I

NTRODUCTI
ONTOPHI
LOSOPHY

◾Phil
osophyisthesci
enceordisci
pli
net
hatuseshumanr
easont
oinv
est
igat
etheul
ti
mat
e
causes,
reasons,
andpr
inci
pleswhichgov
ernall
thi
ngs.

◾Phil
osophywascoinedfrom t
hegr
eekwordPhi
l
os(Lov
e)angSophia(
Wisdom) .TheAnci
ent
Greeksusedthi
ster
mt orefert
oa"LOVEFORWISDOM".Itwascoi
nedbyPythagoras,
a
mathematici
an/
phil
osopher.

◾Phil
osophyori
ginatedfrom t
heancientGreeceandthef
irstphi
losopherswerepi
oneer
sint
he
studyofvar
iousdiscipl
essuchashistory
,bi
ology
,medeci
ne,mathematics,
ast
ronomy,
and
physics.

◾Thehistor
ical
devel
opmentofphi
losophyl
edt
othegr
owt
hof2Maj
orBr
anches:
West
ern
Phi
losophyandEaster
nPhil
osophy
.

▪Wester
nPhilosophydev
elopedamor
esci
ent
if
ic,
theor
y-based,
andi
ndi
vi
dual
i
sti
cappr
oachi
n
thei
rst
udies.

▪Easter
nPhi
losophyontheotherhand,
consi
stedofschool
softhoughtcl
oselyt
iedto
rel
i
gion,
andi
sconcernedwit
hsoci al
rel
ati
ons,
ethi
cs,
andachiev
ingabalancedli
fe.

◾Thesci enceofPhi
losophyemploy
svariousviewpoi
ntsandappr
oachesinst
udyi
ngthehuman
condit
ion.Phil
osophymaybeconsideredawayofanal yzi
ngf
rameworks,
anexaminat
ionof
part
icularphenomenaoraspectofhumanl i
fe.

◾Phil
osopher sregardphil
osophyasbei ngdri
venbyman' sneedanddesi r
etounder st
andhis
condit
ion.Thisneedi soft
entracedt oman'stendencytowonderanddoubt .Another
phil
osophicalvi
ewsshowsphi l
osophyasbei ngdrivenbyman' sneedtounderst
andsituat
ions
andexperiences.Finall
y,
someofseephi l
osophyasbeingdrivenbyaneedt ogainmor e
knowledge,understandneeexperiences,
andexami neourconditi
ons.

⚫Somedef
ini
ti
onsofPhi
l
osophy

▪Asear
chf
ormeani
ng(
Cor
azonL.Cr
uz)

▪Thescienceofal
lthi
ngsbyul
ti
matepri
nci
ples,causesorr
easonsasknownbyhuman
r
easonsalone.(Fr
.M.Pini
onOP,TheLogi
cPri
mer )

▪I
tist
hesci
enceofallt
hingsnat
ural
lyknowablebyman'
sunai
dedpower
,insof
arast
hey
ar
estudi
edi
ndeepestcausesandreasons.(
St.ThomasAqui
nas)

⚫I
mpor
tance/
Signi
fi
canceofPhi
l
osophy(
Fr.St
ani
slausLor
ti
e)

▪I
mpor
tantt
oindi
vi
dual
per
son

▪I
mpor
tantt
ohumansoci
ety

▪I
mpor
tantt
ofai
th
▪I
mpor
tantt
opar
ti
cul
arsci
ence

⚫Br
anchesofPhi
l
osophy

▪ETHICSorMORALPHI LOSOPHY-deal swi

thmor
ali
ty(
goodnessorbadness)ofhumanact
s,
ther
eflect
iononcr
eat
iveresponsi
bil
i
ty.

▪EPISTEMOLOGYorCRI
TERI
OLOGY-deal
swi
tht
hest
udyofv
ali
dknowl
edge,
thegoal
ofwhi
ch
i
struth

▪METAPHYSI
CSorONTOLOGY-deal
swi
tht
hest
udyofbei
ng,
thef
oundat
ionsubj
ectof
Phi
l
osophy

▪THEODICYorSPECI
ALMETAPHYSI
CS-t
hephi
l
osophi
cal
studyofGod.Thest
udyoft
hef
ir
st
causeofbei
ng.

