al: Cae ara NARRATION Bad OE OC RRC ETO oe frre Narration Ott Ke? BS aon 9 Fe fs? AFCA THA THY OF TIS GAM narration Xt The way of reporting the speech of a speaker is called narration. IHS THM THF AIT; |B GAMUT AU UH; ¢ Direct Speech * Indirect Speech (Sometimes called Reported Speech) Direct Speech: Direct speech Ta THI TT WR APT T quotation mark a Galo ews He UP) Direct speech is the exact speech said by the speaker which is put within quotation marks. Example: He said to his friend, “I like sweets very much.” Direct speech «0a Res fb GET we: ‘* Reporting Speech and * Reported Speech BFE comma (,) LAR FE inverted comma () 2AM POH AS WH CUT AG RA nload From: eo ee)|. Reporting Speech: Reporting speech = inverted comma-4 FRAT BM TU) comma-a TAA BT) Aaa FO re ATO UH, TH A AMS TA ‘Sorat BA, He said to his friend, 7 reporting speech. Reporting speech is the part which is outside the inverted commas, i., the part before the comma. It involves two parties the reporter and to whom s/he is reporting. Il, Reported Speech: Reported Speech % inverted comma HUIeK BCT Reported Speech is the part which is within the inverted commas. ‘Sera Br, “I like sweets very much."-2 reported speech! Indirect Speech: Indirect speech, J reported speech AHS MAES, TA ISS ISAN AAC T Oe SS TSE TA Indirect speech, also known as reported speech, is the substance of the speaker's speech given by someone else. Example: era Gores BARA indirect speech! He told his friend that he liked sweets very much, Indirect speech or reported speech- facane faaneren oP aI © iv inverted comma SS Bra, reporting speech % reported speech «co Ges FIT conjunction @aa: ‘that’, ‘if, or ‘whether’ s@fS oa YF aT) No inverted commas are used, reporting speech and reported speech are joined with each other by conjunctions like ‘that ‘if, or ‘whether’ etc. * Reporting speech «1% reported speech “13 AKW GTA comma TA! Reporting speech and reported speech have no comma between them. © Full stop @ Period sign Beaqw W aces Ti AKI bees AAAS © Reporting speech-W tense GK FO WTC The tense of reporting speech is the same as before. * Interrogative, exclamatory, operative RX imperative sentence-@ assertive sentence-4 ‘offen FAI I Interrogative, exclamatory, operative and imperative sentences are converted to the assertive sentence. * Reported speech-s tense, reporting speech-ii tense-@ GHA Fay Tense of reported speech follows the tense of reporting speech. © Reporting verb, reported speech Uguih afte a) Soraa Bares, told aa reporting verb “48 liked af reported verb | Sentence-aia «a Wiqui fafSa «acaz reporting verb PresRAG Bl GNA: asked, offered, promised agi Reporting verb is changed according to the reported speech. In the above example, told is a reporting verb and liked is a reported verb. Different reporting verbs are used on the basis of the type of sentence. Such as, asked, offered, promised, etc. * Reported speech- pronoun SON aKea eff fue “fiaito w, @aKs, S=Subject, (O=Object «4¢% N=No change | «2 fay wrqNM, first person, reporting verb-a4 subject 5K siftafS By; second person, reporting verb-4 object for aa aI ae third person: A BCT Cra MARTA TAT The pronoun of reported speech is changed according to a rule called SON where, S=Subject, O-Object and N=No change. According to this rule, the first person is changed to the subject of reporting verb; the second person is changed to the object of reporting verb, and in case of the third person, there is no change © Direct speech-4 adverb-oria "fide FAI G1 The adverbs of the direct speech are changed. Download FroriH WAM direct speech-C@* indirect speech-a “RAST Fa TAA tense FATEF FMTAKT UHAT PAI a 1. Direct speech-@ indirect speech-4 “fas TAK FATA reporting verb, present J future tense~1 WiC GH reported speech verb-24 ra ase SUA) During changing direct speech into indirect speech, if the reporting verb is in the present or future tenses, there is no change in the tense of the verb in the reported speech, Example: ‘© He says, “You love music." (Direct) ‘* He says that you love music. (Indirect) * He says, “You loved the music.” (Direct) * He says that you loved the music. (Indirect) * He will say, “You love music.” (Direct) * He will say that you love music. (Indirect) 2. 