USING GIS-BASED NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR EFFICIENT ROUTING

OF GARBAGE COLLECTION IN

METRO BUTUAN

A Thesis Proposal by

James T. Montecillo

Submitted to the Department of Engineering Sciences

College of Engineering and GeoSciences

Caraga State University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Geodetic Engineering

College of Engineering and GeoSciences

Caraga State University

Ampayon, Butuan City

May 2019
 CHAPTER1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

In Butuan City, 20.80% are only dependent in garbage collecton. The current

route for garbage collection in Butuan City was insufficient with the consideration of

this issue of low performance of Solid Waste Management. Many(38.10%) of them

are hiking to transport their waste at their designated barangay garbage station. Some

(34.40%) of them from both rural and urban areas, they prefer open dumping and

considerable number (20.80%) of households living in urban areas are dependent on

the garbage collector[1].

Inadequate waste collection can produce uncollected garbage that stay longer in

the street can cause negative environment and can affect health issues. Moreover, high

operational costs and poor cost recovery for solid waste management can make a

garbage collector will be less productive due to lack or scattered information about

the garbage collection points[3]. Collecting, transportation and dumping of Municipal

Solid Waste are the most challenging problems of the city today and at many places

household wastes are thrown haphazardly in and around roadside waste bins leading

to unaesthetic, unhygienic conditions[16]. Maintaining daily logs of collection and

transport of solid waste is a difficult task to monitor due to time consuming , huge

data and statistics[18]. The organization of garbage removal is a specifically problem

for all main cities, especially those overloaded by transport, with growing traffic

density and the amounts of garbage[19].Waste collection is a highly significant

activity in the unfavorable logistics system and how to collect the waste in area in

efficient approach[20]. Solid waste management according to Ibrahim (2002) is the

knowledge base way or established procedure and instituted for the collection,
transportation and disposal of waste products which is economically workable and

environmentally feasible[22].

GIS based modelling can be used to provide comparative analysis data between

two routing for garbage collection and it is widely known used for waste collection

development[2]. GIS has a huge impact to in household living for the improvement

and enhancement of waste collection and can handle spatial data and non spatial data

for garbage collection system which is the need to create most efficient routing for

garbage collection system in that city[3].GIS is a best tool for producing efficient

route especially in transportation to provide the shortest route or path and the optimal

route can provide significance in the city especially in economic and environment like

example of reduction of time, distance, fuel consumption and pollutants emission for

the car that collect the garbage and etc.[4]. The proposed GIS developed for solid

waste disposal would give information on the planning of bins, truck garbage

collector and the efficient routings system[22].

1.2 Statement of the Problem

In Butuan City, Efficient routing was poorly conducted specifically in garbage

collection due to lack of information[1]. With the consideration of various factor for

providing efficient routing like inadequate waste collection, accumulation of garbage

on the street, on open spaces and on compounds, and high operational costs and poor

cost recovery for solid waste management[3]. It is really required an efficient route to

develop in this kind of certain matter especially in garbage collection system.

However, providing the routes for garbage collection in Butuan City based on GIS

analysis, and how efficient are the route are not yet conducted.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to compare the existing route and new

propose route in Butuan City.

Specifically, the study aims to:

i. Development of Shortest Path for Collection Process

ii. Reallocation and relocation of existing waste bins

iii. Comparison of existing routes and proposed routes in terms of reduction

of fuel consumption, traveled distance, traveled time and traveled cost.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This proposed study will provide the most efficient route for garbage collection in

Butuan City in order to make people in Butuan City have a convenience route for

garbage collection. By the most efficient route for garbage collection it provides to

minimize the fuel consumption , least cost path , reduce workers for garbage

collection, and time travel of the car garbage collector. The most efficient route will

help for the garbage collector to minimize their time for collecting garbage from

reallocate waste bins and also help for the improvement of Solid Waste Management

program in Butuan City. The proposed model efficient routing can be used as a

decision support tool by the municipal authorities for efficient management of the

daily operations for moving solid wastes, load balancing within vehicles, managing

fuel consumption and generating optimal bins and vehicles.