▪COSMOLOGY-t
hestudyofi
nani
mat
ebei
ngssuchast
heuni
ver
se.St
udyoft
hemat
eri
alwor
ld
andi
tsul
ti
mat
epri
nci
ple

▪AESTHETI
CS-t
hest
udyoft
hebeaut
if
ul

▪RATIONALorPHI LOSOPHI
CALPSYCHOLOGY-t hestudyofli
fepr
inci
plesofli
vi
ngt
hings,
especi
all
ythatofman.Thest
udyofl
i
vingt
hings,
itsvi
taloper
ati
ons,vi
talpower
sandthei
r
ult
imatepri
nci
ples

▪SOCI
ALPHI
LOSOPHY-t
hest
udyofmani
nrel
ati
onwi
tht
hef
ami
l
y,t
hest
ate,
andt
hechur
ch

▪PHILOSOPHYOFMAN/HUMANPERSON-t heinquir
yint
omananddimensionsasper
son
andasexist
entbei
ngi
nthewor
ld;
hisdi
gni
ty,
trut
h,f
reedom,j
ust
ice,
lov
e,deat
h,hi
srel
ati
on
wit
hothersandwit
hGod.

▪LOGI
C-t
hesci
enceandar
tofcor
recti
nfer
ent
ial
thi
nki
ngandr
easoni
ng

◾◾◾ot
heri
mpor
tantnot
es◾◾◾

1.Phi
l
osophyi
sconsi
der
edt
hemat
ri
x/mot
herofal
lknowl
edges.

2.Phi
l
osophyquest
ionsal
mostany
thi
ngi
fnotev
ery
thi
ng.

3.Phi
l
osophi
zi
ngi
seasi
ert
odot
hant
odef
ine

4.Phil
osopher
sar
enotpr
ophet
s,magi
cians,
orsor
cer
ers.Theyexpl
aint
hingst
hroughhuman
reasons.

5.Phi
l
osophyi
smuchl
i
kesci
encebecausei
tfol
l
owsapr
ocessorsy
stem.
6.Inphi
losophy
,theydon'
tj
ustj
umpi
ntoconcl
usi
on.Theydi
scusst
hingssci
ent
if
ical
l
yina
systemati
cmethod.

7.I
fSci
encest
art
swi
thcur
iosi
ty,
Phi
l
osophyst
art
swi
thwonder
ment/wonder
ing.

Met
hodsofPhi
l
osophi
zi
ng(
Int
rot
oPhi
l
o)

A.Phenomenol
ogy

◾foundedbyEdmundHusserl,
thi
sphil
osophi
calmet
hodfocusesoncar ef
uli
nspect
ionand
descri
pti
onofphenomenaorappear
ances,
defi
nedasanyobjectofconsci
ousexper
ience,
that
whichweareconsciousof
.

B.Exi
stent
ial
i
sm

◾Tobehuman, t
obeconscious,
ist
obefreetoi
magine,f
reetochooseandresponsi
blefor
one'sli
fe.Jean-
PaulSar
trecl
assi
cformat
ionoft
hebasicpri
nci
pleofexi
stent
ial
i
sm: "
Exist
ence
precedesessence"

C.Post
moder
nism

◾Postmoder
nistbel
i
evedt
hathumanit
yshoul
dcomeattrut
hbey
ondt
her
ati
onal
tot
henon
r
ati
onalel
ementsofhumannatur
e,i
ncl
udi
ngthespi
ri
tual
.

D.Anal
yti
cTr
adi
ti
on

◾Analyt
icphi
losophyi
stheconvi
ctionthatsomesigni
fi
cantdegree,phi
l
osophi
cal
probl
ems,
puzzl
esanderrorsar
erootedi
nlanguageandcanbesol vedoravoidedbyasound
under
standi
ngoflanguageandcareful
attent
iont
oitsworkings.

