GREENHOUSE GASES

INVENTORY
INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITAS PERTAMINA
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
• To calculate greenhouse gases emission generated by an industrial
process based on tier 1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) 2006 Guidelines.
OUTLINE

GHG Inventory in Industry

Emission from Energy Use

Emission from Industrial Process and Product Use (IPPU)

 REVIEW: GREENHOUSE GASES
GREENHOUSE MAJOR ORIGIN CONTRIBUTION TO GWC* (CO2
GAS GHG EFFECT equivalent)
CO2 Breathing, energy Production, 55% 1
industrial process (cement Lifetime: ~125 year
manufacturing), deforestation
CH4 Natural gas and coal 15% 23
production/transportation, Lifetime: ~10 year
agriculture, livestock breeding,
swamps, decay of organic waste

N2O Fertilizers, combustion 5% 298

Lifetime ~120 year
Fluorinated Gas Aerosol propellants, refrigerant 15-20% 140-12,000
(CFC, HCFC, (freon) Lifetime: centuries
halons: PF6, SF6)  Ozone Depleting Substances

*GWC: Global Warming Capacity (1kg of gas equal to the effect of GWC x 1kg CO2 for one century)
in·ven·to·ry
/ˈinvənˌtôrē/ IPCC 2006 Guidelines
• noun
Provide internationally
a complete list of items such
as property, goods in stock, or agreed methodologies
the contents of a building. intended for use by
countries to estimate
• verb
greenhouse gas inventories
make a complete list of. to report to the UNFCCC.
(Oxford Dictionary)
Why we need a GHG Inventory?
INDUSTRIAL GHG SOURCES (Based on IPCC Guidelines)

Inventarisasi Inventarisasi Inventarisasi

Sektor IPPU Sektor Energi Sektor Limbah

GRK GRK

GRK

Penggunaan Produk GRK

• Refrigerant
Proses Energi
• Aerosol
• Pelarut
• Dll. Limbah
Bahan baku Bahan bakar

*IPPU: Industrial Processes and Product Use

HOW TO MEASURE GREENHOUSE GASES?

Direct measurement of CO2,

N2O,etc. concentration e.g.
to measure GHG emission
in Nitric acid production

Costly and sophisticated

procedure!
 WHAT DO WE NEED TO MEASURE GHG:
GENERAL FORMULA …Data, Data and Data….
Emission = Activity Data (AD) x
Emission Factor (EF) A tier represents a level of
methodological complexity.
1. Production data of the companies:
“Activity Data“:
• Activity Data
• Amounts of cement produced
• Production of steel
Tier 1 • IPCC default emission factors

• Fuel consumption
• Etc. • Activity Data
2. Emission Factors:
Tier 2 • Country-specific emission factors
• Country specific data available?
E.g. of fuel carbon content? • Activity Data

• IPCC default (average global Tier 3 • Process-specific emission factors or

direct measurement
value)
As a Non-Annex I country, Indonesia use tier 1
OUTLINE

GHG Inventory in Industry

Emission from Energy Use

Emission from Industrial Process and Product Use (IPPU)

EMISSION FROM ENERGY USE (FUEL
COMBUSTION)
Type
A Stationary Combustion
B Mobile Combustion
C Fugitive Combustion
D Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Transport, storage, injection, shipping of
Explanation
Fuel combustion in:
1) Energy industries;
2) Manufacturing industries and
constructions;
3) Others (residential, commercial, etc.)
Transportation (air, road, water)
Intentional or unintentional release of GHG
during the extraction, processing and
delivery of fossil
captured CO2
ENERGY: TIER 1 CALCULATION (stationary)
TIER Activity Data Emission Factor
TIER 1 Fuel Consumption Default IPCC (for each greenhouse gas)

TJ = Tera Joule = 1012 Joule

*Emission Factors  See IPCC 2016 Guidelines Volume 2 Page 2.16 - 2.23
ENERGY: TIER 1 CALCULATION

TJ = Tera Joule = 1012 Joule

IPCC 2016 Guidelines

Volume 2 Page 2.16)
ENERGY: TIER 1 CALCULATION

TJ = Tera Joule = 1012 Joule

IPCC 2016 Guidelines

Volume 2 Page 2.16)
EXAMPLE
A cement industry in West Sumatra use 23,000,000 Gjoule of Anthracite coal each
year to power their plant. Calculate their yearly CO2, CH4, and N2O emission.