 It is also will help to have a comparative analysis between the current route

and the new propose route to determine which is the most efficient route in for

garbage collection in order to have a better route system for garbage collection in

Butuan City.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

This research conducted in Butuan City in urban community only. Computation

of gas emission of car garbage collection and the impact of floods because of

uncollected garbage and evaluating the impact of negative environment and health

issues cause by accumulated garbage on the street does not also include in this

research. In addition, traffic flow system is not part of this study. As well as the

determination of composition of the solid waste in Butuan City does not part of this

study.

Chapter 2.Review Related Literature

2.1 Implementation of Garbage Collection in Butuan City

In Butuan City, 20.80% are only dependent in garbage collecton.[1] City Mayor

Ferdinand M. Amante Jr open about the volume of waste estimated at 95 tons per day.

Butanon’s pursuing to attain the zero waste status in order to have a positive

environment. Mayor Ferdinand M. Amante Jr implement about the Clean, Ground

Zero Waste Program thru the ‘No Segregation , No Collection’ Policy and about this

program was based on the Republic Act No. 9003 otherwise known as “Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act” it is act providing ecological solid waste management
program which is shall providing penalties, funds thereof and other purposes. The

goal of implementation of the program is to clean the surroundings and transform

garbage into money. According to Jugao that many groups and organization of

Butuanon’s which help to reduce the solid waste does not only help clean the

environment but also earn additional income because waste can be converted into

organic fertilizers. This program operated with the committees in Clean Households,

Puroks, Barangays , Clean streets , Clean schools ( in 38 barangays) , Clean offices

(regional line agencies , provincial government, private offices), Clean Business

Establishments , Clean Airwaves , Clean hospitals , Clean public facilities , Clean

transport , Clean city hall[5].

2.2 Significance of Providing Efficient Routing for Garbage Collection.

Garbage collection and efficient routing is one of the solution to create a healthy

environment from Solid Waste Management. Providing efficient routing can

minimize the distance,time for the vehicle of garbage collection and minimize the air

pollutants. Optimizing the route and reallocate the bins can make a reduction for time

and travel of the vehicle for garbage collection to minimize environmental

negativity[7]. The case study focuses on municipal solid waste collection routes from

residential area in Kluang district to Ladang CEP 1 sanitary landfill and Seelong

sanitary landfill. The study found that SWCorp could save up to 18% and 7.3% of

fuel consumption per day by following the effective routes for transporting solid

waste to Ladang CEP 1 sanitary landfill and to Seelong Sanitary landfill respectively.

The findings could assist SWCorp saving management cost and also keep
environment cleaner[9].The optimal route is defined as the one that minimizes fuel

consumption[10]. Providing also efficient routing will make fuel savings and

reductions in carbon dioxide emissions and was considered to mean lowering fuel

consumption, rather than reducing time taking or distance travelled[10]. The

optimisation of routing has a immediate positive impact on cost savings (reduction of

fuel consumption and maintenance costs)[16].

2.3 Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) in Efficient Routing for

Garbage Collection.

Moreover, GIS can assist in increasing information and efficiency of solid waste

collection system in an urban settlement in a developing country such as Tanzania[3].

In Tanzania. Sinza neighbourhood in Kinondoni Municipality in Dar es Salaam City

using Geographic Information System (GIS) is a tool that can provide spatial and non

spatial information for urban planning and management and can link this data for

various uses[3]. In Cit´e El Habib district of Sfax city, Tunisia where optimization

was developed using the ArcGISNetwork Analyst tool in order to improve the

efficiency of the collection and transportation of waste through waste bins

reallocation and optimization of vehicle routing in terms of traveled distance and

operating time while taking into consideration all the required settings parameters like

population density,waste generation rate, bins locations, road network and

traffic/circulation, collection vehicles capacity, and etc[6]. GIS assist to handle data in

the computer to produces option and to take the most efficient decisions[9].