E.Logi
candCr
it
ical
Thi
nki
ng

◾Logicandcrit
icalthi
nkingservesaspathst
ofreedom f
rom hal
ftr
uthsanddecept
ions.I
n
makingrat
ionalchoices,fi
rstwesuspendbel
ief
sandjudgmentsunti
lall
fact
shavebeen
gat
heredandconsi dered.
Subj
ect
:Under
standi
ngCul
tur
e,Soci
ety
,andPol
i
tics

"
Def
ini
ti
onofCul
tur
e,Soci
ety
,andPol
i
tics"

◾Cultur
eisanat
ion'
ssoci
alher
it
ageembodi
edi
nthei
rmat
eri
alandnon-
mat
eri
alcomponent
s
passedonfr
om onegener
ati
ontoanot
her
.

◾Poli
ti
csisconcer
nedwi
tht
hedi
str
ibut
ionofpowerandaut
hor
it
y,amongmember
sofa
cer
tai
ngroup.

◾Societ
yisthei
nter
rel
ated,i
nter
dependent
,andov
erl
appingsoci
alr
elat
ionshi
pamongt
he
di
ff
erentsoci
ali
nsti
tut
ionswit
hmember swhoareint
eract
ingwit
heachother.

▪
▪▪▪
▪▪▪
▪▪▪
▪▪▪
▪▪▪
▪▪▪
▪▪▪
▪▪▪
▪▪▪
▪▪▪
▪▪▪
▪▪▪
▪

THEORI
ESONSOCI
ETY

◾Conf
li
ctTheor
y

Accordi
ngtot hi
stheory,i
nsociet
yther
eispowerandpositi
on.Int
heprocessofsociali
zati
on
withi
nsociet
y,thisposit
ionofpowercanbeseenthroughtheuseofthesymbolismsthereby
l
eadingtoconfli
ctswi t
hinsoci
ety
.Assuch,thest
rugglebet
weenthepower f
ulandthe
subordi
natesisonet hatnosoci
etycaneverdi
spensewithasiti
saninevi
tableaspectofsoci
al
l
ife.

◾I
nter
act
ioni
stTheor
y

Thi
st heoryholdst
hatsoci
etyit
sel
fhassymbol
ismsandvari
edmanner sareatt
achedbythe
peopl
etosoci al
i
zewithother
s.Insodoi
ng,meani
ngsareat
tachedbypeopl et
otheiri
nter
act
ion
wit
hothers,someofwhi chbecamesymboli
candother
sarewithoutmeaning,
makingitnon-
symboli
c.

◾Di
vi
neTheor
y

Thi
soutl
i
nesthefactthatsoci
etyhasbeenest
abl
ishedbytheordi
nanceofGodandsoi
ts
l
eader
saredi
vinel
yor
dainedandareaccountabl
etonootherauthor
it
ybutGod.

◾Soci
alCont
ractTheor
y

Itpresent
sthatsoci
etyi
sasoci
alagr
eementofmen,
creat
edwi
thdef
ini
tepur
poseof
ser
vingsocial
needs.

◾Ev
olut
ioni
sm

Societ
ychangesandwit
hthesechanges,
dev
elopmentcanbeseent
hroughst
agesof
i
ncr
easingcomplexi
ti
esanddiv
ersi
fi
cat
ion
◾Pr
imi
ti
vi
sm

Thi
sbeli
evest
hattherest
il
lexi
st,
remoteandexoti
c,pr
imi
ti
vepeopl
e'
swhosel
i
fest
yleand
t
echnol
ogi
esareconsi
deredtoshowmar kedcont
rastt
omodernsoci
eti
es

FACTORSTHATAFFECTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCULTURE

⚫HumanBi
ologi
cal
NeedsandWant
s

⚫Psy
chol
ogi
cal
Processes

⚫Man'
shi
ghl
ydev
elopedner
voussy
stems

⚫Man'
shi
ghl
ydev
elopedv
ocal
appar
atus

⚫Man'
supr
ightpost
ure

⚫Phy
sical
andsoci
alenv
ironment

Conf
ormi
ty,
Dev
iance,
andSoci
alCont
rol
"

