CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

Connection is one of the most important thing in life. It can be traced from the beginning

where fire was used as communication, then cans with string, it turned to letters, mails,

telegrams, telephone, cellphones, computers, emails, and social media. According to the study

of Frantz and Mayer (2014), being connected to someone or something is a great influence in

human behavior. This great influence in human behavior created by connection is one of the

most crucial needs of teenagers these days. Teenager with lack of connection with their families

tend to make irresponsible and rush decision. Moreover, lack of these connection may cause

minor and even major misunderstanding that is the toxic in the welfare of people. It was stated

in the study of Volker HinnenKamp (2014), that misunderstanding has an important role in our

daily lives, it may cause potential threat and damages if not fixed right away. Misunderstanding

can be a major problem in society.

Our proposed invention which is called "Simple Signal Captivator (SSC)" is a device that

can easily get signal even if you are in places with poor cellular signal and too far from cell

towers. This device can store and gather signals that can be transferred to your phone by

attaching our Simple Signal Captivator to your phone. This invention is opposite to signal

jammers, which conforming to the study of Mitch et.al (2012), which tells that it is a device that

interferes GPS signals and stopping GPS receivers to be traced.

 Innovation is one of the most inevitable things in this world. As said in the report of

Edquist and Hommen (2000). That the public technology or technological innovation is made to

answer the needs of the people in rural areas which experience poor connection that agrees to

the study of Anand et.al (2012), rural areas with low population in developing countries lacks

network coverage.

Statement of the Problem

This study will focus on the effectively of our proposed invention "Simple Signal

Captivator" on the compelling problem of low signal coverage in rural areas specifically, this

study will have answered the following questions:

1.) At what range can Simple Signal Captivator boost signal to devices?

2.) How much signal strength can Simple Signal Captivator provide to devices?

3.) How many devices could benefit at the same time with our Simple Signal Captivator?

4.) Does Simple Signal Captivator can boost signal, especially in rural areas?

Scope and Delimitation

This study will try to create a Simple Signal Captivator which help the problem of low

signal coverage in Del Pilar, Magpet, Cotabato here in Magpet we will also measure the

maximum range storage capacity and the effectively or transferring of Signal to other devices.

This study will be conducted in Magpet National High School, Magpet, Cotabato on the

2nd semester of school year 2018-2019 and will be tested on cellular cellphones.
Significance of the Study

The result of this will benefits to all people, especially those who are in rural areas, who

used gadgets and devices to communicate because this will become new innovation for them.

Also, to the researchers and its school for they will to provide a new innovation and make

a name for themselves.

Lastly if this proposed invention will be sent to market place in the near future it will provide

a new business venture for entrepreneur in the industry of electronics.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Review of Related Literature

Technology has been a great part of life from generation to generation. It has been a tool

for the continuous survival of mankind despite of the different challenges in nature. Technology

is often considered as “form of life” according to the study of Winner L. (2014), it states that

technologies certainly have impacts, and can change our physical and social worlds, and also

how we live. It scopes almost all the fields of life, especially communication. This idea is

supported by the study of Smith I. et al. (2005), Communication to someone has been a part of

a social discourse is common practice, and we use a number of technologies to satisfy this

need. This practice really need a really useful technology that may support it more directly.

One of the products of the communication technology are the Socially Interactive

Technologies (SITs), such as online social sites, cell phones/text messaging, and instant

messaging. It was highlighted in the research of Pierce T. (2009) that on average, 35–40% of

teens reported using cell phones/text messaging and online social sites between 1 to 4 hours

daily, 24% reported using instant messaging 1 to 4 hours daily and only 8% reported using

email between 1 and 4 hours daily. The article also added that female teenagers tended to use

cell phones/text messaging and online social sites more so than male teenagers. This study

also verified that teenagers especially girls like using Socially Interactive Technologies in

communicating people than seeing and talking to them face to face.