324 reporting verb, past tense~2 WKF SAA reported speech~2 verb past tense-29 BM SITS AE A OAS SETA LATS When reporting verb is in the past tense the reported speech's verb is changed to one or the other of the four forms of past tense, i. Present Indefinite Tense, Past Indefinite Tense-0 "SS ZT Present Indefinite Tense is changed into Past Indefinite Tense. Example: * He said to me, "She goes to school every day.” (Direct) * He told me that she went school every day. (Indirect) Present Continuous Tense, Past Continuous Tense- 4 *faafSo BI Wrefil- Am, is “1 are+ verb-ad simple form ting -Cuc®- was or were+ verb-a simple form ting Present Continuous Tense is changed into Past Continuous Tense, ie, Am, is or are+simple form of verbting -to- was or were+ simple form of verb+ing Example: * He said to me, "She is going to school.” (Direct) Dee ATL CL CCaLSE Rens ae‘* He told me that she was going to school. (Indirect) © He said to me, “Is she going to school?” (Direct) * He asked me if she was going to school. (Indirect) Present Perfect tense, Past Perfect Tense- 4 *fafSw = Trei- Has 1 Have+ verb~2 past participle form- cae - Had verb=23 past participle form Present Perfect tense is changed into Past Perfect Tense, i.e. Has or Have+ past participle form of verb-to- Had+ past participle form of verb Example: * He said to me, “She has gone to school.” (Direct) * He told me that she had gone to school. (Indirect) iv. Present Perfect Continuous tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense-a "foe ai Gei- Has or Have been+ verb- simple form +ing- Cut -Had been+ verb- simple form +ing Present Perfect Continuous tense is transformed to Past Perfect Continuous Tense, e. Has or Have been+ simple form of verbting-to-Had beent simple form of verb+ing Example: ‘* He said to me, "She has been studying for five hours.” (Direct) ‘* He told me that she had been studying for five hours, (Indirect) v. Past Indefinite Tense, Past Perfect Tense-9 *ftafeo 2, wefl- Verb=2% Past form - CR®- Had+ verb~23 past participle form Past Indefinite Tense is changed into Past Perfect Tense, i.e. Past form of verb -to- Had+ past participle form of verb Example: * He said to me, "She did it.” (Direct) © He told me that she had done it. (Indirect) vi. Past Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense- 4 few ey, wre. Was or were+ verb~29 simple form +ing - Cx - Had been+ verb-2 simple form +ing Past Continuous Tense is changed into Past Perfect Continuous Tense, i.e. Was or were+ simple form of verb +ing -to- Had been+ simple form of verb +ing Example: Dee ATL CL CCaLSE Rens ae* He said to me, “She was doing the work.” (Direct) He told me that she had been doing the work. (Indirect) Past Perfect Tense «Wt Past Perfect Continuous Tense 4% a Past Perfect Tense and Past Perfect Continuous Tense remain the same. Example: * He said to me, " She had done it.” (Direct) ‘* He told me that she had done it. (Indirect) * He said to me, "She had been studying for three hours.” (Direct) * He told me that she had been studying for three hours. (Indirect) viii. Shall 238 will “would”. aS w; can “could’.9 4 ofaafSw zw aa may “might"4 aso a Shall and will are changed into “would”; can is changed into “could” and may is changed into “might’. Example: * He said to me, “She will go to school.” (Direct) ‘* He told me that she would go to school. (Indirect) © He said to me, “She can do it.” (Direct) * He told me that she could do it. (Indirect) ‘* He said to me, "She may come.” (Direct) * He told me that she might come. (indirect) 3. 1 reported speech Ghia asd WS, TI VIGIANG AS} GRIM, GA reported speech-ia verb wMftaSS wR IHS reporting verb, past form-4 WF! When the reported speech states some universal truth or habitual fact, the reported speech’s verb remains unchanged, even if the reporting verb is using the past form. Example: * He said, “Son, the sun rises in the East, not the west.” (Direct) * Addressing me as son he said that the sun rises in the east, not the west. (Indirect) © He said, “You love music.” (Direct) © He said that you love music. (Indirect) 47% QS TA FN ATT T SIT CART, RECHT FAC ACH TI TAT The words showing nearness of time or place are changed into words showing distance in the following ways: From To From To From To From To Dee ATL CL CCaLSE Rens aeNow Then Tonight That night Hence Thence Tomorrow The next day Download Fror This These Last night Ago That Here Those Yesterday The previous Thus night Before : There The previous day So sees Today come Hither That day Go ThitherReported Care Reporting Speech 4 *RaStas fava: How indirect speech is changed to direct speech is broadly discussed below. When indirect speech is changed to direct speech, the following rules of tense are followed. 