Expl
anat
ionsofDev
iance

Bi
ologi
cal
Expl
anat
ions:
Dev
ianceoccur
sduet
opat
hol
ogi
cal
def
ect
s

Psychol
ogical
Expl
anat
ions:
Per
sonal
i
tyofanindi
vi
dual
aff
ect
sbehav
ior
.Unsuccessf
ul
soci
ali
zat
ionmayleadtosomeper
sonal
i
tydisor
ders

Soci
ologi
cal
Theor
iesofDev
iance

Funct
ional
i
sm:

Dev
iancecr
eat
essoci
alcohesi
on.

Dev
iancer
esul
tsf
rom st
ruct
ural
str
ainsi
nsoci
ety
.

Occur
swhenat
tachmentt
osoci
albondsi
sdi
mini
shed

Sy
mbol
i
cInt
eract
ion:
Dev
iancei
slear
nedbehav
ior
.

Dev
iancer
esul
tsf
rom soci
all
abel
i
ng.

Thosewi
tht
hepowert
oassi
gndev
iantl
abel
scr
eat
edev
iance.

Conf
li
ctTheor
y:

Domi
nantcl
assescont
rol
thedef
ini
ti
onofdev
iance.

Dev
iancer
esul
tsf
rom i
nequal
i
tyi
nsoci
ety
.

El
i
tedev
iancegoesl
argel
yunpuni
shed.

⚫Emi
l
eDur
khei
m

Dev
iancei
sfunct
ional
fort
hesoci
etybecause:

1.Ther
it
ual
ofpuni
shmentbi
ndsmember
stoget
herandest
abl
i
shesasenseofcommuni
ty.

2.I
tisusef
uli
nmaki
ngnecessar
ychangesi
npr
epar
ingpeopl
eforchange.

Anomi
e-t
hesoci
etal
condi
ti
oni
nwhi
chnor
msar
eweak,
conf
li
cti
ngorabsent
.

⚫Dur
khei
m:Thr
eeTy
pesofSui
cide

1.Anomi
c-di
sint
egr
ati
ngf
orcesi
nsoci
etymakeani
ndi
vi
dual
feel
lostandal
one.

2.Al
tr
uist
ic-f
ort
hesakeofahi
ghercause.

3.Egoi
sti
c-occur
swhenpeopl
efeel
tot
all
ydet
achedf
rom soci
ety
.

⚫Mer
ton’
sSt
ruct
ural
Str
ainTheor
y

-Tracest
heori
ginsofdevi
ancetot
hetensi
onscausedbyt
hegapbet
weencul
tur
algoal
sand
themeanspeopl
ehav etoachi
evet
hesegoals.

-Cult
ureest
abli
shesgoalsforpeopl
e;soci
alst
ruct
urespr
ovi
de,
orf
ail
topr
ovi
de,
themeansf
or
peopl
etoachievethosegoals.

-I
mbalancebetweencul
tur
algoal
sandst
ruct
ural
l
yav
ail
abl
emeanscancompel
indi
vi
dual
sint
o
devi
antbehav
ior.
⚫Soci
alCont
rol
Theor
y:Hi
rschi

-Tr
avi
sHi
rschi
dev
elopedsoci
alcont
rol
theor
ytoexpl
aint
heoccur
renceofdev
iance.

-Accor
dingtosoci
alcontr
olt
heor
y,dev
ianceoccur
swhenaper
son’
s(orgr
oup’
s)at
tachmentt
o
soci
albondsisweakened.

-Mostoft
het
imepeopl
eint
ernal
i
zesoci
alnor
msbecauseoft
hei
rat
tachment
stoot
her
s.

-Whent
hatbondi
sbr
oken,
dev
ianceoccur
s.

