Professional Documents
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RAFAEL F. ESCAMILLA, PT, PhD, CSCS, FACSM1 • TORAN D. MACLEOD, PT, PhD2 • KEVIN E. WILK, PT, DPT3
LONNIE PAULOS, MD4 • JAMES R. ANDREWS, MD5
T
here are an estimated 200 000 injuries related to the reconstructed knee, and how
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) annually in the United different exercises and technique
variations play a role in ACL
States, over half of which result in a complete ACL rupture.
Copyright © 2012 Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy®. All rights reserved.
1
Professor, Department of Physical Therapy, California State University, Sacramento, CA. 2Postdoctoral Scholar, Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California,
San Francisco, CA. 3Associate Clinical Director, Champion Sports Medicine, Birmingham, AL. 4Orthopaedic Surgeon, Joint Preservation and Sports Injury Clinic, Salt Lake City,
Utah. 5Medical Director, American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, AL; Medical Director, Andrews Institute for Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine, Gulf Breeze, FL. Address
correspondence to Dr Rafael Escamilla, California State University, Sacramento, Department of Physical Therapy, 6000 J St, Sacramento, CA 95819-6020. E-mail: rescamil@csus.edu
208 | march 2012 | volume 42 | number 3 | journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy
B
utler et al9 have shown that on an intact normal ACL for individuals and knee ranges of motion to be studied,
the ACL provides 86% of the total with no postsurgical edema, pain, range- they are inexpensive and noninvasive,
resistance to an anterior translation of-motion limitations, and, most impor- and the estimated loads are better gen-
of the tibia relative to the femur. As ten- tantly, strength deficits. eralized to the active athletic population,
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sile forces produced by the quadriceps The advantage of in vivo studies is that because variables related to how the ex-
and hamstrings can result in anteriorly or ACL strain is directly measured by using ercises were performed are often better
posteriorly directed translation forces at strain sensors attached to the anterome- controlled.
the tibiofemoral joint, there is potential dial bundle of the ACL, and all strain val- The obvious disadvantage of experi-
for the muscles surrounding the knee to ues obtained during various exercises can mental biomechanical knee models is
Copyright © 2012 Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy®. All rights reserved.
load or unload the ACL. The quadriceps, be referenced to the ACL strain obtained that ACL loading is not measured di-
when contracting, exerts via the patel- with an instrumented Lachman test per- rectly, therefore, the models only pro-
lar tendon an anteriorly directed force formed with 150 N of force. But there are vide an estimate. However, if the same
on the proximal tibia when the knee is several disadvantages to measuring ACL experimental model is used for all exer-
between approximately 0° and 60° of strain in vivo. It is an invasive procedure cises, a good relative comparison of ACL
flexion, loading the ACL.9,25 Conversely, that is time consuming, costly, and is loads resulting from these exercises can
an active quadriceps exerts a posteriorly performed on patients during or imme- be obtained. Another limitation in using
directed force when the knee is in great- diately after intra-articular knee surgery experimental biomechanical knee models
er than approximately 60° of flexion, not involving the cruciate ligaments (eg, is that most are limited to sagittal plane
Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy®
unloading the ACL.9,25 In contrast, the meniscectomy), which limits the types of motion, which may be reasonable because
hamstrings, when contracting, exert a activities that can be performed. In addi- squatting, lunging, and similar exercises
posteriorly directed force on the proximal tion, the exercise techniques used by the are performed primarily in the sagittal
end of the tibia throughout the full range patients in these studies were generally plane with only minimal transverse plane
of knee motion, and especially at higher not well controlled. For example, there rotary motions and frontal plane valgus/
knee flexion angles, unloading the ACL. are many variations in the performance varus motions. However, these studies
Excluding other forces that may also of a squat that affect muscle forces and may underestimate the ACL loading of
load the ACL (externally applied forces, ACL loading, such as using a narrow or individuals with weak hip abductors and
ground reaction forces, etc), when the an- wide stance, turning the feet in or out, external rotators who perform these ex-
