N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar: Lecture 04: Bolted Connections

N-W.F.P.
University of Engineering and

Technology Peshawar
Lecture 04: Bolted Connections
By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

chairciv@nwfpuet.edu.pk
CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 1

Topics to be Addressed
 Types of connectors
 Tightening procedures
 Behavior of Bolted & Riveted connections
 Types of Bolted connections
 Types of connection failures
 Code Requirements
 Design Examples
CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 2
Types of Connectors
 Components which make up the

complete structure are fastened together
by means of:
1. RIVETS (older version)

2. BOLTS (newer version)
3. WELDS

Types of Connectors
1. Rivets:
 They are made from rivet bar stock in a
machine which forms one head and shears the
rivet to desired length.
 Steel rivets are always heated before driving
 Most rivets are driven by pressure-type riveters
which complete riveting in one stroke.
Typical Round Head Rivet

Types of Connectors
1. Rivets:
 Rivets are generally made from steel

conforming to ASTM A502 and comes in 2
grades:
i. Grade 1(carbon steel)
ii. Grade 2 (carbon-manganese steel)

Types of Connectors
1. Rivets:
Round Head Rivet Countersunk Rivet

Types of Connectors
1. Rivets:

Types of Connectors
1. Rivets: Riveting processes
Rivet Heating Oven Rivet Heater
CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Types of Connectors
1. Rivets: Riveting processes
Earlier Riveting Gun Modern Riveting Gun
CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Types of Connectors
1. Rivets: Characteristics of riveted connections
 In riveted connections magnitude of
clamping is function of length of rivet
and magnitude of shrinkage after the
head is formed.
 Magnitude of slip depends on the extent
to which rivet fills the hole.

Types of Connectors
1. Rivets: Causes of rivet obsolescence
 Riveting required a crew of 4 to 5

experienced riveters
 Bolt installation is less labor intensive
 Riveting is time consuming operation
requiring preheating, driving and finishing

Types of Connectors
1. Rivets: Causes of rivet obsolescence
 Rivet strength is low compared to high

strength bolts
 High strength bolts are now economical
 Riveting is still used in some industries and
applications such as aircraft industry

Types of Connectors
2. Bolts: Two common types of bolts are:
a) Unfinished (A307)
 A307 is known by names unfinished, rough,
common, ordinary and machine.
 They are made of low carbon steel having
tensile strength of 60Ksi.

Types of Connections
2. Bolts: Two common types of bolts are:
b) High strength bolt (A325,A449,A490).

 A325 is made of medium carbon steel whose
tensile strength decreases with increase in dia.
 High strength bolts can be tightened to large
tensions.

Types of Connections
2. Bolts:
Typical High Strength Bolt

Tightening procedures
 Research Council on Structural
Connections (RCSC) prescribes four
tightening procedures.
1. Turn of the nut method
2. Calibrated-wrench tightening
3. Installation of alternate design bolts
4. Direct-tension-indicator tightening

Torque Wrench
Positive Tension Shear Bolt
Bolt Installation Procedure

Direct Tension Indicating Washers

Behavior of Bolted & Riveted
connections
T T
T = Tensile Force on
Connection
∆ = Joint Displacement

Behavior of Bolted & Riveted
connections
 In riveted connections magnitude of

clamping is function of length of rivet
and magnitude of shrinkage after the
head is formed.
 Magnitude of slip depends on the extent
to which rivet fills the hole.

Types of Bolted connection
1. Slip-Critical connections
 Connection transmits the force by friction
produced between the faying surfaces by
the clamping action of the bolts.
 Slip-critical connections are recommended
for joints subjected to stress reversal,
severe stress fluctuation, impact, vibration
or where slip is objectionable

1. Slip-Critical connections
The clamping force applied to the bolt brings the two members close
enough so that appreciable friction is produced between them which
is then responsible for resisting the load. The more the clamping
force the more is the friction and strong is the connection but the
clamping force need not to be greater than tensile strength of the
bolt.
Slip critical connection becomes bearing type connection after the

slip occurs so every slip critical connection is essentially a bearing
type connection also.