 A study of (Dr. Dominic E. Madell, 2007) discussed why does young people, specifically

in the age group of 18-20, use different communication media, such as the Internet and mobile

phones, in their social lives. His study discovered that young people often liked to use

communication media such as the Internet and mobile phones to communicate because these

afforded them control over their interactions. Moreover, they felt that some communication

media such as email, text messaging and instant messaging can be used asynchronously as

well as synchronously, they allow one time to stop and think before giving a response if this is

desired, or, alternatively, allowed one to retain the conversational nature of interactions if this is

preferred. Specifically, using those mediums gave them greater control over interactions than

they would have if, say, communicating via voice calls using the telephone or face-to-face,

which are necessarily synchronous.

In this study, we focus more on devices that needs signal to have an effective

communication process just like cellular phones, mobile phones, pocket data, and even tablets

and phablets. Let us focus more on mobile phones, the most common among them. It usually

started with the Wireless Cell phones which usually comprising of a handset, a keypad

assembly rotatably coupled to the handset, and a handset cover rotatably coupled to the

handset. The keypad assembly is rotatable about at least two axes, and removable from the

handset. The keypad assembly has a first side for a telephone keypad and a second side for a

data communication keypad. The handset cover is rotatably coupled to the handset and

includes an exterior display and an interior display. The exterior display is capable of displaying

electronic information when the handset cover is in a folded position with respect to the handset

(US Patent No. US7565182B2, 2009). This article also describe the modern mobile phones not

only provide voice communication but also are useful for a variety of other tasks such as email,
internet access, photography, etc. In most present-day cell phones the telephone keypad serves

the dual function of dialling telephone numbers and as an input device for the other functions.

Communication in cell phones is not complete without its contract and communication

system. There are many innovations of this systems including this, a system that its process is

comprising with these steps: registering multiple contract sets, which are selectable by the user

and which each include a phone number, an available service, a payment method and a payer

as contract clauses, in the single cellular phone as contracts for the respective multiple phone

numbers; and registering multiple contract sets having items corresponding to the contract

clauses of the contract sets in a charging system of a switching network, where the cellular

phone transmits a message according to the clauses defined in the contract set selected by the

user of the cellular phone, and upon receiving the message from the cellular phone, the

switching network manages communication designated in the contract set relative to the

communication, and the charging system calculates rates for the respective contract sets and

charging the rates separately for the respective contracts sets according to the payment

methods and the payers defined in the contract sets; the cellular phone receives an incoming

call corresponding to any of the contract sets registered in the cellular phone regardless of the

currently selected contract set (US Patent No. US6836652B2, 2004).

Well, the process of communication truly involves the mobile cellular mobile phone but

without its source of signal, the process of communication isn’t complete yet. In 1992, the

cellular wireless telecommunication system involving cell sites or cell towers was invented. This

system works this way. A radio cell site 10 communicates via radio channel 2 with a mobile

station 1. A cell site such as the Autoplex® Series I Mod II Cell Site can be used in this
application. A different cell site can be used if the European Global Systems for Mobile

Communications (GSM) standard protocol is required. The cell site is connected by a

multiplexer 35 to one or more primary rate interface integrated services digital network (PRI-

ISDN) communication channels 31, 32, 33 to a private branch exchange (PBX) 30. The

multiplexer 35 strips the D-channel from the PRI signals and sends these D-channel signals via

data link 38 to protocol converter 20 connected via data link 39 to cell site 10. A multiplexer such

as the Crossnet 442 multiplexer manufactured by Tellabs can be used. A NCR 3330 (Intel 486

based) computer manufactured by NCR Inc. can be used as the protocol converter (PC); the

NCR computer is equipped with an interface board such as a DLPI/HDLC Controller Board for

UNIX® systems to terminate the two data links to the PC. Cell site 10 receives its control signals

over the data link 39 and transmits its responses and its own initiated data messages over that

link. The protocol converter converts between ISDN control messages specified in the CCITT

Q.931 call control message set and the message set required to interface with a cell site. This

message set may be proprietary or it may conform with a standard such as that specified in the

European GSM standard for wireless communications. PBX 30 is also connected by lines such

as line 42 to land based telephone stations such as station 48; by one or more PRI facilities 41

to one or more other PBXs 44, the latter being for connection to the other cell sites; by one or

more PRI facilities 47 to one or more other cell sites connected to PBX 30; and by facilities such

as lines or trunks 43 to a class 5 central office switch 45, the latter being for connection to a

public switched telephone network for accessing of telephones and mobile stations outside the

immediate region covered by PBXs 30 and 44 and central office 45. The connection to the class

5 central office can be over line facilities, one or more PRI facilities, or even T-carrier trunk

facilities; a line interface is the most natural for communicating between a PBX and a central

office, especially an older central office, and simplifies the process of billing at the central office.

