF‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EPeripherals ServerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ERepeatersF‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬E٢ J٨F‫א‬KOSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KOSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- ١٩٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 



   
 
 
 EBridgesF‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٨F‫א‬KOSI
 K

- ١٩٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 EHUBSF‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٤ J٨F‫א‬KOSI‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
ESwitchesF‫א‬ J

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KOSI‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
E٥ J٨F ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KL١٠٠
 
 ERoutersF‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
E٦ J٨F ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ENetwork CardF‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NIC‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 KRJ45, AUI, BNC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

    ‫א‬ J٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٤٣٢١٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
- ٢٠٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Network Operating System‫א‬ J
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
UnixNetWareWindows NT‫א‬‫א‬
 KLinux‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 
 WApplications‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WUtilities‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EGatewaysF‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Mainframe Computers‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،PCs
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KOSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FIPX‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬IP‫א‬‫א‬Internet‫א‬ENetWare
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٨F‫א‬KIPX - to – IP‫א‬
 K
- ٢٠٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 
 
  J
‫א‬‫א‬ 
T- Connector 
 N- Series 
‫א‬‫א‬British Naval Connector (BNC)  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬RJ45‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٠٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬
 KEthernet‫א‬ J
 .Token Bus‫א‬ J
  .Token Ring‫א‬ J
 KFiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)‫א‬‫א‬ J
Project 802IEEE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KANSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
WEthernet١ J٣ J٨
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ١٩٦٠  
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
K١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬L ٢{٩٤ ١٠٠‫א‬
 WEthernet‫א‬
 Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) J
  Intel -
 Xerox-
  
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬١٩٨٢DIX 1.0‫א‬١٩٨١
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DIX JDIX 2.0
،٨٠٢‫א‬IEEE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬Token Ring‫א‬‫א‬IBM‫א‬‫א‬
IEEE 802.3‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬IEEE
 KIEEE 802.5Token Ring‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K(CSMA/CD) MAC‫א‬‫א‬ J
Carrier Sense  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Multiple Access with Collision Detection [CSMA/CD]
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(listen before talking ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    ،  ‫א‬  
،‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٨ J٨F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K،‫א‬
، ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬     ،‫א‬     ‫א‬     ‫א‬
E‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬     ،‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬      
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 
EPreambleF‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ( ١٠١٠١٠١٠…….F ٧‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Start Frame Delimiter -SFD)‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ١٠١٠١٠١١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
(Destination AddressF‫א‬‫א‬ J
(Hexa Decimal System)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦.
،IEEE 802.3 Ethernet‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ROM Chip‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 00-04-76 0E-B1-68
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 
ESource AddressF‫א‬‫א‬ J
٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Ether Type / Length‫א‬L‫א‬ J
 ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬IEEE 802.3‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Data and Padding‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠٠٦٤
F٦٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٥١٨‫א‬‫א‬٦٤‫א‬
 
 E Frame Check Sequence -FCS)‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬ E٩ J٨F 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 
 
  (Ethernet X Base Y Standards ) J
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ IEEE 802 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬
،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،E ‫א‬ ‫א‬  – ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬
،L‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬XX Base YW‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Base
‫א‬     ،Segment     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    Y
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KX Broad Y‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 
10 Base 5, thick Ethernet‫א‬‫א‬ J
10 Base 5,thick  ‫א‬‫א‬ IEEE 802.3 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RG8 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬ Ethernet
‫א‬     ٥٠٠   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ L  ١٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬K ٥٠٠  Y،L ١٠  X‫א‬‫א‬
٥ F  ٢٥٠٠   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
 E١٠ J٨F‫א‬K ٢{٥‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K10 Base 5‫א‬

 
 10 Base 2, Thin Ethernet‫א‬‫א‬ J
 10 Base 2  IEEE 802    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
RG 58 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ L  ١٠   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٠٠٢F٢٠٠‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