Using GIS, solid waste collectors can solve fundamental problems in solid waste

management such as determining the distribution of waste generation in an area and

the optimal route for disposal and this can be acquired by considering factors that

affect selection of disposal sites such as topography, geology, settlements, land use,

water bodies, and road networks[11]. Results found out that using Geographic

Information System (GIS) has an higher level of effectiveness for collection process

in household collection bins , reallocation along with the vehicles , providing efficient

routing in terms of distance and time and the results was 83% in distance and 5% in

time with fuel consumption savings in the sector 1 of district El Bousten of Sfax

commune, Tunisia by ArcGIS Network Analyst base model[14]. GIS as a tool can

interpret , display and analyst relationship between spatial and non-spatial data — it

can thus be used as a decision support tool for efficient management of the different

functional elements solid waste e.g. bin location, number of bins required, waste

transportation, generating work schedules for workers and vehicles[15]. GIS is a

software, designed to allow users to collect, manipulate, analyse, display and stored

huge volumes of spatially referenced data and in the connection of attribute data

gathered from a quality of sources (Ghose et al., 2006). GIS enabless the reader to

interpret, and manage data for a better understanding of relationships, trends and

patterns. Massie (1995) choose GIS for improving SWM programs[17].

GIS can make location information and all other information are brought

together with other spatial information such as streets to represent the exact distances

and time on a street network between any two given points, taking into account

various constraints that all contribute to generating a realistic result, including speed

limits, directional attributes of the streets –e.g. one-way direction- , and accurate

portion distances[21]. GIS have the potential to represent the tabular data (in forms

and reports) and a map displaying customer locations, landfills, and other facilities

against a background of streets, landmarks, and other geographical. GIS-based route

management application delivered reduced operational costs by providing efficient

routing to reduce overlap and thereby reduce the number of vehicles required to

service customers; and sequencing the stops along a route to provide best use of fuel,

driver schedules, and disposal trips. As an example, GIS-based routing system was

deployed in Elgin, Chicago. The result shows a reduction of one route which

represent 10% of the routes, reducing the hours per route by one hour, and increase in

the productivity of the routes from 57 yards per hour to 63 yards per hour (figure

10)[21]. In general, GIS show a key role in keeping an account data to assist

collection operations; customer service; analyzing efficient locations for transfer

stations; designing routes for vehicles transporting waste from residential, commercial

and industrial customers to transfer stations and from starting stations to landfills;

locating new landfills and monitoring the landfill. GIS is a tool has the ability reduce

cost and travelled time, but also supply a digital data bank for future monitoring

program of the site[22]. The technology can also provide ways for higher cognitive

process during planning especially when it comes to solid waste collection and

disposing[22].

2.4 Factors to be Considered of Poor Routing Collection Process in Garbage

Collection.

High operational costs and poor cost recovery for solid waste management is

is another issue in solid waste management. The main causes being long distances to

major roads, weak design of the routes and random location of collection points of

waste bins. However, cost recovery is highly affected by the household characteristics

and low incomes. Often some households cannot pay refuse collection charges due to
the their situation for being a poor (spending less than one USD per capita per day)

while others are discouraged because of the low level of service provision[3].

Inadequate waste collection in which a large percentage about 60% stay either in the

places where it originates or staying longer in the gathering areas leading to a number

of environmental and health hazards e.g. dust, smell, smokes from burning etc. In

addition, the stored waste become breeding grounds for disease carrying flies,

cockroaches, mosquitoes and rats (Halla and Majani, 1999) and thus creating health

risks[3]. Ahmed and Quader (2011) reported that, Bangladesh is facing public-health

risk such as, asthma, diarrhea and even skin diseases etc. due to uncollected disposal

of waste on streets and other public areas, drainage congestion by haphazardly

dumped wastes and contamination of water resources near uncontrolled dumping

site[11].

CHAPTER3. STUDY AREA

The study will conducted in Butuan City which is the capital Province of

Agusan del Norte and northwestern part of Region XIII, south part of Municipalities

of Las Nieves, Agusan del Norte, east and northwest of Municipaliy of Sibagat ,

Agusan del Sur and west part of Municipality of Buenavista , Agusan del Norte. It has

land area of 81,662 hectares which is roughly 4.1% of the total area in Caraga Region

and compose of 86 barangays; 27 urban barangays and 59 rural barangays. It has a

population of 337,063 people in 2015 census.

 \

Figure 1. Map of Butuan City, the Study Area

 CHAPTER4. METHODOLOGY

3.1Overview

Coordinate tracking will be establish to validate the location of landfill area to

disposed all waste and after the location was being determined we will go to network

analysis using ArcGIS software to analyze attribute data and spatial data to get the

shortest distance[4].

Reallocate bins on the road network ,install new bins near existing bin location

allow for putting more bins at the same intersection area and the number of bin

sharing the same intersection point related to surrounding land use and population of

the covered area[13].