1. Indirect speech-@ direct speech- fa TAR HAT Bf reporting verb, present 7 future tense-4 UC GA reporting speech- verb-44 Ga “ASA BW A During changing indirect speech into direct speech, if the reporting verb is in the present or future tenses, there is no change in the tense of the verb in the reporting speech. Example: ‘* He says that you love cats. (Indirect) + He says, “You love cats.” (Direct) ‘¢ He says that you loved the cat. (Indirect) * He says, “You loved the cat.” (Direct) ‘* He will say that you love cats. (Indirect) He will say, “You love cats.” (Direct) 2. 367 reporting verb, past tense~d °F Oe reporting speech-# verb past tense~i@ DA SAT AFT A AIT AAAGS Wi INA: i, Past Indefinite Tense, Present Indefinite Tense *ftafSw = Past Indefinite Tense is changed into Present Indefinite Tense. Example: * He told me that she studied every day. (Indirect) ‘* He said to me, "She goes studies every day.” (Direct) ii, Past Continuous Tense, Present Continuous Tense - 4 faafeo 2a) ae. Am, is Jl are+ verb-< simple form +ing -C- was “I were+ verb- simple form +ing Past Continuous Tense is changed into Present Continuous Tense, i.e. was or were + simple form of verb+ing -to- Am, is or are + simple form of verbting Example: * He told me that she was studying, (indirect) He said to me, "She is studying.” (Direct) * He asked me if she was studying. (Indirect) He said to me, “Is she studying?” (Direct) Dee ATL CL CCaLSE Rens aeiii, Past Perfect Tense, Present Perfect tense - 4 *fdafSw 2 WIV Had + verb~29 past participle form- Ca® - Has I Have + verb-2% past participle form Past Perfect Tense is changed into Present Perfect tense, i.e. Had past participle form of verb-to- Has or Have + past participle form of verb Example: ‘* Hasan told me that Saira had done it. (Indirect) * Hasan said to me, “Saira has done it.” (Direct) iv. Present Perfect Continuous tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense- 4 *faafSw 2) Wel- Had been + verb~a2 simple form +ing- Cuct - Has @I Have been + verb-14 simple form +ing Past Perfect Continuous Tense is changed into Present Perfect Continuous tense, i.e. Had been + simple form of verb+ing-to- Has or Have been + simple form of verbting Example: He told me that she had been singing for five hours. (Indirect) * He said to me, “She has been singing for five hours.” (Direct) v. Past Perfect Tense, Past Indefinite Tense «9 “ao =, wre Had+ verb-2 past participle form - Ca®- Verb-@ Past form Past Perfect Tense is changed into Past Indefinite Tense, ie. Had past participle form of verb -to- Past form of verb Example: * He told me that she had sung it. (Indirect) * He said to me, "She sang it.” (Direct) vi. Past Perfect Continuous Tense, Past Continuous Tense - ftafSo 2, wreil- Had been+ verb~2a simple form +ing- CK@ - Was or were+ verb-id simple form +ing Past Perfect Continuous Tense is changed into Past Continuous Tense, i.e. Had beens simple form of verb +ing -to- Was or were+ simple form of verb +ing Example: * He told me that she had been singing the song. (Indirect) * He said to me, “She was singing the song.” (Direct) vii. Past Perfect Tense 488 Past Perfect Continuous Tense 4¥2 Wt! Dee ATL CL CCaLSE Rens aePast Perfect Tense and Past Perfect Continuous Tense remain the same. Example: * He told me that she had sung it. (Indirect) * He said to me, " She had sung it.” (Direct) * He told me that she had been singing for three hours. (Indirect) * He said to me, "She had been singing for three hours.” (Direct) “Would”, Shall/will «9 *faiw wy; “could”,can-o ASS BI aes "might", may-2 *eatSo A “Would” is changed into Shall/will; “could” is changed into can and“might" is changed into may. Example: He told me that she would sing the song. (Indirect) He said to me, “She will sing the song.” (Direct) He told me that she could sing the song. (Indirect) He said to me, “She can sing the song.” (Direct) He told me that she might sing the song. (Indirect) He said to me, “She may sing the song.” (Direct) ee eee . 