The PBX keeps track of the busy-idle state of all mobile stations currently associated with

a cell site. When a disconnection is received, the B-channel is made available through a release
message from the PC; this makes the B-channel, and its associated radio channel, available,

and changes the busy-idle state of the mobile station to idle (US Patent No. US5440613A,

1992).

The effectivity of communication depends on how fast signal can affect your

communication, that’s why the terms 2G, 3G, 3.5 G, 4G, and 5G was created. It was known as

the Generation of how fast signal is. One of the most common circuit-switched network in 3G

was WDCMA or Wideband CDMA. WDCMA system maximizes throughput, control channel

capacity/transmit power and maintains connectivity between a base and a mobile station using:

(i) Channel prediction and SRC/TPC logic; (ii) Transmitter Power Control bits in WCDMA

transmitter slots and (iii) Adaptive Transmitter Diversity (ADT). A base or mobile transmitter

includes a pilot channel, which transmits control and power control signals between a mobile

station and the base station to reconfigure the transmitter according to predicted future

attenuation of the channel power and its probability density function (pdf). The information

signals are encoded using a one-half Viterbi encoder and interleaved. The interleaved data bits

are mapped using Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation. The QPSK data is

multiplexed with the pilot channel and spread by an appropriate orthogonal code and long code

corresponding to the orthogonal code length negotiated at call establishment. The output of the

transmitter is provided to diverse antennas for reliable communications to the receiver. The

forward and reverse system receivers are substantially similar. Data is received at two diverse

antennas. The outputs are provided to match filters which supply a coherent rake receiver and a

channel prediction system at the base station. The future attenuation of the channel for several

milliseconds is determined by the channel prediction system. In one embodiment, a Seamless

Rate Change (SRC)/Transmit Power Control (TPC) logic uses the predicted channel power and

sets appropriate thresholds to signal both the transmitter and receiver to reconfigure the
transmit rate or power. In this case, according to the set thresholds both the transmitter and the

receiver at the beginning of each WCDMA slot, modify its transmit rate when the predicted

channel power level lies within a threshold level. The dedicated pilot channel is used to signal

the mobile station or the base station for the SRC modification. The SRC/TPC logic also inputs

the coherent rate receiver to synchronize the receiver with the new rate and provide an output to

a QPSK demodulator, after which the data is de-interleaved and provided to a Viterbi decoder

for reliable communication in providing an output signal. In another embodiment, the transmitter

power control bits are entered in the transmitted slots according to the predicted channel power

thresholds mentioned above. When the predicted channel power falls below a threshold level, a

pre-determined level increases the transmitter power. When the predicted channel power is

above a threshold, the predetermined level reduces the transmitter power. In still another

embodiment, the base station transmits the predicted channel power of two diverse antennas to

the mobile station. The mobile station compares the power values of the two channels to the

thresholds and selects the antenna that propagates through the better channel path, which

reduces Multi Access Interference (MAI) and Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI). The three

embodiments aid a WCDMA system in maintaining conductivity; minimizing mobile station

power consumption by optimizing transmitter power or transmitter antenna diversity; and

provide transmitter and receiver reconditioning and capacity improvement (US Patent No.

US6690652B1, 1998).