1 𝑇𝐽
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 23,000,000 𝐺𝐽𝑥 3 = 23,000 𝑇𝐽
10 𝐺𝐽
Fuel consumption Emission Factor Emission Emission
GHG
(TJ) (kg GHG/TJ) (kg) (Giga Gram/Gg)
Anthracite Coal CO2 98,300 2.3 x 109 2.3 x 103
23,000 CH4 1 23,000 0.023
N2O 1.5 34,500 0.035
EXERCISE
• A ceramic industry in East Java use 276,881.75 MMBtu of natural gas each year to
power their plant. Calculate their yearly CO2, CH4, and N2O emission.
(1MMBtu = 106 Btu, 1 Btu = 1055.06 Joule)
1055.06 𝑇𝐽
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 276,881.75 𝑥 106 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑥 12
= 292.13 𝑇𝐽
10 𝐵𝑡𝑢

Fuel consumption Emission Factor Emission Emission

GHG
(TJ) (kg GHG/TJ) (kg) (Giga Gram/Gg)
Natural gas CO2 56100 16,388,318.8 16.4
292.13 CH4 1 292.13 2.92 x 10-4
N2O 3 876.39 8.76 x 10-4
ENERGY: TIER 1 CALCULATION (mobile)
TIER Activity Data Emission Factor
TIER 1 Fuel Consumption Default IPCC (for each greenhouse gas)

TJ = Tera Joule = 1012 Joule

ENERGY: TIER 1 CALCULATION (mobile)
OUTLINE

GHG Inventory in Industry

Emission from Energy Use

Emission from Industrial Process and Product Use (IPPU)

EMISSION FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
AND PRODUCT USE (IPPU)
Emission originated from:
1) Industrial processes that chemically or physically transform
materials; such as blast furnace in iron and steel industries,
cement making process.
2) Use of products which contain/release GHG in industry (SF6 in
electrical equipment and running shoes, N2O as a propellant in
aerosol products)
GENERAL FORMULA
Emission = Activity Data (AD) x Emission Factor (EF)
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES (IPPU)
Calcination of carbonate materials which release CO2
Production of chemicals from feedstock
Carbon’s role as process reactant
use of lubricants and solvents
as feedstock or reducing agent
 CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES (IPPU)
2B1 Produksi Amonia

2B2 Produksi Asam Nitrat

2A1 Produksi Semen
2B3 Produksi Asam Adipat

2A2 Produksi Kapur 2B4 Produksi Caprolactam, Glyoxal dan

Glyoxilic Acid
2A Industri 2B Industri
2A3 Produksi Kaca 2B5 Produksi Karbida
Mineral 2A4a Keramik
Kimia
2B6 Produksi Titanium Dioksida
2A4 Proses Karbonat 2A4b Penggunaan Soda Abu lainnya
Lainnya 2A4c Produksi Magnesia Non Metalurgi 2B7 Produksi Soda Ash
2A4d Lain-lain 2B8 Produksi Petrokimia dan Carbon Black
2A5 Lain-lain 2B9 Produksi Fluorochemicals
2B9a Emisi by-product