‫א‬ F ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    E  ١٨٥ ‫א‬
 K10 Base 2‫א‬ E١١ J٨F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Fast Ethernet ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ١٩٩٨   K
  ‫א‬ L  ١  ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 IEEE 802‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   M b/s‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬
CSMA/CD  ٥٠٠  10  RG8   10 Base 5
CSMA/CD  ١٨٥  10 RG58    10 Base 2
CSMA/CD  ١٠٠  10 Cat 3 UTP ‫א‬  10 Base T
 
CSMA/CD  ٢٠٠٠  10  ‫א‬ 10 Base FL
‫א‬  
CSMA/CD  ٣٦٠٠  10 RG8   10 Broad 36
CSMA/CD  ١٠٠  100 Cat 5 UTP ‫א‬ 100 Base TX

CSMA/CD  ١٠٠  100 Cat 3 UTP ‫א‬ 100 Base T4

     100 Base FX
CSMA/CD  ٤٠٠  100 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
62.5/125
     1000 Base
CSMA/CD  1000  LX
 ٥٠٠٠ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
9/125
     1000 Base
CSMA/CD  1000  SX
 ٥٥٠ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
62.5/125
     1000 Base
CSMA/CD  1000  ZX
 ١٠٠٠٠٠ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
9/125
CSMA/CD  ٢٥  1000    1000 Base
STP  CX
 ‫א‬
CSMA/CD  ١٠٠  1000 Cat 5,5E   1000 Base T
 UTP
 ‫א‬
 IEEE 802 ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 Token Bus ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٨

‫א‬‫א‬IEEE 802.4IEEE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E ١١١١١١١١F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 
Token Ring‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣ J٨
CSMA/CD   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      K  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ IBM   
 ‫א‬ IEEE 802.5 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   IEEE   ‫א‬ Token Ring ‫א‬
 IBM‫א‬‫א‬ IBM Token Ring‫א‬ 
 IEEE ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ Token Ring‫א‬‫א‬ 
  point- to- point‫א‬‫א‬
Multi-station ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
  Token Ring ‫א‬ ‫א‬      Access Unit (MAU)
‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬   Repeater   
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Token Ring
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Token Passing Ring
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬         ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RJ45 UTP Cat 5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ٤‫א‬ IEEE 802.5‫א‬، Token Ring 
 K‫א‬‫א‬L١٦L
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬      E١٢ J٨F‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣ J٨
 (Fiber Distributed Data Interface -FDDI)
American National   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ١٩٨٠    
  ‫א‬    FDDI ‫א‬   Standards Institute (ANSI)
( Ethernet-Token ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ، Ring)
‫א‬  IEEE 802.5  ANSI ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    KUNIX 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    FDDI ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     E L  ١٠٠ F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
FDDI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  FDDI    Fast Ethernet ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   ،          ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 FDDI  WAN ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٠٠    K ٢٠٠      ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  FDDI  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،
FDDI‫א‬ LAN and MAN ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ FDDI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬K٢٠٠
Token Ring FDDI ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    IEEE 802.5‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،IEEE 802.5 ‫א‬‫א‬ Token Ring ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ FDDI ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،١٠٠٠K٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IEEE 802.5 ‫א‬‫א‬Token Ring ‫א‬ANSI‫א‬‫א‬FDDI ‫א‬
  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   Dual Attachments ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  FDDI 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EF،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬‫א‬
 IEEE 802.5 ‫א‬‫א‬ Token Ring ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ،FDDI ‫א‬  ،  ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Switch 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  FDDI ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 FDDI   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ANSI    ١٩٩٠  
،UTP Cat.5 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  KCopper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI) W‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ FDDI ‫א‬  ‫א‬  IBM 
 KSTP ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WW٤
 10 Base 2  J
10 Base T  J

10 Broad 36  J

1000 Base SX  J


IEEE 802.5‫א‬ ‫א‬ Token Ring ‫א‬  ‫א‬     W٥
 ‫؟‬FDDI ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W٦
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬      W٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Token Ring W٩
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