teriorly directed force component of the having a near-vertical trunk position ercises without good femoral control (ie,
patellar tendon exceeds the posteriorly versus a trunk-forward position of 30° with excessive transverse plane rotary
directed force from the hamstrings dur- to 45° relative to vertical, or controlling motions and frontal plane valgus/varus
ing an exercise or activity, a net anteriorly the distance that the knees move forward motions).45
directed force is applied to the proximal beyond the toes. Other disadvantages of Therefore, reported ACL loading val-
end of the tibia, loading the ACL.4 There- in vivo studies are that they typically use a ues measured directly in vivo and indi-
fore, when performing various exercises nonathletic population, generally employ rectly from experimental models should
and activities, the relative amount of ac- only body weight or light external resis- both be interpreted with caution. How-
tivation of both the quadriceps and ham- tance during the exercises, and usually ever, several in vivo studies2-4,18,19,23 that
strings has the ability to change the load collect ACL strain data at selected knee directly measured ACL loading during
sustained by the ACL. flexion angles and only for the anterome- squatting and lunging exercises reported
Both direct in vivo measure- dial bundle of the ACL. Therefore, the a peak ACL strain of approximately 2.8%
ments2-4,18,19,23 and experimental biome- ability to generalize the results of ACL to 4% (approximately 100 to 150 N) at
chanical models12-17,44,49-54,61,62 have been strain measurements made in vivo to the knee flexion angles between 0° and 30°,
used to quantify ACL strain or tensile active athletic population, which com- which are values of similar magnitude
journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy | volume 42 | number 3 | march 2012 | 209
ACL Force, N
300
viding some level of validity to the data
and also allowing cautious comparisons 45°
200
of data obtained within and between
measurement techniques.
100 60°
I
10 20 30 40
n healthy adults, the ultimate
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and donor characteristics (eg, autograft axis decreases ACL force. Abbreviation: ACL, anterior cruciate ligament. Adapted from Pandy and Shelburne.43
Reproduced with permission.
versus allograft; patellar tendon versus
hamstrings graft, etc).7,8,22 However, in the
first few months post–ACL reconstruc- a bone-patellar tendon-bone graft dur- to be minimized compared to the tensile
tion, the ACL graft and the graft fixation ing the first 2 to 3 months following ACL load in the bone-patellar tendon-bone
sites are potentially significantly weaker reconstruction. Rodeo et al47 investigated graft; although more research is needed
than their eventual ultimate strength and the biomechanical and histological char- to make conclusive statements and deter-
may potentially be injured with consider- acteristics of the healing of tendon to mine the exact nature of these differences.
ably less force. Immediately after surgery, bone, and reported that between 8 and Early after surgery, relative protection
Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy®
the graft fixation sites require time for in- 12 weeks postsurgery the mode of fail- of the autograft donor site must also be
corporation with the surrounding bone. ure during tensile loading of the graft considered. Therefore, force generation
Also, over time, after an initial weaken- changed from pull-out at the tendon- from the hamstrings should be mini-
ing and revascularization process, the bone interface to failure at the tendon- mized when a hamstring autograft is
graft itself must mature by undergoing a clamp junction or the midsubstance of employed and, conversely, force genera-
process referred to as “ligamentization.”39 the graft. Based on these observations, tion from the quadriceps should be mini-
As the maturation process occurs over a the authors recommended a period of 8 to mized when a bone-patellar tendon-bone
period of several weeks, the ultimate ten- 12 weeks for proper incorporation of soft autograft is employed.
sile properties of the graft increase. Un- tissue grafts at their insertion sites. These The second factor that has received
fortunately, it is not known how much authors also suggested that the strength significant attention in the literature
force to the graft and its fixations is either of the soft tissue-bone interface may in- is whether differences should be made
too great and potentially injurious or too crease most during the first 4 weeks af- in exercise selection and timing of pro-
little and potentially provides inadequate ter the transplantation of the tendon. gression for allografts versus autografts.