2. Bearing type connections
 Load is transferred by shearing and
bearing on the bolt.
 Capacity in shear depends on whether
shear plane intersects the body of bolt
or threaded portion.

2. Bearing type connections
Bearing type connection is the most widely used general type

connection in which the load is resisted by the bolt body without
any friction between faying surfaces.

Type of connection Failures
1. Shearing Failure of Bolts.

2. Bearing Failure of plate.
3. Tearing failure at edge of plate.

1. Shearing failure of bolts

1. Shearing failure of bolts

2. Bearing Failure of Plate

Shear & Bearing Area

3. Tearing Failure at edge of Plate
Shearing Failure edge of plate Transverse Tension Failure

 Tests showed, failure by tearing through free edge of material
will not occur if Le measured parallel to line of applied force is
not less diameter of bolt multiplied by ratio of bearing stress
to tensile strength of connected part.

Force transmitted by the bolt

P = fp D t ------------------------(A)
Force to cause failure along two shear planes
P = 2(Le – D / 2 ) t u
u = 0.7 Fu
P = 1.4DtFu(Le/D –1/2) -----(B)
Equating (A) & (B)

------- (C)
Eqn (C) can be approximated as
So Eqn becomes

LRFD ASD
 Tearing length or Edge distance
 = 0.75 With FOS= 2

LRFD ASD
 Spacing between holes

Eccentricity of Applied Force
 Plates of lap joint tends to bend.
 Bending produces non uniform bearing of

the fastener on the plates

Code Requirements
Topic Ref. Text Book Ref. LRFD Code
Minimum edge Distance Table 2-8 Table J3.4
Allowable Working Stress on Table 2-9

Fasteners or Connected
Material
Allowable Load for Slip- Table 2-10 Table J3.6
Critical Connections
Allowable Stresses A502 Table 2-12
Rivets
Design Strength of Fasteners Table 2-13 Table J3.2

Code Requirements
AISC Minimum Edge Distance

Code Requirements
Minimum installation tension

Code Requirements
Allowable Stresses

Code Requirements
Properties of structural bolts

Code Requirements
Allowable load for Slip critical connection

Code Requirements
Design strength of fasteners

Design Example No.1 (ASD Method)

table 2.2
for A36=58-80
forA529=60-85



Design Example No.1 (LRFD Method)




W = 10 in
t = .25in


Fu b

2”
P = 77 Kips
6”
2”
2” 3”

Thanks

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N-W.F.P.

University of Engineering and

Lecture 04: Bolted Connections

By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 1

 Components which make up the

1. RIVETS (older version)

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 3

Typical Round Head Rivet

 Rivets are generally made from steel

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 5

Round Head Rivet Countersunk Rivet

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 6

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 7

Rivet Heating Oven Rivet Heater

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Earlier Riveting Gun Modern Riveting Gun

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 10

 Riveting required a crew of 4 to 5

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 11

 Rivet strength is low compared to high

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 12

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 13

b) High strength bolt (A325,A449,A490).

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 14

Typical High Strength Bolt

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 16

Positive Tension Shear Bolt

Bolt Installation Procedure

Direct Tension Indicating Washers

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 20

 In riveted connections magnitude of

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 21

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 22

Slip critical connection becomes bearing type connection after the

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 23

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 24

Bearing type connection is the most widely used general type

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 25

1. Shearing Failure of Bolts.

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 26

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 27

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 28

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 29

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 30

Shearing Failure edge of plate Transverse Tension Failure

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan 31

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 32

Force transmitted by the bolt

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 33

Eqn (C) can be approximated as

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 34

 Tearing length or Edge distance

 = 0.75 With FOS= 2

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 35

 Spacing between holes

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 36

 Plates of lap joint tends to bend.

 Bending produces non uniform bearing of

CE-409: Lecture 04 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 37

Minimum edge Distance Table 2-8 Table J3.4

Allowable Working Stress on Table 2-9