10/7/2019

TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING II
Resilient Behavior of Unbound
G
Granular
l M Material
t i l

• Proper characterization of the

mechanical response of unbound
aggregate materials is a crucial factor
in the
– design and
– rehabilitation of pavement structures.
• A
Among theth many parameterst that
th t
exist today for characterization, the
resilient modulus appears to be the
most suitable.

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• Due to the non-linear behavior of

granular
l materials,
i l their
h i resilient
ili
moduli appear to be influenced by
several factors. Some of them are
– Deviator stress
– Confining Pressure
– Soil Dry Density
– Soil Moisture Content

(σ1) Deviator Stress = σ1- σ3

(σ3) Confining Pressure

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Major Principle Stress

• Major Principle Stress = σ1

– σ 1 = σc + σa
• Where
– σ c = Confining Pressure
– σ a = Axial Stress

Deviator Stress

• Deviator Stress = q
–q = σ1- σc
• Where
– ∆σa = q , i.e.,
Axial Stress is equal to the deviator
stress.
stress

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Mean Normal Stress

• Mean Normal Stress = P

P = (σ1+ σ2+ σ3) / 3

• Where
σ 3 = σc
P t σ2= σ3
Put

P=(σ1+ 2σ3) / 3

• The new 2002 AASHTO Guide for

P
Pavement t Design
D i advocates
d t ththe use
of the resilient modulus parameter for
the characterization of granular
materials used as base and sub-base
layers in flexible pavements.
• This
Thi mechanistic
h i ti parameter
t iis kknown
to be influenced by the material
physical conditions and the state of
stress the material is subjected to.

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• The resilient modulus is a key

element in the design and
rehabilitation of pavement structures.
• It was introduced by the American
Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in
the design of pavements in 1986
1986.
• It closely simulates the in-situ
conditions in terms of traffic and
environmental loading.

• Suitability of resilient modulus is due

to the ability to closely simulate the
material in-situ conditions under
traffic loading.
• The resilient modulus, Mr, is a
mechanical property of the material
that describes its stress – strain
relationship under dynamic loading
and specified physical conditions.

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• In repeated tri-axial load tests, Mr, is

d fi d as the
defined h ratioi off the
h peakk cyclic
li
deviator stress to the recoverable
measured axial strain as given in
equation below.

Mr = δd / εr

• Under cyclic loading, unbound

granular materials exhibit
elastoplastic behavior, characterized
by increases in stiffness and
permanent deformation with load
repetitions.
• The repeated load tri-axial
tri axial apparatus
was developed in order to investigate
the mechanical behavior of unbound
pavement materials.

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• The apparatus aims to simulate traffic

l d b
loads by subjecting
bj i a cylindrical
li d i l
specimen to repeated cyclic stresses.

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