2B9b Emisi fugitive

2B10 Lain-lain

2B8a Metanol
2B8b Etilen
2B8c Etilen Diklorida dan VCM
2B8 Produksi Petrokimia
dan Carbon Black 2B8d Etilen Dioksida
2B8e Akrilonitril
2B8f Carbon Black
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES (IPPU)
2C1 Produksi Besi dan Baja
2C2 Produksi Ferroalloys
2C3 Produksi Aluminium
2C Industri Logam 2C4 Produksi Magnesium
2C5 Produksi Timbal
2C6 Produksi Seng
2C7 Lain-lain
MINERAL INDUSTRY: CEMENT PRODUCTION
• In cement manufacture, CO2 is produced during the production of clinker, an
intermediate product which then finely ground, and mixed with gypsum or other
material before sold as cement.
CaCO3 + heat  CaO + CO2
MINERAL INDUSTRY: CEMENT PRODUCTION

http://www.great-
wall.co/uploadfile/image/2015/04/0117098035.jpg
MINERAL INDUSTRY: CEMENT PRODUCTION

Emission Factor = 0.52 tonne CO2/tonne clinker

(page 2.22 IPCC Guidelines)
 MINERAL INDUSTRY: CEMENT PRODUCTION
TIER Activity Data Emission Factor
Production of cement (clinker fraction depend Default IPCC: 0.52 tonne
TIER 1
on cement type) CO2/tonne clinker

If a cement company produce 27,800,000 tonne of Portland cement and

export 3,552,000 tonne clinker each year, calculate its CO2 emission
generated from their production process!

CO2 Emission = [(Cement production x clinker fraction) – Import + Export)] x EF

𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 𝐶𝑂2

𝐶𝑂2 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 27,800,000 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 0.95 − 0 + 3,552,000 tonne clinker x0.52
𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑒𝑟

𝐶𝑂2 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 15,580,240 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 𝐶𝑂2 = 15,6 𝐺𝑡 𝐶𝑂2

 METAL INDUSTRY: IRON & STEEL PRODUCTION

The iron making process is

the most emissions
intensive part for making
steel, producing 70-80% of
the total emissions. This
involves reacting iron ore
with a reducing agent, like
coking coal, and produces
large volumes of CO2.

http://hub.globalccsinstitute.com/sites/default/files/insights/114501/ironandsteel.png
METAL INDUSTRY: IRON & STEEL PRODUCTION
TIER Activity Data Emission Factor
TIER 1 Production data of iron and steel from each process Default IPCC (see page 4.25)

CO2 EMISSION
Emission Factor

CH4 EMISSION
 METAL INDUSTRY: IRON & STEEL PRODUCTION
Example: CO2 and CH4 emission calculation
A steelmaking company produce a variety of products as follows:
1. Steel produced from Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) = 241,363.16 tonne/year
2. Iron produced from pig iron = 286.13 tonne/year
3. Sinter production = 1,355,685.62 tonne/year

CO2 EMISSION Production Emission Factor CO2emission CO2emission

Steelmaking (tonne CO2/tonne
(tonne) (tonne CO2) (Gg CO2)
Method product)
A B C=A*B D = C/103
Basic Oxygen
241363.16 1.46 352390 352.390
Furnace
Pig Iron Production 286.13 1.35 386 0.386
Sinter Production 1355685.62 0.2 271137 271.137
TOTAL 623.914
METAL INDUSTRY: IRON & STEEL PRODUCTION
CH4 EMISSION
Type of Production Amount of Emission Factor CH4 Emissions CH4 Emissions
Production
(tonne sinter, DRI (kg CH4/tonne
(kg) (Gg)
or pig iron) production)
A B C=A*B D = C/106
Sinter Production 1355685.62 0.07 94898 94.90
Direct Reduced Iron
(DRI) Production
Pig Iron Production 286.13 na*
TOTAL 94.9
 HOMEWORK : MOVIE REVIEW
a) Blue Vinyl
b) The Day after Tomorrow
c) An Inconvenience Truth
d) Chasing Ice
e) Earth (2007)
f) Polluting Paradise
g) Minamata: The victim and their
world
h) Before the flood
Review Questions
1. Make a short synopsis about the
movie.
2. What kind of disaster happened in
the movie? Describe its relation to
global warming/environmental
pollution?
3. What kind of solution could you
offer to solve those problems?
REFERENCES
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 Guidelines
• http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/
SEE YOU NEXT WEEK
PREPARE FOR QUIZ