⚫Sy
mbol
i
cInt
eract
ion:
Theor
iesofDev
iance

◾Label
i
ngTheor
y

-Responsesofot
her
sismostsi
gni
fi
canti
ndev
iance.

-Apersonmaybecomedev
iantbecauseofal
abel
,ev
eni
fhe/
shedi
dnotengagei
ndev
iant
behav
ior.

◾Soci
alSt
igmas

-Ast
igmai
sanat
tr
ibut
ethati
ssoci
all
ydev
aluedanddi
scr
edi
ted.

-Peopl
ewi
thst
igmasar
edef
inedi
nter
msoft
hei
rpr
esumeddev
iance.

-I
nhi
dingt
hei
rst
igma,
theyi
sol
atet
hemsel
vesf
rom communi
ti
eswher
etheycanf
indsuppor
t.

◾Subst
anceAbuse

Pat
ter
nsofusev
arybymanyf
act
orssuchasage,
gender
,andr
ace:

-Peopl
eunderage25ar
emor
eli
kel
ytousemar
ij
uanaandcocai
neandbi
ngedr
ink.

-Menar
emor
eli
kel
ythanwoment
obepr
obl
em dr
inker
sanddr
ugabuser
s.

-Fi
l
ipi
nosar
elessl
i
kel
ytodr
inkt
hanAmer
icansandar
efarl
essl
i
kel
ytobebi
ngedr
inker
s.

⚫Dev
iancei
nGl
obal
Per
spect
ive:
Ter
ror
ism
-Motiv
atedbypol
it
ical
confl
ict
s,of
teninv
olvi
ngethni
candr
eli
giousconf
li
ct,
ter
ror
ism has
causedsomeoftheworld’
smostviol
entinci
dent
s.

-Theseexpr
essi
onsofext
remi
stpol
i
tical
bel
i
efsst
em f
rom t
hemanyi
nter
nat
ional
conf
li
ctsof
ourcurr
entworl
devent
s.

-Soci
ologi
stsl
ooktothesocial
str
uct
ural
conf
li
ctsf
rom whi
cht
err
ori
sm emer
gesast
hecause
ofsuchcri
minalanddevi
antbehav
ior
.

⚫Dev
iancei
nGl
obal
Per
spect
ive:
Technol
ogy

-Technol
ogi
caldev
elopment
sthateasecommuni
cat
ionf
orl
egi
ti
mat
ebusi
nessact
ivi
ti
esal
so
enabl
eill
egi
ti
mateacti
vi
ti
est
othri
ve.

-Moneyacqui
redt
hroughi
l
legal
act
ivi
tyi
nonecount
rycaneasi
l
ybet
ransf
err
edt
oanot
her
count
ry.

-Transport
ati
onsyst
emscrit
icalt
othei
nter
nat
ionalexchangeofi l
l
egal goods—dr
ugs,
weapons,
orsexualserv
ices—l
inkpl
acesthatwer
eoncedist
antandi naccessibl
e.

⚫HumanDi
gni
tyandHumanRi
ght
s

◾HumanDi
gni
ty

-
thei
deat
hataper
sonhast
hei
nnat
eri
ghtt
obev
alued,
respect
ed,
andt
reat
edwel
l
.

◾HumanRi
ght
s

-l
egal,
soci
al,
andethicalpri
ncipl
est
hatconsi
dert
hehumanper
sonsdeser
vingofl
i
ber
ti
esand
pr
otecti
onbyvir
tueofhis/herhumandi
gnit
y.

-f
oundedonnat
ural
right
s:r
ight
stol
i
feandf
reedom

◾◾Char
act
eri
sti
csofHumanRi
ght
s

1.Univer
sal
-Humanright
sbel
ongt
oal
lhumanbei
ngsr
egar
dlessofr
ace,
rel
i
gion,
gender
,and
otherchar
act
eri
sti
cs.

2.Fundament
al-I
tshoul
dnotbet
akenawayf
rom anyhumanbei
ng.
3.I
ndi
vi
sibl
e-asv
ari
ousr
ight
sar
eint
err
elat
edandgi
venequal
impor
tance.