stimulus for the enhancement of healing Therefore, minimizing tensile loading There is general agreement that strength
in the early phases of ACL rehabilitation. of the hamstring graft may be especially of the fixations and maturation of the
There are several factors related to important during the initial 4 weeks post- graft itself are delayed with allografts.
graft types to consider when selecting an surgery. In contrast to the up to 12 weeks Patients undergoing an allograft ACL
exercise progression, the 2 most impor- needed for the healing of the soft tissue procedure require more time for the graft
tant of which are the type of graft fixa- graft to bone, the fixation strength of a to be incorporated into the body. The in-
tion and the origin of the graft (allograft bone autograft (eg, patellar tendon graft) corporation rates for allografts have been
versus autograft). First, hamstring grafts to bone has been shown to occur in 6 to stated to be about twice the length of time
require fixation of soft tissue (tendon) to 8 weeks.11,60 Therefore, during the early compared to an autograft.32 It is, there-
bone, which appears to not be as strong phases of ACL rehabilitation, the tensile fore, recommended that exercise selec-
as the bone-to-bone fixation provided by load into the hamstring graft may need tion be more conservative and return to
210 | march 2012 | volume 42 | number 3 | journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy
approach with soft tissue fixations and flexion) using a 45-N (10-lb) force as resistance
allografts. Dynamic seated knee extension (0°-90° of knee 2.8† 10
flexion) without external resistance
ACL LOADING DURING Isometric seated knee extension using a 30-Nm 4.4 15
T
ABLES 1 through 3 and the FIGURE Isometric seated knee extension using a 30-Nm –0.2 60
present ACL strain, ACL tensile torque as resistance
force, and anterior shear force (ACL Isometric seated knee extension using a 30-Nm –0.5 90
loading) data for knee extension per- torque as resistance
formed in a seated position. Peak ACL Fleming et al19 100-N (22.5-lb) Lachman test 3.0 30
strain (TABLE 1) was between 3.2% and 150-N (34-lb) Lachman test 3.5 30
journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy | volume 42 | number 3 | march 2012 | 211
212 | march 2012 | volume 42 | number 3 | journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy
dynamic knee flexion exercises begin- a short step forward using 12 repetitions of
ning around week 8. During weeks 8 to maximum dumbbell resistance*
12 postoperatively, hamstring exercises Escamilla et al16 Forward lunge (0°-90° of knee flexion) while 0
for patients with hamstring graft should taking a normal-length step forward using 12
be performed in the usually pain-free repetitions of maximum dumbbell resistance*
range of motion of approximately 0° to Side lunge (0°-90° of knee flexion) while taking a 0
90°. Thereafter, range of motion and load normal-length step sideways using 12 repetitions
can be progressed as the patient becomes of maximum dumbbell resistance*
stronger and the semitendinosus muscle Lunging forward and sideways (0°-90° of knee flex- 0
Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy®
heals to the adjacent semimembranosus ion) while taking a normal-length step using 12
muscle. repetitions of maximum dumbbell resistance*
Lunging forward and sideways (0°-90° of knee flex- 0
ACL LOADING DURING WB ion) while keeping both feet stationary using 12
T
he standard squat typically re- Squat (0°-90° of knee flexion) with heel on the 28 <50
force (TABLE 2). The minimal or ab- Single-leg squat (0°-90° of knee flexion) without 142 <50
in part, due to the increased hamstrings Kulas et al35 Single-leg squat (0°-90° of knee flexion) without 124 15 to 25
ity during the barbell squat was between Shelburne and Dynamic squat-to-stand 20 25
mum voluntary isometric contraction, Pflum et al44 Double-foot drop landing stepping off a 60-cm 253 33 to 48
(eg, 30°) when peak ACL loading poten- Shin et al55 Single-leg landing from running to a stop 1294 25 to 30
tially occurs, hamstring activity was still Abbreviation: ACL, anterior cruciate ligament.
*Heaviest resistance possible that allowed the performance of 12 consecutive repetitions with proper
approximately 30% to 60% of a maxi- form and technique.
mum voluntary isometric contraction.