‫א‬ D،C،B،A ‫א‬‫א‬W١٠

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KC‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KB ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١١
 ‫؟‬10 Base 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  J 
  J 
  J 
  J 
 K10 Base 2 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ٢٠٠ JRJ 45 J 
 200  JRG 45 J 
  ١٨٥-RG 58 J 
 185  JRG 8 J 
 ‫؟‬10 Base 5 J
 ١{٥ J 
 ٢ J 
 ٣ J 
 ٢{٥ J 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬ J 
 
 ‫؟‬Token Ring ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J 
- ٢٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬ J 
 

- ٢٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Wireless Networks) ‫א‬‫א‬
EWireless NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬

٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EWireless NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 EWireless NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 K ٦W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ٢٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EWireless NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 ١ J٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
ESatellite CommunicationsF‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EGeostationary orbitF٣٦٠٠٠‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 
  J 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 EFixed Satellite Service- FSSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 EBroadcast Satellite Service- BSSF‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 EMobil Satellite Service- MSSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EWireless NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٩F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (up link)‫א‬
 KE١ J٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(down link)‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٩
 E‫א‬F    ‫א‬       ‫א‬   J
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٩F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EWireless NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

  
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٩F‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 (Very Small Aperture Terminal-VSATF
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬F    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٩F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EWireless NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 
ECellular Wireless NetworkF‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٩

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(base station)‫א‬ (mobile station)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬cell‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(mobile telephone switching center)
‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢{٣١٩٠٠ J١٨٠٠ J٩٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫( اﻟﺘﻲ‬base station)‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(Frequency reuse) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   N  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    E٥ J٩F ‫א‬
 K‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EWireless NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫( وﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬Base Station )  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 J٩F،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٦

 
- ٢٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EWireless NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 EWireless Local Loop-WLLF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٩


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫( اﻟﺘﻲ‬WLL )‫א‬
‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬E٧ J٩F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(basic station)‫א‬‫א‬WLL
 

 
 

 EWireless Local Area Network WLANF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٩
‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫ א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EWireless NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬EWLANF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬Euniversal mobile telecommunications systemFUMTS
UMTS ‫؛‬WLAN‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٨ J٩F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KWLAN
‫א‬‫א‬Ehot pointsF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
E٩ J٩F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K WLAN
Electrical and Electronics  Institute ofF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEngineers/IEEE
٢‫א‬‫א‬٨٠٢{١١‫א‬١٩٩٧،‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬١١‫א‬‫א‬b802.11‫א‬،١٩٩٩
K٥٤‫א‬‫א‬a802.11
b802.11‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
a802.11‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬b802.11‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬g802.11‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠٣
‫א‬‫א‬،٥٤‫א‬،b802.11
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Ealliance/WECAwireless ethernet compatibilityF
wireless FWi-Fi‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EWireless NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،Efidelity
 K
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EWireless NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

- ٢٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
EWireless NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢

(down link)‫א‬‫א‬(up link)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  J٣

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ WLL ‫א‬  J٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UMTSWLAN  J٥

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬  J٣
KTCP/IP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 K٣ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   ( Cable thru )    
 K،
 
 W‫א‬
Cat 5‫א‬UTP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ١   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٢‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬
K         ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   T568B ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
10 Base ‫א‬RJ 45UTP
100 Base T4 ,1000 Base T ‫א‬،100 Base TX،T
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬Cat 5 ‫א‬UTP  •
KRJ 45 ‫א‬٤ •
K‫א‬‫א‬RJ 45‫א‬ ECrimperF‫א‬ •
KUTP ‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 

- ٢٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
   UTP ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E١ J١٠FKT568-A ‫א‬T568-B ‫א‬
 K٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬ F ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ T568-B ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T568-B ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 ‫א‬    RJ 45  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ J٦
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬
K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J٧
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬٧١‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٩

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 
Pair 2 Pair 1

Pair 3 Pair 1 Pair 4 Pair 2 Pair 3 Pair 4

١ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ١ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

T568A T568B
١-١٠ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
  1 1

T568-B‫א‬RJ 45 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 10 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
100BaseT4,1000BaseT? BaseT,100BaseT? ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬
      H  2 1
       _  2 2
      ‫א‬  3 3
        1 4
       1 5
       ‫א‬  3 6
        4 7
        4 8