At last consists of the waste collection routing optimization for minimum time,

distance, fuel consumption and cost. The waste collection optimisation model was

developed with the use of ArcGIS Network Analyst (NA) GIS Software[7].

3.2 Development of Shortest Path for Collection Process

ARC MAP(Arc Catalog , Features,

ROAD NETWORK
DATASc SET Vector DATA in Point)
(VECTOR DATA)

ARC MAP

( Network Analyst Tool) REALLOCATION OF

EXISTING WASTE BINS

 SHOTEST DISTANCE FOR WASTE
COLLECTION WASTE BINS

Attribute Data
Request a map of Road
 Road name
Network from Lidar
 Length
 Routes direction
 Authority
 Road Slope

GIS
CONSTRUCTION
ROAD NETWORK in

VECTOR DATA

GIS ANALYSIS
(Network Analyst)

Location of Municipal Distance to Shortest

Existing Waste Bins and Landfill Area Routes
Landfill

Figure 2. Shortest path process for waste disposal

Coordinate Tracking to validate the location of landfill area to disposed all waste.

After the location was being determined we will go to network analysis using ArcGIS

software to analyse attribute data and spatial data to get the shortest distance. Fuel
consumption estimation based on the total distance of each routes that used to collect

all waste and total fuel consumption using shortest distance that being calculated and

compared to the current route total fuel consumption that being used and transfer to

the landfill area[4].The shortest transportation distance was determined using ArcGIS

software on the basis of coordinate tracking, data collection for network analysis and

fuel consumption estimation[4]. A variety collection systems are used with respect to

municipal requirements. Each collection method has compatible container systems

and vehicles with dedicated loaders. Garbage trucks are classified in eight

gross-vehicle-weight (GVW) classes which means empty vehicle weight plus cargo

weight. For providing shortest path, the Arc GIS Network Analyst modelling is used.

It will used in the environment of real transportation data, Network Analyst model

includes real issue restrictions, such as unidirectional or one-way roads, prohibited

turns (e.g. U-turns)as well as demand at intersections (nodes) and along the

roads ,etc.These points also agree to pairs of vehicle stops (waste bins). In order to get

the optimal route or shortest route for garbage collection is to total travel time for is

the sum of the travel time for each road segment plus the collection time for the waste

collection bins. The final output is an efficient or shortest distance solution based on

the reduction of distance and time criteria[14]. The road network must be in

georeferenced and digitized in ArcGI environment using appropriate datum.

Shapefiles for road network (Roads.shp) also known in the layer[15].

Waste is collected using waste collection vehicle from its source of generation

and transported to the special facility, such as recyclable waste facility, or to a landfill

area[21]. Executing analysis over a network of connected edges and decides fleet

routing, travel directions, closest facility, service area, and location allocation and the

route optimization, network dataset edges represent the road network being traversed.
One-way streets, turn restrictions, obstacles, road conditions, and limitations can

address by GIS Network Analysis tool in order to determined the shortest path[23].

DTM raster images were used to develop the slope data for each corresponding street

segment[23].

3.3 Reallocation and Relocation of Existing Waste Bins

ROAD NETWORK ARC MAP (Arc Catalog , Features, GIS

DATA SET
construction, Vector DATA in Point)
(VECTOR DATA)

REALLOCATION AND
RELOCATION OF EXISTING
WASTE BINS

DATA COLLECTION

REQUEST OF A MAP OF ROAD

NETWORK IN VECTOR DATA FORM

GIS Model Construction

Proposed Collection Bins

GIS ANALYSIS

Relocation and
reallocation of
existing waste
bins
 Figure 3. Flow chart of reallocation waste bins and proposed waste bins

In order to reduce the number of required bins and vehicle stops. On the basis of

the population density and the type of buildings in the study area, bins of 1100L

capacity were considered preferable[2]. Spatial Database (SDB) development to

analyse the spatial data for the optimisation of the waste collection scheme in MoN, a

spatial database (SDB), within a GIS framework, was constructed. Reallocation of

bins can saved time to garbage truck and can minimize time cost[4]. This activity is

enforced in a GIS situation with the use of well-informed spatial analysis functions

and position of the waste collection bins in their newly proposed positions is based on

the following criteria and one of the criteria is the number of present bins is

determined by field study. Then, the reallocation of these bins in the study area is

performed according to the following rules which is allocate bins on the road network

(intersections are preferable, place new bins near existing bin locations and allow the

placement of more than one bin at the same intersection and the number of the bins

sharing the same intersection point is related to the surrounding land use and the

population of the covered area[14].GIS as a tool can help to optimize the location of

bins[15]. Waste bins should be near and comfortable distant for the residents[21].