Moreover, peak hamstrings force during
journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy | volume 42 | number 3 | march 2012 | 213
Escamilla et al12,14 reported significantly a forward trunk tilt of 30° or more being floor. These 2 factors, as discussed above,
greater ACL loading during the single-leg optimal for relatively high recruitment may lead to greater load on the ACL dur-
squat, in which the knee moved forward of the hamstrings and minimizing ACL ing a squat. Maintaining a vertical trunk
an average SD of 10 2 cm beyond the loading. Progressively increasing for- position during the squat progressively
toes, compared to performing a double- ward trunk tilt during the squat tends to moves the trunk’s center of mass in a
leg squat with the knees remaining over increase hamstrings activity and decrease posterior direction as the knees go into
the feet. quadriceps activity, both resulting in ACL flexion and, to maintain the body’s cen-
Trunk position during the perfor- unloading at knee angles less than 60°.42 ter of mass over the base of support (the
mance of a squat can also affect ACL In addition, Kulas et al35 demonstrated feet), the knees must move forward be-
loading. Compared to a more vertical that performing a single-leg squat with a yond the toes. Therefore, squatting with
trunk position, performing a squat with forward trunk tilt of 35° to 40° compared a vertical trunk position, which decreases
the trunk tilted forward, using hip flex- to 10° to 15° resulted in a 24% decrease hamstrings activity and increases quad-
ion, has been shown to decrease ACL in ACL tensile force and a 16% decrease riceps activity, leads to higher ACL load-
loading.35,42 This seems to be consistent in ACL strain, which was suggested to be ing.14,35,42 Conversely, squatting with the
with the increase in hamstring muscular primarily due to a 35% increase in ham- trunk tilted forward 30° to 40° appears
activity and force measured while squat- strings force. There is, therefore, consis- to be ideal to increase hamstrings activity
ting with the trunk tilted forward ap- tent evidence that trunk position can be and minimize ACL loading.
proximately 30° to 40° (from a vertical used to promote recruitment of the ham- Escamilla et al12,14 reported greater
position) compared to squatting with a strings and further reduce ACL loading peak ACL loading (59 N) in the single-
more erect trunk position (10° to 15° of during single- and double-leg squatting. leg squat exercise compared to the dou-
forward tilt).35,42 Ohkoshi et al42 reported It should be emphasized that it is not ble-leg wall squat exercise (0 N)14 and
that there was no ACL loading at any of possible to squat down very deeply in a the double-leg barbell squat (0 N). It is,
the knee flexion angles (15°, 30°, 60°, and vertical trunk position without the knees therefore, appropriate to start ACL reha-
90°) tested when maintaining a squat po- moving forward beyond the toes, which bilitation with double-leg squatting and
214 | march 2012 | volume 42 | number 3 | journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy
ACL reconstruction due, in part, to knee tensile forces were measured under com- (75, 125, and 175 W) and at 2 different
swelling and pain. Therefore, perform- binations of high or low foot placement, cadences (60 and 90 rpm), performed in
ing double-leg squat exercises early in using either a wide or narrow stance.13 a random order. There was no significant
the ACL rehabilitation process through Therefore, the leg press can be an ef- difference in ACL strain found between
a limited range of motion (eg, 0° to fective exercise to employ during ACL the 2 cadences or between the 3 power
Copyright © 2012 Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy®. All rights reserved.