- ٢٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 T568-B ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬ Cat 5‫א‬ UTP ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٢
RJ45 ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  T568-B ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢‫א‬Cat 5‫א‬UTP J
KRJ 45‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬RJ 45‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KUTP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬    T568-A ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  T568-B ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١

- ٢٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
‫א‬ F    ‫א‬‫א‬ 568-B ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 568-B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ٢ ‫א‬   ‫א‬      J٤
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬    RJ 45  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ J٦
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬
K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J٧
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ٧  ١  ‫א‬‫א‬   J٨
K568-A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٩
 
 

- ٢٤١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

Pair 2 Pair 1

Pair 3 Pair 1 Pair 4 Pair 2 Pair 3 Pair 4

١ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ١ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

T568A T568B
٢-١٠ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
 
 
 T568-B‫א‬RJ 45‫א‬‫א‬
 
   ‫א‬   
100BaseT4,1000BaseT? 10BaseT,100Base  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
T?
‫א‬
      H  2 1
       _  2 2
      ‫א‬  3 3
        1 4
        1 5
       ‫א‬  3 6
       4 7
        4 8
 
 KT568-A‫א‬RJ 45 ‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٤٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
100BaseT4,1000BaseT? 10BaseT,100BaseT? ‫ א‬
‫א‬
        3 1
         3 2
      ‫א‬  2 3
        1 4
       1 5
       ‫א‬  2 6
        4 7
        4 8
 

- ٢٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫• א‬
KUTPEOpenF‫א‬EShortF
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K UTP   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K
K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KCat 5‫א‬Cat 5UTP •
KCat 5 •
K( Open )‫א‬UTP •
K( Short )UTP •
K‫א‬‫א‬Cat 5UTP •
KFluke 620‫א‬‫א‬ •
 

- ٢٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KFluke 620‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KWire MAP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KCABLEK‫א‬SET UP‫• א‬
KUTP‫א‬‫א‬DOWNUP ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENTER‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ENTER UP/DOWN‫א‬‫• א‬
W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
UTP CABLE
10 Base-T WIRING
Cat 5 CATEGORY
AWG 24 WIRE SIZE
No CAL to CABLE?
ON or OFF BEEPING
From 1 to 10 LCD CONTRAST

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KUTP/FTP‫א‬‫א‬ •
KRJ45-RJ45‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  •
KFluke 620‫א‬

- ٢٤٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
( Near End )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K( Far End )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ‫א‬
  TOP:    ١
BOT:
  TOP:    ٢
BOT
  TOP:    ٣
BOT:
  TOP:    ٤
BOT:
  TOP:    ٥
BOT:
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬( Short )‫א‬( Open )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KCoaxial Cable‫א‬‫א‬UTP‫א‬
KCable ID‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ٢٤٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬
EL‫א‬F Pass/Fail‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K      Fluke 620  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬UTP‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KCat 5UTP‫א‬ •
KCat 5UTP •
K‫א‬Cat 5UTP •
K‫א‬Cat 5UTP •
   (Open)       Cat 5  UTP   •
K‫א‬
K‫א‬(Open)Cat 5UTP •
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  F     RG 8  RG 58    •
KE‫א‬
KFluke 620‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ( Coax UTP )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KFluke 620 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KTest‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KCABLE‫א‬K‫א‬SET UP‫• א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     DOWN  UP ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫• א‬
KCOAXTUP
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENTER‫• א‬
- ٢٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬    ENTER  UP/DOWN ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

COAX‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ UTP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

COAX UTP CABLE:
10 Base 2 or RG 58 10 Base-T WIRING:
N/A CAT 5 CATEGORY:
N/A AWG 24 WIRE SIZE:
NO NO CAL to CABLE ?
ON or OFF ON or OFF BEEPING:
From to 10 From 1 to 10 LCD CONTRAST:
 

- ٢٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 
 (Coax UTP )‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬UTP/FTP‫א‬UTP‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬  (Coupler) RJ45-RJ45‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Cable ID‫א‬
Coax BNC‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  •
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 EL‫א‬FPass/Fail‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬
       ١
       ٢
       ٣
       ٤
       ٥
       ٦
       ٧
 