One of the latest innovations in technology was the 4G. Under it is a LTE system or Long

Term Evolution system, characterized as a new technology, so little information

technologies. For the LTE PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) power control method may

refer to a power control method (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) in WCDMA. Since

the LTE uplink adopts SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access)

technology, between different cells within a UE (wireless terminal) of the uplink signal are
orthogonal to each other, and therefore the absence of WCDMA (wideband code division

multiple access) system due to near-far effect power control of the uplink power control

necessity Shang TE path loss and shadow mainly used for compensating the channel, and for

suppressing inter-cell interference. Power control for these purposes need not be employed as

a WCDMA system power control (power control) frequency as fast, slow power control and the

use manner can, power control is not higher than the frequency of 200HZ. In mobile

communication systems, power control for controlling transmission power of a mobile station or

a base station, in the premise of ensuring the required communication quality of user services,

minimizing transmission power, the transmission power just to meet the requirements of normal

communication, and will not waste too much power, it can also increase system capacity and

reduce interference to other mobile stations. [0005] In a WCDMA system, the power control

comprising: inner loop power control and outer loop power control. The main effect of inner loop

power control by the transmission power control physical channel, the measuring SIR (Signal to

Interference Ratio) converges to the target SIR. WCDMA system is received by estimating the

Eb / No (ratio of bit energy to interference power spectral density) to issue the appropriate

power adjustment command, the Eb / No and SIR have a certain relationship. Outer loop power

control inner loop power control is to adjust dynamically by the SIR target, to consistently meet

the requirements of the communication quality, i.e., reaches a predetermined BLER / FER /

BER (Block Error Rate / frame error rate / bit error rate) value. Because of the complexity of the

wireless channel, only power control based on the SIR value is not really the reaction link

quality. For example, the stationary user, the user and the low-speed users, on the basis of

ensuring the same FER, SIR requirements are different, and the final quality of the

communication is measured by the BLER / FER (block error rate / frame error rate) therefore it

is necessary to dynamically adjust the target SIR based on the actual BLER / FER / BER value.

In the LTE system, a UE, a PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) and PUCCH (Physical

Uplink Control Channel) cannot be transmitted simultaneously, which exists two different
frequencies channel transmission problems. Taking into account efficiency, if each of the

PUSCH or PUCCH for one UE will conduct a feedback power control and a power control

instruction, then it is bound to increase system load (China Patent No. CN101711054A, 2012).

A mobile phone signal is the signal strength received by a mobile phone from a cellular

network. This is measured usually in decibel milliwatts (dBm). A signal of -60dBm is nearly

perfect, and -112dBm is call-dropping bad. If you're above about -87 dBm, Android will report a

full 4 bars of signal. Here’s the summary of the invention of a system that can measure mobile

phone signal strength (US Patent No. US5398276A, 1995), the signal strength can be

measured as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or the signal-to-signal-plus-noise ratio (S/Nt). The

received signal at a destination device comprises a desired signal and noise. The

received signal can be processed to separate the desired signal from the received noisy signal.

The energy of the desired signal is measured or computed. The energy of the noise can also be

measured or computed. Alternatively, the energy of the noise can be approximated as the

energy of the received signal. The measured signal strength of the desired signal can be

computed by dividing the energy of the desired signal with the energy of the noise. In one

embodiment of the present invention, the amplitude of the total received signal is controlled

such that the power of the received signal is maintained approximately constant. In this

embodiment, the measured signal strength of the desired signal is proportional to the energy of

the desired signal. The measured signal strength of the desired signal conforms to a distribution

density function. This distribution function can be dependent on various conditions, such as the

type of signal transmission and the actual signal strength of the desired signal. For the

embodiment wherein the measured signal strength is proportional to the signal-to-signal-plus-

noise ratio (S/Nt), the distribution density function can be expressed as f(y|α), where y is the

measured energy of the desired signal, α is the actual signal strength, and f(y|α) is a function of

y for a given α. Once the measured energy y of the desired signal is computed and the
distribution density function f(y|α) is determined, the signal strength of the desired signal can be

estimated in one of several embodiments. The estimated signal strength of the

received signal is an estimate of the signal strength of the desired signal. In the first

embodiment, the signal strength of the desired signal is estimated as the maximum likelihood

estimate of the signal strength α. The maximum likelihood estimate of α can be determined by

partially differentiating the distribution density function f(y|α) with respect to α, setting the partial

derivative to zero, and solving for α for a given y. The resultant α corresponding to the given y,

denoted as αo, is the maximum likelihood estimate of α and represents an accurate estimate of

the signal strength of the desired signal. In the second embodiment, the signal strength of the

desired signal is estimated based on the conditional mean of the energy of the desired signal, or

