182 Soil Properties and their Correlations Table 11.1 ‘Typical values of friction and adhesion at interfaces. Adapted from US Naval Publications and Forms Center, US Navy (1982). Materials Mass concrete or masonry against rocks and soils Clean sound rock Clean gravel, gravel-sand mixtures, coarse sand Clean fine to medium sand, silty medium to coarse sand, silty or clayey gravel Clean fine sand, silty or clayey fine to medium sand. Fine sandy silt, non-plastic silt Very stiff and hard residual or overconsolidated clay Stiff clay and silty clay Steel sheet piles against soils Clean gravel, gravel-sand mixtures, well-graded rock fill Clean sand, silty sand-gravel mixtures, single-size hard rock fill Silty sand, gravel or sand mixed with silt or clay Fine sandy silt, non-plastic silt Soft clay and clayey silt Stiff and hard clay and clayey silt Formed concrete or concrete sheet piling against soil Clean gravel, gravel-sand mixtures, well-graded rock fill Clean sand, silty sand-gravel mixtures, single-size hard rock fill Silty sand, gravel or sand mixed with silt or clay Fine sandy silt, non-plastic silt Soft clay and clayey silt Stiff and hard clay and clayey silt Various structural materials Masonry on masonry, and igneous and metamorphic rocks: dressed soft rock on dressed soft rock dressed hard rock on dressed soft rock dressed hard rock on dressed hard rock Masonry on wood (cross-grain) Steel on steel at steel-pile interlocks Friction, Adhesion, c, tan6(°) (KPa) 07 0.55-0.60 0.45-0.55 0.35-0.45 0.30-0.35 0.40-0.50 0.30-0.35 0.40 0.30 0.25 0.20 5-30 30-60 0.40-0.50 0.30-0.40 0.30 0.25 10-35 35-60 0.70 0.65 0.55 0.50 0.30 Note: the numbers are approximate values and require sufficient movement for failure to occur. Where friction factor only is shown, the effect of adhesion is included in the friction factor.