- ٢٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Length)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫• א‬
K(Coax)‫א‬‫א‬UTP‫א‬

W‫א‬
(Cable  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K Fluke 620‫א‬ ‫א‬ Length)
 KCoax‫א‬ ‫א‬ UTP    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬UTP‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KCat 5UTP‫א‬ •
KCat 5UTP •
KCat 5UTP •
KCat 5UTP •
K‫א‬٣ •
     ‫א‬    Fluke 620  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  •
K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٥٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 ( Coax UTP ) ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KLENGTH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    SET UP   ‫• א‬
KCABLE:‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   DOWN UP‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KCOAXUTP
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENTER‫• א‬
 ‫א‬    ENTER  UP/DOWN ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫• א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
COAX UTP CABLE:
10 Base-2 10 Base-T WIRING:
N/A CAT 5 CATEGORY:
N/A AWG 24 WIRE SIZE
NO NO CAL to CABLE ?
ON or OFF ON or OFF BEEPING:
From 1 to 10 From 1 to 10 LCD CONTRAST

 (Coax  UTP)‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬UTP/FTP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬  (Coupler) RJ45-RJ45‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Cable ID‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Coax BNC‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  •
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٥١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
‫א‬   ID ‫א‬   LENGTH TEST    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K    ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ،UTP
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬
       ١
       ٢
       ٣
       ٤
       ٥
       ٦
       ٧
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
      ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KWindows XpWindows 2000‫א‬ •
KPCIISA •
KPCIISAEthernet •
KWindows Xpwindows 2000‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫ א‬  ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ K‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫• א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
  My Network Places ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(START)‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬  J

K‫א‬(NEXT)?‫?א‬‫ א‬ J


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 TCP/IP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Windows‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ipconfig‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K( Domain )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬IP‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IP‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ IP    DNS,DHCP,WINS ‫א‬  ‫א‬   •
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬Windows XpWindows 2000 •
K •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
KIpconfig‫א‬  J

K‫א‬‫א‬  J


‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ،( My Network Places ) ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫• א‬
 ‫א‬  ،Local Area Connection  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Local Area Connection‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬DNS،DHCP،IP‫א‬TCP/IP

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
Local ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬TCP/IP‫א‬Area Connection
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

  IP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
   IP‫א‬  
   ‫א‬‫א‬  
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
   ‫؟‬DNS  
  DNS‫א‬  
   Wins ‫א‬
  Wins‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
( Command  ‫א‬‫א‬    Ipconfig ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬Prompt )
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Start)‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Ipconfig/all‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  •
 W‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬IP‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  DHCP‫א‬
  DNS‫א‬
  Wins‫א‬

- ٢٥٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬FH
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٥٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬Ring‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KIP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ipconfig‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
       ‫א‬  Point-to-point  ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Crossover )‫א‬ •
K‫א‬( HUB )‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬Windows XpWindows 2000 •
KCat 5 •
K‫א‬ •
K •
K‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬   ‫• א‬
 K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬XEF
•
 WTCP/IP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ TCP/IP‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 KLocal Area Network‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IP‫א‬‫• א‬
192.168.30.20  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  192.168.30.10  C    ‫• א‬
K255.255.255.0Subnet Mask‫א‬‫א‬
•
 KIpconfig‫א‬‫א‬TCP/IP‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KCommand Prompt‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EStartF‫א‬‫• א‬
KIpconfig /all‫א‬ •

- ٢٦٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WIP‫א‬  WIP‫א‬
Subnet mask = Subnet Mask =
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WRing‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KTCP/IP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ping‫א‬‫• א‬
KCommand Prompt‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،(Start)‫א‬‫• א‬
KPing 192.168.30.20W‫א‬‫א‬Ping‫א‬ •
‫؟‬Ping‫א‬ •

 WWindows‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Local Area Network‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬
Client for Microsoft Network J١
 K‫א‬ J٢
 KInternet Protocol TCP/IP J٣
 
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    Workgroup  G
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬G
  (Client)‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
 

- ٢٦١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 
 WFile and Print Sharing‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ Local Area Network  ‫א‬   •
KFile and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Network‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
??‫א‬‫א‬ ‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Workgroup
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- ٢٦٢ -
  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
1. Data and Computer Communications, 3rd. Ed., WILLIAM STALLINGS,
1991.