4.Absol
ute-Theser
ight
scannotbequal
i
fiedandar
econsi
der
edbasi
cnecessi
ti
esf
orl
i
vinga
genui
neli
fe.

◾◾Uni
ver
sal
Decl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s

1.WeAreAl
lBornFree&Equal
.Weareal
lbor
nfr
ee.Weal
lhav
eourownt
hought
sandi
deas.
Weshoul
dallbetr
eatedi
nthesameway.

2.Don’
tDi
scr
imi
nat
e.Theser
ight
sbel
ongt
oev
ery
body
,what
everourdi
ff
erences.

3.TheRi
ghtt
oLi
fe.Weal
lhav
ether
ightt
oli
fe,
andt
oli
vei
nfr
eedom andsaf
ety
.

4.NoSl
aver
y.Nobodyhasanyr
ightt
omakeusasl
ave.Wecannotmakeany
oneoursl
ave.

5.NoTor
tur
e.Nobodyhasanyr
ightt
ohur
tusort
otor
tur
eus.

6.YouHav
eRi
ght
sNoMat
terWher
eYouGo.Iam aper
sonj
ustl
i
key
ou!

7.We’
reAl
lEqual
Bef
oret
heLaw.Thel
awi
sthesamef
orev
ery
one.I
tmustt
reatusal
lfai
rl
y.

8.YourHumanRight
sAr
ePr
otect
edbyLaw.Wecanal
laskf
ort
hel
awt
ohel
puswhenwear
e
nottr
eatedf
air
ly.

9.NoUnfairDet
ainment
.Nobodyhast heri
ghtt
oputusi
npr
isonwi
thoutgoodr
easonandkeep
usther
e,ortosendusawayfrom ourcountr
y.

10.TheRightt
oTrial
.Ifweareputont
ri
alt
hisshoul
dbei
npubl
i
c.Thepeopl
ewhot
ryusshoul
d
notletany
onetel
lthem whatt
odo.

11.We’r
eAlwaysInnocentTi
l
lProv
enGui
lt
y.Nobodyshoul
dbeblamedfordoi
ngsomethi
ng
unti
li
tispr
oven.Whenpeoplesaywedi
dabadt hi
ngwehav et
heri
ghtt
oshowi ti
snottr
ue.

12.TheRightt
oPri
vacy.Nobodyshouldt
rytohar
m ourgoodname.Nobodyhastherightt
o
comeintoourhome,openourlet
ter
s,orbot
herusorourfami
lywi
thoutagoodreason.

13.Fr
eedom t
oMov e.Weal
lhav
ether
ightt
ogowher
ewewanti
nourowncount
ryandt
o
tr
avelaswewish.

14.TheRightt
oSeekaSafePl
acet
oLiv
e.Ifwearef
right
enedofbei
ngbadl
ytr
eat
edi
nourown
countr
y,weall
havet
heri
ghttor
unawaytoanot
hercountr
ytobesafe.

15.Ri
ghtt
oaNat
ional
i
ty.Weal
lhav
ether
ightt
obel
ongt
oacount
ry.
Subj
ect
:Pr
act
ical
Resear
ch