45°), with light resistance (initially body rehabilitation. levels. The average peak ACL strain
weight alone), may be appropriate due During the early rehabilitation pro- ranged from 1.2% (175 W and 90 rpm)
to minimal or no ACL loading (depend- cess following ACL reconstruction, the to 2.1% (125 W and 60 rpm) across the
ing on squat technique, which affects patient may begin the leg press with light power and cadence combinations, and
ACL loading). These types of WB exer- resistance between 0° and 45° knee flex- occurred at a mean of 38° of knee flexion
cises may also enhance lower extremity ion angles. As the patient’s knee swelling (ranging from 37° to 50°). However, peak
proprioception. Therefore, through the decreases and lower extremity strength ACL strain values were highly variable
rehabilitation process, based on goals, improves, the patient can perform the leg among subjects (ranging from –3.4% to
variations in knee angle and technique press with increasing knee flexion angles 5.1%), with 1 subject never producing
Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy®
may be used to change how much load- between 0° and 90°, and with increas- greater than zero strain, indicating that
ing occurs on the ACL. ing loads. Although ACL strain has been the ACL was unloaded for all conditions
shown to be low during the leg press, only while bicycling. Given that the Lachman
Forward and Side Lunge limited technique variations have been test, performed on those same individu-
Like the squat, ACL loading is minimal investigated.12,13 Because quadriceps ac- als to provide a reference value, produced
during the forward and side lunge (TABLES tivity is high during the leg press (espe- strains of 3% and 3.5% with application
1 and 2). The low ACL loading during the cially with higher-intensity training),12,62 of 100-N and 150-N anterior shear forces
forward and side lunge is, in part, due which has the potential to load the ACL to the tibia, respectively, the peak ACL
to relatively high hamstrings activation, at lower knee flexion angles (especially strain values recorded while bicycling
peaking at approximately 150 N at knee between 0° and 30°) when employing can be considered relatively low. Further,
angles less than 30°.15,16 a variety of technique variations, it may the findings that peak ACL strain values
Like squatting, a forward trunk tilt be appropriate to perform the leg press did not increase with increased cadence
may also decrease ACL loading during at higher knee flexion angles (eg, 40° to or power output indicate that individu-
the forward-lunge exercises. Lunging 90°) once these knee angles are obtain- als undergoing rehabilitation following
with increased forward trunk tilt com- able. Higher knee flexion angles mini- ACL reconstruction may use the station-
pared to a more erect trunk position has mize ACL loading and are more effective ary bicycle to increase muscular and car-
been shown to increase hamstrings activ- in recruiting the quadriceps, hamstrings, diovascular workload without producing
ity,17 and an increase in hamstrings force and gluteal musculature than lower additional loading on the ACL.
has been shown to decrease ACL load- knee flexion angles, when performing
ing.15,16,35 Because of low ACL loading, the leg press.12,62 The authors prefer to Functional Activities
forward and side lunging may be benefi- perform the leg press using these larger A number of studies have looked at func-
cial after ACL reconstruction, beginning knee flexion angles prior to performing tional activities such as walking, stair
with limited range of motion (eg, 0° to deeper squats, as the leg press facilitates climbing, step-up and step-down, and
45° of knee flexion) and lower intensity, controlling the effects of gravity, and to rising from kneeling. Walking on level
journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy | volume 42 | number 3 | march 2012 | 215
of rehabilitation early following ACL re- load is the same between the healthy in- that the earlier introduction of NWB
construction, emphasizing normal range dividuals who participated in the studies exercises significantly increased ante-
of motion, symmetry, and the elimination measuring ACL loading and individuals rior knee laxity but did not result in any
of assistive devices.38 However, early after with an ACL reconstruction is potentially significant difference for knee extension
ACL reconstruction, crutches and partial only valid once the strength of the sur- torques.24 The NWB exercise included
Copyright © 2012 Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy®. All rights reserved.