E{y|α}. The conditional mean is an optimum estimate of a random parameter in the mean-

square sense. In this embodiment, E{y|α} is first estimated from measurement of the energy of

the desired signal. In the embodiment wherein the power of the received signal is maintained

approximately constant by the gain control loop, the signal strength can be estimated as E{y|

α}/c, where c is the constant dependent on the characteristics of the gain control loop, length of

the integration period, and digital gain. And in the third embodiment, the signal strength of the

desired signal is estimated based on the conditional mean of E{y|α} and accounting for a

predetermined bias. In this embodiment, E{y|α}/c is first computed as described above. The

unbiased estimate of the signal strength is then computed as E{y|α}/c−1/N, where N is the

integration period over which the energy of the desired signal and the energy of the received

energy are computed. The estimate of the signal strength of the desired signal using any one of

the above described embodiments can be generalized to cover any distribution density function

f(y|α). For a given α, the distribution density function f(y|α) of the signal strength can be

determined mathematically, empirically based on field measurements, or through simulations.

For this f(y|α), the signal strength can be estimated as the maximum likelihood estimate of α or

based on the conditional mean of y in the manner described above. The

estimated signal strength of the received signal is indicative of the signal strength of the

desired signal. Various transmitted signals, such as the pilot, traffic, sync, or access

channel signal, can be used to estimate the signal strength of the received signal and are within

the scope of the present invention. Furthermore, the present invention is applicable for

any signal transmission from a source device to a destination device.

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

Theoretical and conceptual framework presents the independent variable involving the

variables: Functional Range, signal strength provided, No. of devices boosted at a time, signal

boosting ability, and effectivity of the proposed invention.

This study will use a model created by University of California (UC) Libraries for the

theoretical and conceptual framework. They’ve described independent variable as an

unchangeable variable and it is the one who controls the dependent variable which is variable

that is manipulated. Thus, this study determines that functional range, signals strength provided

and No. of devices boosted at a time are the independent variables. While its signal boosting

ability and its effectivity are the dependent variables.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

•Function Range • Signal Boosting Ability

• Signal Strength Provided •Effectivity of the

Proposed Invention
•Number of Devices
Boosted at a time

Figure 1. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

Hypotheses

The hypothesis of this study was:

H0: Simple Signal Captivator is not effective in boosting signals to devices.

Definition of Terms

To have clear understanding of the study, the researchers defined terms conceptually

and operationally

Functional Range. Conceptually, it is the predetermined areas between the device that

send signals and the receiving device (Boschini, 1993). Operationally, it is the maximum range

of our proposed invention from boosting device signals

Signal Strength. Conceptually, this refers to the amplitude or power of a signal (Oxford

Dictionaries, 2000). Operationally it is the amount of signal in a device in decibel miliwatts (dBm)

Signal Boosting. Conceptually, it is a process of converting input signal into

intermediate-frequency signals (Kawano and Mihasi 1990). Operationally it is the ability to catch

signals and boost the signals and boost the signal of a device
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods and procedures in conducting the study. It consists of

Research Design, Research Locale, Research Sampling, Research Materials and Instrument,

and Research Procedure.

Research Design

Simple Signal Captivator

Signal Boosting Ability

Functional Range Signal Strength Provider No. of Devices Boosted

Figure 1. Research Design Diagram

This study will use the Post Test only research design or also called one shot case

Study. It is because we will use one group of subject only to be tested with our treatment which

is our proposed invention “Simple Signal Captivator”.

Figure 1 shows that our proposed invention is atop of everything. This “Simple Signal

Captivator” was invented for boosting signal to mobile devices so we ranked Signal Boosting

Ability next to it. Under it is the independent variables of our research which are features of

signal boosting ability. These are the functional range, signal strength provided, and no. of

devices boosted.

Research Locale
 This study will be conducted on Ramos Residence in Del Pilar, Magpet, Cotabato. This

is our place of interest because this study focuses more on rural areas.

