FORMULA SHEET

Horizontal Curves

𝑅𝑇 𝑉 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑆𝑆𝐷 = + 𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
3.6 254(𝐹 ± 𝐺) 127(𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 )

Design Speed km/h Coefficient of Side Friction f Coefficient of Longitudinal

Friction fL
50 0.30 0.52

60 0.24 0.48

70 0.19 0.45

80 0.16 0.43

90 0.13 0.41

100 0.12 0.39

110 0.12 0.37
120 0.11 0.35

130 0.11 0.35

Road Type Speed range (km/h) Maximum superelevation (emax)

Urban All speeds 5%
High speed rural Greater than 90 6%
Intermediate speed rural Between 70 and 89 7%
Low speed rural Less than 70 10%

∆ ∆
𝑇 = 𝑅𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑀 = 𝑅 − 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2
∆ ∆
𝐶 = 2𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑀 = 𝑅(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
2 2
∆ 28.65𝑆
𝐸 = 2𝑅𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 𝑅 𝑀 = 𝑅(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
2 𝑅
𝛿1
1 𝐶1 = 2𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝐸 = 𝑅[ − 1] 2
∆
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
𝑅∆𝜋 𝐷
𝐿= 𝐶𝐷 = 2𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛
180 2
𝑙1 𝑙 𝐿 𝑙2 𝛿2
= = = 𝐶2 = 2𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝛿1 𝐷 ∆ 𝛿2 2

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 𝐺1 𝐿 𝐴
𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥/𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑦= 𝑥2
𝐴 200𝐿
𝐿 = 𝐾𝐴 𝐴 = |𝐺1 − 𝐺2 |
𝑆2 𝑆2
𝐾= 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑆 < 𝐿 𝐾= 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑆 < 𝐿
200(√ℎ1 + √ℎ2 ) 200(ℎ1 + 𝑆 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑞)

2
2𝑆 200(√ℎ1 + √ℎ2 ) 2𝑆 200(ℎ1 + 𝑆 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑞)
𝐾= − 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑆 > 𝐿 𝐾= − 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑆 > 𝐿
𝐴 𝐴2 𝐴 𝐴2

(𝐴1 + 𝐴2)
𝑉= 𝐿 LEH = FHD + OHD
2
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤
𝐸𝑂𝐷 =
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑙

𝑉𝑌
𝐿𝑑 =
3.6𝑆

Single Lane Roads (N=1)

𝑉 C = 2800 pce/h/lane
𝑆𝐹𝑖 = 𝐶 ( ) 𝑓𝑑 𝑓𝑤 𝑓𝐻𝑉 𝑁 Multi Lane Roads (N>1):
𝐶 𝑖
C =1900 pce/h/lane for <80km/h
C =2000 pce/h/lane for >80km/h

1
𝑓𝐻𝑉 = q = Peak Hour Volume /PHF
[1 + 𝑃𝑇 (𝐸𝑇 − 1) + 𝑃𝐵 (𝐸𝐵 − 1)]

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Roadway Capacity Tables

Level of Percent Average Volume/Capacity Ratioa for Level Terrain

Service Time Speedb Percent of length with sight distance less than 450m
Delayed
0 20 40 60 80 100
A <30 >93 0.15 0.12 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.04
B <45 >88 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.16
C <60 >83 0.43 0.39 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.32
D <75 >80 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.57
E >75 >72 1 1 1 1 1 1
F 100 <72 - - - - - -

Level of Percent Average Volume/Capacity Ratioa for Rolling Terrain

Service Time Speedb Percent of length with sight distance less than 450m
Delayed
0 20 40 60 80 100
A <30 >91 0.15 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.03
B <45 >86 0.26 0.23 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.13
C <60 >82 0.42 0.39 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.28
D <75 >78 0.62 0.57 0.52 0.48 0.46 0.43
E >75 >64 0.97 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90
F 100 <64 - - - - - -

Level of Percent Average Volume/Capacity Ratioa for Mountainous Terrain

Service Time Speedb Percent of length with sight distance less than 450m
Delayed
0 20 40 60 80 100
A <30 >99 0.14 0.09 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.01
B <45 >86 0.25 0.20 0.16 0.13 0.12 0.10
C <60 >78 0.39 0.33 0.28 0.23 0.20 0.16
D <75 >72 0.58 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.37 0.33
E >75 >56 0.91 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.78
F 100 <56 - - - - - -

a. Ratio of flow rate to an ideal capacity of 2,800 pc/h

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Adjustment factors for directional distribution of traffic on general terrain segments
Directional 100/0 90/10 80/20 70/30 60/40 50/50
Distribution
Adjustment 0.71 0.75 0.83 0.89 0.94 1.00
Factor

Adjustment Factors for the Combined Effect of Narrow Lanes and Restricted Shoulders
Useable 3.7m lane 3.3m lane 3.0m lane 2.7m lane
Shoulder
LOS LOS LOS LOS
Width LOS E LOS E LOS E LOS E
A to D A to D A to D A to D
(m)a
>2 1.00 1.00 0.93 0.94 0.84 0.87 0.70 0.76
1 0.89 0.96 0.82 0.91 0.75 0.84 0.63 0.73
0 0.70 0.88 0.65 0.82 0.58 0.75 0.49 0.66

a. When the shoulder width is different on each side of the road use the average shoulder width
b. LOS is level of service

Average Passenger Car Equivalents for Trucks and Buses on Two-Lane Highways on General Terrain
Segments
Vehicle Type Level of Service Type of Terrain
Level Rolling Mountainous
Truck (ET) A 2.0 4.0 7.0
B and C 2.2 5.0 10.0
D and E 2.0 5.0 12.0
Bus (Eb) A 1.8 3.0 5.7
B and C 2.0 3.4 6.0
D and E 1.6 2.9 6.5

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PAVEMENT ANALYSIS

 
Pavement Thickness(mm)  219  211(log CBR )  58(log CBR ) 2 log( DESA / 120)

In the above equation, CBR is expressed as a percentage and the maximum value to be used is 30.
m
 L 
SARs    HAVG
 SL 

Desired Project Reliability

Pavement Material
80% 85% 90% 95% 97.5%
Cemented Materials 4.7 3.3 2.0 1.0 0.5
Asphalt 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.67

12
113000
𝐸 0.804 + 191
𝑁 = 𝑅𝐹 [ ]
𝜇𝜀

9300 7
𝑁=[ ]
𝜇𝜀

6918(0.856 𝑉𝑏 + 1.08 5
𝑁 = 𝑅𝐹 [ ]
𝐸 0.36 𝜇𝜀

( 1  0.01R )P  1
CGF  for R  0
0.01R

N DT  365 x ( AADT / DF ) x (% HV / 100) x N HAVG x LDF x CGF

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