weight bearing are generally used. De- rounding musculature is returned to a in this study was seated knee extension,
spite the fact that the ACL is loaded dur- level similar to that in healthy subjects. with the range of motion progressed to
ing level walking, early weight bearing has Quality of motion, such as during jump- include full extension (0°-90°) in the fifth
been shown to lead to better outcomes ing or landing from a plyometric exercise, week and external resistance provided
than late weight bearing.1 Therefore, lev- should also be considered, as the knee within the patient’s tolerance. In con-
el walking should be incorporated once moving into valgus with hip adduction trast, between weeks 5 and 8 postsurgery
pain, joint effusion, and symmetrical knee and internal rotation can greatly increase and in addition to a standard rehabilita-
extension are under control.36 ACL loading.26-31 tion protocol, Tagesson et al56 examined
Peak ACL strain was not significantly the early introduction of NWB exercise
Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy®
different between stair climbing at slower NWB VERSUS WB EXERCISES for ACL rehabilitation by having a NWB
versus faster rates.3,4,23 It can be conclud- group perform a single-leg standing hip
B
ed that increasing the rate of stepping oth WB and NWB exercises have extension exercise and a seated knee
during stair climbing may not increase been used and shown to be effective extension exercise, while a WB group
ACL strain. ACL loading was similar be- for rehabilitation post–ACL recon- performed a single-leg squat in a Smith
tween rising from a kneeling position and struction and return to sport.48 However, machine. Findings included no difference
stair climbing, but greater in level walk- there is evidence to suggest that individu- in anterior knee laxity between the WB
ing (TABLE 3). Step-ups and step-downs als who perform predominantly WB ex- and NWB groups, significantly greater
generated the same amount of ACL strain ercises, compared to NWB exercises, in isokinetic quadriceps strength in the
(TABLE 1). their rehabilitation tend to have less knee NWB group, and no other functional dif-
pain and more stable knees, are generally ferences between the 2 groups.
Plyometric Activities more satisfied with the end result, and re- However, the 2 studies24,56 differ in
A double-leg drop jump from a 60-cm turn to their sport sooner.24 terms of the timing of the introduction of
platform only resulted in approximately There are conflicting reports in the the NWB exercise, and the exercise tech-
250 N of ACL tensile force,44 which was literature regarding the outcomes of ac- niques were not well described in either
similar to the ACL loading that occurred celerated ACL rehabilitation protocols, study. Finally, the literature provides no
when performing knee extension exercis- which may include WB and NWB exercis- clear indication as to when it is best to in-
es in a seated position. Therefore, lower- es. In a review article by Fleming et al,20 clude NWB exercises and what the limi-
intensity plyometric exercises, such as the the authors suggested that knee function, tations of exercise techniques should be.
double-leg drop jump, should precede patient satisfaction, and graft healing We also do not have a clear understand-
higher-intensity plyometric exercises, may not be affected by controlled WB and ing of the limitations for different graft
such as the single-leg drop jump, which NWB exercises. However, other system- types or populations (eg, athletic versus
come later in the ACL rehabilitation atic reviews21,58 have suggested that the nonathletic).
process. evidence is not conclusive regarding the TABLES 1 through 3 present ACL strain,
216 | march 2012 | volume 42 | number 3 | journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy
flexion angles of 30°, 50°, and 70°, squat- external rotators), which helps stabilize tografts, potentially indicating a need for
ting, lunging, and step-up/step-down the knee and protect the ACL.23 There- slower progression in rehabilitation and
exercises had the greatest ACL strain at fore, for the same muscular challenge, return to sport in these individuals. The
the 30° knee flexion angle.23 Therefore, WB exercises minimize ACL strain to a exercises chosen in early, intermediate,
if the rehabilitation goal is to minimize greater extent than NWB seated knee and advanced phases of ACL rehabilita-
Copyright © 2012 Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy®. All rights reserved.
ACL loading, training with NWB and WB extension, and WB exercises are more tion must therefore be carefully selected
exercises at higher knee flexion angles functional multijoint, multimuscle ex- based on the stages of incorporation and
(eg, 50° to 100°) is recommended over ercises that are effective in developing maturation of the graft and with consid-
performing these exercises at lower knee important hip and thigh musculature. eration of the differences in the nature of
flexion angles (eg, 10° to 50°). However, However, NWB exercises can also be ef- the graft fixation and source of the graft.