2, 84 reported speech Ghia basa HOS, T CISTANG HO} GRIT, GA reporting speech-14 verb anifiafo we uf reporting verb, past form-4 uc! When the reported speech states some universal truth or habitual fact, the reporting speech's verb remains unaffected even if the reporting verb is in past form, Example: © He said that the sunsets in the west. (Indirect) * He said, "The sun sets in the west.” (Direct) * He said that you love cats. (Indirect) * He said, "You love cats.” (Direct) B, FORRES THETIC FACES FAN PC HAT MT GIS CTT AAA HH MAS GAT A: From To From To From To From To Then Now That This There Here That Today day That night Tonight Those These Theprevious Yesterday Go Come day Thence Hence Theprevious. «Last so Thus Hither night night Thenext Tomorrow Before Ago - : : : day Dee ATL CL CCaLSE RensPassage Narration Passage narration Gram sam fig fate ferme GTA Tar wa) Ha FET eco Sra TIS I: Some certain rules are followed while writing passage narration. All the rules are discussed with examples below: Rule 1: At first, you have to read the whole passage to identify the speaker and the audience. Then you have to determine the mood of the verb in their speeches, SKE, PAT passage 1 MCG TT Aak CMO HSU FACS AA | UPR Oe Sirens Eran aa ACO al Example: ‘* “Will you come with me?", said Pria to Ria. “I will come." Said Ria. (Direct) © Pria asked Ria if she would come with her. Ria replied that she would come. (Indirect) Rule 2: When the reporting verb is placed in the middle or at the last of the sentence while converting it into Indirect you have to put it after the subject in starting of the sentence. 32H reporting verb sentence-24 AIA! T CHE MF OA AS Indirect FAG OKF sentence-La GAT subject-12 18 TKS FA Example: © “Where do you live?", said Tina. “I live at Dhanmondi.", said Rina. (Direct) * Tina asked Rina where she lived. Rina replied that she lived at Dhanmondi. (Indirect) Rule 3: Passage-0 Uft TT tan WRe Ui TRS TA US OUT BS Gers Faw OM, RT Sfracn Bars Faw sree Ramee FRAC LAGAN FAT A; Assertive sentence-d G&G: also said/again said, added/further added, *@fS Gaax FAI BI} In case of Assertive sentences: also said/again said, added/further added, etc. are used. ii, Interrogative sentence- C#Cz: also asked/again asked/ further asked, yf Ta Ta in case of Interrogative sentences: also asked/again asked/ further asked, etc. are used. ili. Imperative sentence-44 GF: and ordered to/ and requested, ASS WII FAI BW) In case of Imperative sentences: and ordered to/ and requested, etc. are used. Dee ATL CL CCaLSE Rens booiv. Optative sentence-~14 C8: and wished/and prayed that, ASTS Deze Fal By In case of Optative sentences: and wished/and prayed that, etc. are used. v. Exclamatory sentence" CRI: and exclaimed with happiness/ joy that/in grief that, argo TRATIB In case of Exclamatory sentences: and exclaimed with happiness/ joy that/in grief that, etc. are used. Example: * “Iwill help you to solve this problem. | am responsible for it.” The boy said. “Why did you do it? Do you have time for it? You are leaving Dhaka this evening.” | said. (Direct) * The boy told me that he would solve this problem. He added that he was responsible for it. | asked him the reason for doing it. | also asked if he had time for it. | added that he was leaving Dhaka that evening, (Indirect) Rule 4: If reported speech has only “Yes”, then Subject+ replied in the affirmative or Subject+ Auxilliary Verb is used and if reported speech has other speech after “Yes”, then Subjectt replied in the affirmative and said that is used, ‘uff reported speech-1 BY “Yes"KF WA Subject+ replied in the affirmative @ Subject+ Auxilliary Verb 322 Tal BI AK reported speechs0 “Yes” A GING RHI UT OA Subject+ replied in the affirmative and said that 3426 @) Example: * I said to him, “Have you done the math?". “Yes, | have also done another one.” He said. (Direct) « |asked him if he had done the math. He replied in the affirmative. Or, he said that he had. And he said that he had also done another one. (Indirect) Rule 5: If reported speech has only “No”, then Subject+ replied in the negative or Subject+ Auxilliary Verb+ not is used and if reported speech has other speech after “No”, then Subject+ replied in the negative and said that is used ‘uff reported speech-1 SY "No" AS GA Subject+ replied in the negative @I Subject+ Auxilliary Verb+ not 332M Fal Bax reported speech-4 “No” 47 9A UNS THT UF TA Subject+ replied in the negative and said that 37aw Zt Example: * Isaid to him, “Have you done the math?”