Research Sampling

The researchers will use mobile phones as our subjects in this study. This will be

instrumental in the test that will be made for the features of “Simple Signal Captivator”.

Materials and Instrumentation

The researchers will use the following materials in this study;

Cellular Phones 3 Pin Mini Slide Switch (SPDT)

Ruler 27PF Ceramic Capacitor (3pcs)

20 AWG copper wire (2 meters) 8.2PF Ceramic Capacitor

BF495 Transistors (2pcs) 20 MHz Crystal

30PF Variable Trimmer Capacitor (2pcs) 9V Battery & Connector

220K Resistors PCB Board

2.2K Resistors (2pcs) Ferric Chloride

6.8K Resistor Soldering Iron

3mm yellow LED Soldering Lead

2 Pin Male Header Connector

1UF 63V Electrolytic Capacitor

Research Procedure

Preparation and Purchase of

Materials

Creating of Simple Signal Captivator

 Preparation of PCB Board

 Attachment of materials in
the PCB board

Testing the Simple Signal Captivator

 Functional Range Test

 Signal Strength Test
 No. of Devices Boosting Test

Presentation of Simple Signal

Captivator

Figure 2. Flow Chart of Research Procedure

This part includes the process of how the experiment was performed and how we used

the materials. Also, we can see the different test used for this study.
Preparation and Purchase of Materials

First, we canvass the materials needed for our Simple Signal Captivator in different

electronic stores in Kidapawan City. Then we bought the materials except for some capacitors

and crystal oscillator had unfortunately run out of stock. So we had to order those materials from

Davao.

Creation of Simple Signal Captivator

• Preparation of PCB Board

The first thing we did is to put adhesive tape on the PCB Board and made a sketch for

the setup of Simple Signal Captivator. Next, we cut the tape according to the guide that is

present on the sketch. Then the PCB Board with the remaining tape was dipped in ferric

chloride for a few minutes to remove the copper that will not be needed anymore in the PCB

Board. Lastly, we drill holes on the dots that are indicated in the sketch which serves as the

passage of the pins of the materials to be soldered.

• Attachment of the Materials in the PCB Board

In this part, we simply attached the materials and soldered it with soldering lead and

soldering iron according to where it should be located according to the sketch that will be

followed. After all had been attached and soldered it will be turned on to see if it works.
Testing the Simple Signal Captivator

• Functional Range Test

In this test, we tested manually the functional range of our Simple Signal Captivator

through measuring the maximum distance of the phone from the Simple Signal Captivator

where the phone will still be boosted by the device. First, we turned on our Simple Signal

Captivator then placed the cellular phone 1 feet from it and checked if it was still boosted

• Signal Strength Test

In this test, we tested the signal strength that was provided by our Simple Signal

Captivator. First, we will check the signal strength of the cellular phone, which is located in the

settings of the phone, before the Simple Signal Captivator was turned on and recorded it. Then

we turned on the Simple Signal Captivator and we checked the signal strength of the phone

again. Lastly, we calculated the difference of the signal strength of the phone before and after

turning on the Simple Signal Captivator.

• Testing the Maximum Number of Devices That Can Be Boosted At the Same Time

In this test, we tested how many devices could be boosted at the same time by our

Simple Signal Captivator. First thing we did was to put two cellular phones and checked if the

two was boosted, until three, four, and so on until the Simple Signal Captivator cannot

accommodate the number of cellular phone.

Presentation of Simple Signal Captivator

After the making of the product, we proudly presented and exhibited it as a new

innovation in the field of technology.

 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the results of the study and the discussion of the tests that

was conducted in our Simple Signal Captivator. This chapter also includes the tables

that shows the different data gathered from the tests.

Table 1. Functional Range Test

Distance (feet) 1 2 3 4 5

Simple Signal Captivator

Table 2. No of Devices that can be Boosted at the Same Time Test

No. of Devices 1 2 3 4 5

Simple Signal Captivator

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Fuentes, J. J. (1992). US Patent No. US5440613A.

Kim, Y. S. (2009). US Patent No. US7565182B2.

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