2. Data and Computer Communications, 6th. Ed., WILLIAM STALLINGS,

2003.

3. Communication Networks, LEON GARCIA, 2000.

4. Communication Networks, LEON GARCIA, 2004.

5. Wireless Communications and Networking, WILLIAM STALLINGS.

6. Advanced Electronic Communications Systems, 4th.Ed, Wayne Tomasi,

1998.

7. Data Communications and Networking,2nd., Behrouz A. forouzan.

  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬
........................................................................................................................... 
............................................................................................................................
١ ..........................................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢ ................................................................................................................ ١ J١
٣ ............................................................................................................. ‫א‬٢ J١
٣ ................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J١
٥ ................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J١
٦ ........................................................................................................ ‫א‬٣ J١
٨ ............................................................................... ‫א‬١ J٣ J١
٨ .......................................................................... ‫א‬١ J١ J٣ J١
١٠ ........................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٣ J١
١٦ ....................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١ J٣ J١
٢٢ ......................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١
٢٢ ............................................................... X.25‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J١
٢٣ .................................................. Frame Relay‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J١
٢٣ .................... Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤ J١
٢٤ .. WIntegrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤ J١
٢٦ ............................................................................. Internet‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٤ J١
٣٠ ............................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J١
٣٢ ............................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J١
- ٥٢ - ............................................................................................ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٣ - .......................................................................................................... ١ J٢
- ٥٤ - ....................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2-2
- ٥٥ - ............................................ Data ConversionsFF‫א‬‫א‬2-3
- ٥٧ - ...................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢
- ٦٠ - ................................................ (Transmission ImpairmentsF‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢
- ٦٠ - ................................................................. EAttenuation) ‫א‬‫א‬2-5-1
- ٦١ - ..............................................................EDelay DistortionF‫א‬٢ J٥ J٢
- ٦٢ - ................................................................... (Time JitterF‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥ J٢
  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

- ٦٢ - .............................................. EInter-symbol InterferenceF‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٥ J٢

- ٦٣ - ............................................... (Cross Talk)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2-5-5
- ٦٣ - ....................... (Intermodulation Noise)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٥ J٢
- ٦٤ - ............................................ (Electrical Interference)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٥ J٢
- ٦٤ - ........................................................ EThermal NoiseF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨ J٥ J٢
- ٦٥ - .........................................................(Impulse Noise )‫א‬‫א‬٩ J٥ J٢
- ٦٥ - ...................................................................... EChannel CapacityF‫א‬٦ J٢
- ٦٩ - ..................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧١ - ........................................................ ETransmission ChannelsF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٢ - .......................................................................................................... ١ J٣
- ٧٢ - ............................................................... EGuided Media F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣
- ٧٢ - .............................................. ETwisted Pairs Wires) ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٣
- ٧٤ - ........................................................ ECoaxial Cables) ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٣
- ٧٦ - ............................................................. EOptical Fiber F‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٣
- ٧٧ - ...................................... Cable Composition‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٢ J٣
- ٨٢ - ....................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٣
- ٩١ - ..................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٤ - ........................................................... EData Encoding) ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٥ - .......................................................................................................... ١ J٤
- ٩٥ - ............................................... EEncoding of Digital DataF‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤
- ٩٧ - ........................... EUnipolar NRZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٤
- ١٠٠ - .................................................. EEPolar Encoding‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٤
- ١٠١ - .................................. EEPNRZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٢ J٤
- ١٠٤ - ....................................... EPRZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٢ J٤
- ١٠٥ - .......................... EPolar Bi-phaseF‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٢ J٤
- ١٠٧ - ............................................................ EScrambled EncodingF‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤
- ١٠٧ - ....................................................... (AMI)‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٤
- ١٠٨ - ................................................................ EHDB3F‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٤
- ١١١ - ...................................................................... EB8ZSF‫א‬٣ J٣ J٤
- ١١٢ - ........................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤
- ١١٦ - ............................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٤
  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