. “No. | will do it later.” He said. (Direct) * Lasked him if he had done the math. He replied in the negative. Or, he said that he had not. And he said that he would do it later. (Indirect) shi aeRule 6: When direct speech has “Sir”, the indirect speech will use with respect/respectfully/ politely instead of “Sir”. AA direct speech-4 "Sir" WM, indirect speech “Sir” 4% “FS with respect/respectfully/ politely TAR TAA) Example: * The student said to the teacher,” Sir, will you teach me the math?” (Direct) The student asked the teacher respectfully if he would teach him the math. / The student respectfully asked the teacher if he would teach him the math. (Indirect) Rule 7: If someone is addressed in the direct speech, the indirect speech will use addressing ‘as’. uffi direct speech-1 PIO CAKE Bal BI GA indirect speech-4 addressing as TAG BW) Example: * “Are you okay, Toni?” said Piu. (Direct) * Addressing as Toni, Piu asked if she was okay. (Indirect) Rule 8: If outside the inverted comma reporting speech has “ask’, it will be used after the subject in the indirect speech. uf inverted comma-a aa reporting speech~1 "ask" 2Ke, GE TI indirect speech~4 subject AA HAAG BI Example: © "Are you coming?” asked Rina looking at me. "You may join me when |" Rina said. (Direct) ‘* Looking at me, Rina asked If | was going. She suggested me to join her when she would go. (Indirect) Rule 9: When reported speech has a note of interrogation (2) after an assertive sentence, the indirect speech will use “being surprised” before the reporting verb. WA reported speech-1 fb assertive sentence-a4 *f note of interrogation (?) 2K, indirect speech-4 reporting verb~aa GIs "being surprised" ON FAIZ Example: * He said to me, "You did it?" (Direct) Dee ATL CL CCaLSE Rens boo* Being surprised he asked me if| had done it. (Indirect) Rule 10: When reported speech has “Thank’, the indirect speech will use reported verb’s subject thanked+ reported verb's object. 8H reported speech- “Thank” “KF, Oe indirect speech, reported verb's subject+ thanked+ reported verb’s object Swat Ft Example: « Karim said to me, “Thank you." (Direct) © Karim thanked me. (Indirect) Rule 11; If reported speech has "Goodbye", the indirect speech will use reported verb’s subject+ bade+ reported verb’s object+ goodbye. uff reported speech- “Good bye” wc? UG indirect speech, reported verb's subject+ bade+ reported verb's object+ good bye Sad Faq Example: © She said Lira, “Goodbye.” (Direct) * She bade Lira goodbye. (Indirect) Rule 12: If reported speech has a good night/good morning/ good evening, the indirect speech will use, reported verb’s subject# wished+ reported verb’s object good night/good morning/ good evening. ‘uff reported speech=4 good night/good morning/ good evening «KF UG indirect speech, reported verb’s subject wished+ reported verb’s object+ good night/good morning/ good evening Oa Fa) Example: © He said to her, “Good evening.” (Direct) * He wished her good evening. (Indirect) Rule 13: Sometimes reported speech doesn’t have a complete sentence, in those cases, you have to follow the speaker's speech in indirect speech to get the full meaning. GH GRD reported speech-4 541 sentence AFA, CHT OHA WIA indirect speech-4 To ET VAT TH Mp I a Fico =A shi ecuExample: © "Thirty taka” The salesman said to me. (Direct) ‘* The salesman told me it had been thirty taka (Indirect) Rule 14: Often reported speech doesn't mention the speaker and the listener, in these cases you have to mention the speaker and the listener while transforming it into indirect speech. ‘eZ reported speech-4 THB GIS VY AS A, AT CHA MAA ACF indirect speech-4 morafiw Faw TE GRE the speaker 48 GTR CH the listener Bae FAG AA Example: * "What are you doing now?" "I am writing an article.” (Direct) * The speaker asked the listener what he was doing then. The listener replied that s/he was writing an article. (Indirect) Rule 15: If reported speech has asked/ cried/replied/muttered, the reporting verb in the indirect speech will be unchanged, ‘uf reported speech-4 asked/ cried/replied/muttered WX GG indirect speech-4 reporting Verba Gora fae aA Example: * “Help me.” He cried. (Direct) * He cried to help him. (Indirect) Google www.swapno.in £9 WC TG FPA Als CHT at PDF Download Fror boo