Points (dots) were used to show the solid waste collection points; the types of

collection points as well as the legality were shown using different symbols (points)

in terms of shape and color variations[22].

 3.4 Comparison of existing routes and proposed routes in terms of reduction of
fuel consumption, traveled distance, traveled time and traveled cost.

ROAD NETWORK DATA ARC MAP(Arc Catalog , Features, GIS

SET
construction, Vector DATA in Point)
(VECTOR DATA)

ARC MAP REALLOCATION AND RELOCATION

( Network Analyst Tool)
OF EXISTING WASTE BINS

SHOTEST DISTANCE
(Vector data in Line)
Basis: ARC MAP
-Reduction of Traveled distance (GIS ANALYSIS)
-Reduction of Fuel Consumption
-Reduction Traveled Traveled
-Reduction of Traveled Cost

COMPARISON BETWEEN
EXISTING ROUTE AND
PROPOSED ROUTE
 Emphirical Data
DATA COLLECTION -Bins
-Routes
-Schedules

BackGround Request a Road

Spatial/Attributes Network Data
set from Lidar
COMPARISON-SAVING

GIS CONSTRUCTION Distance

Proposed new waste Time
Collected Bins collection routes Cost
Fuel Consumption
GIS ANALYSIS

Reallocation Resectori Optimal TOTAL SAVINGS

of waste bins -zation routing

Figure 4. Flow chart for the benefits of efficient routing.

The optimal path finding algorithm is based on the classic Dijkstra's algorithm

(Dijkstra, 1959) which solves the issue of optimal route selection on an undirected,

nonnegative weighted graph in a reasonable computational time[2]. Algorithm must

be adapted in order to address real problem restrictions, such as one-way roads,

prohibited turns (e.g. U-turns), demand at intersections (nodes) and along the roads,

and side-of-street constraints while reducing a user-specified cost attribute. The

fundamental point is to build a cost matrix containing the costs between start

destination and final destinations. These points agree to pairs of vehicle stops (waste

bins)[2].

Fuel consumption reduction is based on the total distance for each routes that

used to collect all waste from residential area in and the total distances are being
multiply by the coefficient of fuel consumption based on the distance travel of

garbage truck. In this study, garbage truck is refers to a truck specially designed to

collect municipal solid waste and transfer the collected waste to a solid waste

treatment facility such as sanitary landfill. Subsequently, the efficient distance for

transporting solid waste from residential area to landfill area were determined. Then,

total fuel consumptions using shortest distance were calculated and compared with

actual total fuel used to collect and transfer the waste to landfill[4].ThisThe Network

Analyst extension can perform ”Find Best Route”, which is can make a way a road

network problem by finding the efficient network from one stop to one or more

stops(waste bins location). Network modeling provide the opportunity to the user to

let the rules relating to the objects, arcs and events together with solving

transportation problems[9].

The time for driving during collection (component 2) is determined by the

average speed of the collection vehicle in the travel between stops and the total

distance travelled in the accumulation section of the route[14]. To calculate optimal

routes for solid waste collection, there were more inputs to the ArcGIS Network

Analyst VRP solver. A raster DTM file was imported into ArcGIS and included the

elevation and topographic relief information for the study area in order to perform test

calculations of slope for each road segment within the city. Once the input layers were

determined, different parameters needed to be configured on the VRP solver,

including: time windows,vehicle capacity, cost barriers, and restrictions. With all the

inputs and parameters set up, the VRP solver can construct a new optimized route

with optimal sequencing. The route was evaluated for accuracy and route parameters

were then adjusted accordingly. More route solve repeat were run until an optimal
collection route was known[23]. Solid waste collection vehicles normally have a large

load, fuel consumption possibly affected by the slope of the streets. Therefore, a road

slope analysis was first attempted at the beginning of the project[23].

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