the deeper knee angles, because of the fective when employed correctly and at Early after ACL reconstruction, it may
greater muscular efforts they require and the correct time, and are often selected be prudent to choose exercises that mini-
the potential limitations (eg, swelling and for their ability to isolate training of in- mize loading of the ACL graft. In theory,
pain) of acquiring higher knee angles, dividual muscles, such as the quadriceps. early after surgery, the best approach
Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy®
may not be practical or advisable for WB Peak ACL tensile force is also of rela- to begin strengthening important hip
exercises in the early stages of rehabilita- tively low magnitude, typically under 150 and thigh musculature, while minimiz-
tion. ACL strain with the knee in full ex- N for WB exercises and between approxi- ing loading of the ACL graft, would be
tension (0°) during exercise has not been mately 150 and 350 N for the seated knee to exercise at higher knee flexion angles
measured and reported but is assumed to extension exercise (TABLE 2). These peak (eg, 50° to 100°), using both WB and
be minimal, due to the knee being in a values occurred at lower knee angles, NWB exercises. However, early after sur-
very stable closed pack position. typically between 15° and 35°. The high- gery pain, swelling and inadequate knee
It should be emphasized that ACL est ACL tensile forces between NWB and range of motion may prevent exercis-
strain for both NWB and WB exercises WB exercises occurred during maximal- ing at these higher knee flexion angles,
at knee angles less than 60°, while higher effort isokinetic seated knee extension especially using WB exercise due to the
than ACL strain at greater knee flexion exercises, in which ACL tensile force was greatly increased muscular demands
angles, is still of relatively small mag- approximately 40% greater at 60°/s com- with higher knee flexion angles (eg, 50°
nitude (estimated to be approximately pared to a faster speed of 180°/s. to 100°) compared to lower knee flex-
150 N or less) (TABLE 1). This is based on ion angles (eg, 0° to 50°). Because ACL
the data that a 150-N Lachman test per- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS loading is less with WB compared to
formed at 30° of knee flexion produced NWB exercises, and because ACL load-
T
between 3.5% and 3.7% strain of the he rehabilitation specialist ing is relatively low using WB exercises at
ACL,2,19 and the ACL strain data reported should be concerned about the pa- lower knee flexion angles, early after sur-
in TABLE 1 are typically less than 3.5%. tient’s ACL graft strength and fixa- gery it may be appropriate to begin with
Peak ACL strain was generally greater tion when developing and selecting the WB exercises like minisquats and lunges
when performing seated knee extension most appropriate therapeutic exercises. performed in a range of 0° to 45° knee
as compared to most WB exercises (TABLE Immediately following ACL surgery, the flexion range using partial body weight
1).23 For example, performing a leg press weak link is the fixation of the graft into (ie, assistance of the contralateral limb)
with 40% body weight resistance, stair the femoral and tibial tunnels. While initially and gradually progressing to
journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy | volume 42 | number 3 | march 2012 | 217
W
can also begin between 0° to 45° of knee strengthening exercises and drills of the hen summarizing the overall
flexion using low-intensity loads. When entire lower extremity. At this stage, the data on ACL loading during ex-
higher knee flexion ranges are obtained, quadriceps may be targeted with specific ercises, we conclude that for
higher-intensity loads can be employed exercises if needed. During this phase, we both NWB and WB exercises, greater
between 50° to 100° knee flexion dur- suggest employing moderate resistance ACL loading occurs at lower knee flex-
ing the NWB seated knee extension and intensity and exercises such as bicycling ion angles (10° to 50°), with peak load-
the WB leg press, which allows enhanced through full range of motion, stair climb- ing occurring between 10° to 30° of knee
hip and thigh strengthening (compared ing machines, step-ups/step-downs, flexion. For both types of exercises, ACL
to lower-intensity loads) without load- lunges, squats, leg presses, and wall/ball loading progressively decreases from ap-
ing the ACL (due to employing higher squats, and that progressive quadriceps, proximately 30° to 60° of knee flexion,
knee flexion angles). Cycling can also hamstrings, and hip-strengthening exer- with no ACL loading occurring at knee
be performed, initially using a partial cises be continued. flexion angles beyond 60°. One notewor-
Downloaded from www.jospt.org at on April 18, 2018. For personal use only. No other uses without permission.