- ١١٧ - ..................... EEQuaternary Phase Shift Keying-QPSK‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٤

- ١٢٣ - ............................ EDigital Data CommunicationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٤ - ........................................................................................................ ١ J٥
- ١٢٤ - ...................... EDigital Data Transmission MethodsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥
- ١٢٤ - ....................................... EEParallel Transmission‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٥
- ١٢٥ - .......................................... (Serial Transmission)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٥
- ١٢٩ - ................................................... EETransmission Modes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥
- ١٢٩ - ............................................ EESimplex Mode‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٥
- ١٢٩ - ............................... EHalf Duplex Mode -HDXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٥
- ١٣٠ - ........................................ E(Full Duplex Mode-FDX‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣ J٥
- ١٣٠ - ....................... EFull/Full Duplex Mode-F/FDXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣ J٥
- ١٣١ - ......................................................Error ControlFF‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٥
- ١٣٢ - ............................................................ ETypes of ErrorsF‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٥
- ١٣٩ - ............................................. EError CorrectionF‫א‬٢ J٤ J٥
- ١٤٢ - ................................................... EInterfacingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٥
- ١٤٥ - .............................................................................EModem UnitF‫א‬٦ J٥
- ١٤٨ - .................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٦ J٥
- ١٥٠ - ..................................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥٣ - ..........................................................................EMultiplexingF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥٤ - ....................................................................................................... ١ J٦
- ١٥٤ - .......................... EFrequency Division Multiplexing -FDMF‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٦
- ١٥٦ - ............................ EFDM Carrier SystemsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٦
- ١٥٩ - .......................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6-3-1
- ١٦٣ - ..................................................................EDigital ServicesF‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٦
- ١٦٧ - ............................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٦
- ١٦٩ - ............................. EEWave-Division Multiplexing -WDM‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٦
- ١٧١ - ..................... EESynchronous Optical Network -SONET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٦
- ١٧٣ - ..................................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧٦ - ................................................... EATM NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧٧ - ........................................................................................................ ١ J٧
  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

- ١٧٨ - ...................................................................................... ATM٢ J٧

- ١٨١ - ............................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٧
- ١٨٢ - ............................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٧
- ١٨٣ - .............................. E (ATM Logical Connection- ATM‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٧
- ١٨٥ - ................................................................ EEControl Signaling‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٧
- ١٨٩ - .................................................................. EATM (ATM Services٨ J٧
- ١٩٢ - .................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩٣ - ..................................... ELANs and Its InstrumentsF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩٤ - ........................................................................................................ ١ J٨
- ١٩٥ - .......................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٨
- ١٩٥ - ................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٨
- ٢٠٧ - ............................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٨
- ٢٠٧ - ...................................................................... WEthernet١ J٣ J٨
- ٢١٦ - ............................................... Token Bus‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٨
- ٢١٧ - .................................. Token Ring‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣ J٨
- ٢١٩ - ....................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣ J٨
- ٢٢٢ - ................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٢٥ - ..................................................... EWireless NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٢٦ - ........................................................................................................ ١ J٩
- ٢٢٦ - ........................................... ESatellite CommunicationsF‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٩
- ٢٢٦ - ......................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٩
- ٢٢٧ - ......................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٩
- ٢٢٩ - .......................................... ECellular Wireless NetworkF‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٩
- ٢٣١ - .................................. EWireless Local Loop-WLLF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٩
- ٢٣١ - ....................... EWireless Local Area Network WLANF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٩
- ٢٣٥ - .................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٣٦ - ............................................................................................. W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٣٧ - ....................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٤٠ - ................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٤٤ - ..............................................................................‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  ٢٤٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

- ٢٤٦ - ........................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٥٠ - ................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٥٣ - ............................................................................. ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٥٥ - .................................................................... TCP/IP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٥٩ - .................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣ ..................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
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