CommonPar
tsofaResear
chPaper

Chapt
er1.ThePr
obl
em andi
tsSet
ti
ng

▪I
ntr
oduct
ion

▪Backgr
oundoft
heSt
udy

▪St
atementoft
hePr
obl
em

▪ScopeandDel
i
mit
ati
on

▪Si
gni
fi
canceoft
heSt
udy

Chapt
er2.Rev
iewofRel
atedLi
ter
atur
eandSt
udi
es

▪Rel
atedLi
ter
atur
e

▪Rel
atedSt
udi
es

▪Sy
nthesi
s

▪GapBr
idgedbyt
heSt
udy

▪Theor
eti
cal
Framewor
k

▪Concept
ual
Framewor
k

▪Def
ini
ti
onofTer
ms

Chapt
er3.Resear
chMet
hodol
ogy

▪Resear
chMet
hod

▪Sour
cesofDat
a

▪Respondent
soft
heSt
udy

▪Resear
chI
nst
rument

▪Dat
aGat
her
ingPr
ocedur
e

▪St
ati
sti
cal
Treat
ment

Chapt
er4.Pr
esent
ati
on,
Anal
ysi
sandI
nter
pret
ati
onofDat
a

▪Dat
aPr
esent
ati
on
▪Dat
aAnal
ysi
s

▪I
nter
pret
ati
on

Chapt
er5.Summar
y,Concl
usi
ons,
andRecommendat
ions

▪Summar
y

▪Concl
usi
ons

▪Recommendat
ions

Subj
ect
:Phi
l
ippi
nePol
i
ticsandGov
ernance

POLI
TICALPOWERS:

LEGI
TIMACY-peopl
e'
sper
cept
iont
hei
rgov
ernmentr
ulesr
ight
ful
l
y

AUTHORI
TY-ont
heot
herhand,
speaksoft
heabi
l
ityofanat
ional
gov
ernmentt
obet
hesol
e
l
eader
.

SOVEREI
GNTY-i
sseenast
hepol
i
tical
abi
l
ityt
ocommandr
espectandexer
cisepower
.

DI
MENSI
ONSOFPOWER

POWERASDECI SI
ONMAKING-poweri
sper
cei
vedast
hei
nfl
uenceont
hecont
entof
deci
si
onswhodeci
des,
whatt
obemade.

POWERASAGENDASETTING-powerinv
olvest
heabi
l
ityt
osetorcont
rol
pol
i
tical
agenda,
hi
ghl
i
ght
ingont
heexcl
usi
onoft
heotheri
ssues.

POWERASTHOUGHTCONTROL-poweri
sseenasanideol
ogi
cal
indoct
ri
nat
ionora
psy
chol
ogi
cal
cont
rol
wher
eonehast
heabi
li
tyt
ochange.

TYPESOFAUTHORI
TY

TRADI
TIONAL-aut
hor
it
yisbasedonaccept
anceandhi
ghr
egar
doft
radi
ti
ons.

RATI
ONALLEGAL-aut
hor
it
yisbasedoni
mper
sonal
rul
esandr
egul
ati
ons.

CHARISMATI
C-obedi
enceisbasedonper
sonal
char
act
eri
sti
csofal
eader
,whosequal
i
tiesar
e
consi
der
edt
obeexcepti
onal
.
STATE-isapoli
ti
cali
dent
it
y/communitythathassover
eignj
ust
if
icat
ionov
eracl
ear
lydef
ined
ter
ri
tor
yandexerci
sesaut
hori
tyt
hroughseverali
nst
it
uti
on.

1.I
tissov
erei
gn.

2.I
tsi
nst
it
uti
onar
epubl
i
c.

3.I
tisanexer
ciseofl
egi
ti
macy
.

4.I
tisani
nst
rumentofdomi
nant
.

5.I
tisat
err
it
ori
alassoci
ati
on.

GLOBALIZATION-ast heprocessthroughwhi
chsoci
eti
eshavebecomeinter
viewedor
i
nter
connectthatev
entsanddeci si
onswi t
honepar
toftheworl
dhavesigni
fi
canteff
ect
sont
he
l
i
vesofpeopleinotherpartoftheworld.

FORMSOFGLOBALI
ZATI
ON

ECONOMI
CGLOBALI
ZATI
ON-al
leconomi
eshav
ebeeni
ntegr
atedi
nagl
obal
communi
ty.

CULTURALGLOBALIZATION-inf
ormati
oncommuni
ti
esandimagesfr
om onepar
toft
hewor
ld
makecul
tur
aldi
ff
erencesbet
weennati
onsandi
ndi
vi
dual
slesssi
gni
fi
cant
.

POLITICALGLOBALI
ZATION-theimpor
tanceofi
nter
nat
ional
organi
zat
ionsandgov
ernment
al
or
ganizat
ionsi
sbei
ngrecogni
zed.