knee range of motion with low intensity The advanced phases of ACL re- thy difference between WB and NWB
and progressing to higher knee flexion habilitation involve running, jump- exercises is that the magnitude of ACL
angles and higher intensity. Neuromus- ing, higher-intensity plyometrics, and loading between 10° and 50° is greater
cular electrical stimulation has also been sport-specific training. We recommend with the NWB knee extension exercises.
shown to be a useful adjunct to strength- progression from double-leg drills to Therefore, performing seated knee ex-
Copyright © 2012 Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy®. All rights reserved.
ening exercises in individuals post -ACL single-leg drills and employing caution tension exercises between 10° and 50°
reconstruction, especially for quadriceps when initiating rapid deceleration, cut- of knee flexion range of motion, with or
strengthening, since quadriceps inhibi- ting drills, and single-leg landing from without resistance, produces significantly
tion due to swelling and pain can limit a jump. Our recommendations are to greater ACL loading compared to WB ex-
volitional quadriceps strengthening. 34 initiate straight-line running first and to ercises (such as double-leg and single-leg
Another approach of reducing ACL gradually progress to deceleration and squats, leg presses, lunging, stair climb-
loading while performing lower extrem- cutting when appropriate neuromuscular ing, step-ups/step-downs, and bicycling)
ity exercises is to facilitate a greater control, dynamic stability, and strength performed in that same range of motion.
hamstring contraction during squatting, are exhibited. Rapid deceleration ac- It is our perspective that WB exer-
Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy®
lunges, and balance activities. This can be tivities, such as single-leg landing from cises also have the advantage of recruit-
accomplished by maintaining a forward a jump or running and cutting move- ing important muscle groups at the hip
trunk tilt (using hip flexion) between 30° ments, generate very high ACL loading (hip extensors, abductors, and external
and 40° or higher at the lowest position and are often implicated in ACL injuries, rotators) and the knee (quadriceps and
of lunging and squatting exercises, and by especially in individuals with inadequate hamstrings) that serve to control low-
maintaining the heels on the ground and control of the femur in the frontal and er-limb alignment and enhance knee
the knees over the feet. During squatting transverse planes, often due to weak hip proprioception. With all WB exercises,
and lunging, care should be taken not to external rotators and abductors.45 Plyo- using a forward trunk tilt of 30° to 40°
allow the knee to move forward exces- metric exercises should be performed serves to further recruit the hamstrings,
sively beyond the toes (greater than 8 to prior to final return to sport and closely which provides muscular coactivation at
10 cm). supervised to ensure proper technique. the knee and unloads the ACL. To mini-
The rate of performing exercise Because Hewett and colleagues26-31 have mize the loads on the ACL during WB
movements should also be carefully con- demonstrated that plyometric exercises exercises, it is also important to pay close
sidered early after ACL reconstruction. are foundational exercises for ACL inju- attention to proper lower-limb alignment
Explosive movements involving high ry prevention, it is reasonable to assume in the transverse and frontal planes (eg,
accelerations should be avoided. This that plyometrics are very important to avoiding knee valgus, hip adduction and
involves both rapidly slowing down or prevent additional ACL injuries after internal rotation), keeping the heels on
speeding up an exercise movement, as ACL reconstruction. the ground, and keeping the knee from
this creates greater muscular effort (eg, It should be noted that many of these extending beyond the toes more than 8 to
higher quadriceps activity and force) and recommendations are based more on 10 cm as the knee is going into flexion. A
potentially increased loading to the ACL, clinical experience rather than scientific further benefit of WB exercises is that the
especially a lower knee flexion angles (eg, data, as there is a scarcity of data on op- addition of external resistance does not
0° to 50°). timal performance and timing for many appear to increase ACL loading, which is
The intermediate phases of the ACL exercises used in ACL rehabilitation. in contrast to what has been documented
218 | march 2012 | volume 42 | number 3 | journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy
13. Escamilla RF, Fleisig GS, Zheng N, et al. Effects ate ligament injuries in female athletes: part
of technique variations on knee biomechanics 2, a meta-analysis of neuromuscular inter-
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220 | march 2012 | volume 42 | number 3 | journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy