!

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$ %
& $ %
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&
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! %

) $ !
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+
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.
/

012+ω

ω% ω%
= =
ω% ω%
= =

2 +* !

+ ω + = = + !

= + !

+* !

+* !

%
+ ω ϕ +ω
+ ω = + ω +
= +ω
+ω %
ϕ +ω 4 & %
- # ) +ω = 5 5 + +ω

" ) ϕ 5 +ω 6 ω 5 7 ω5
ω5 = % % -−

ω ! ! ! %+ %
) $ !

1 = +ω% + ϕ
4 + =5

+ ω = = + 4
+

+ ω = %- ω5 =
+ ω
+ ω =
ω
+
ω5
ω
+ω = 9 ϕ +ω = −
ω ω5
+
ω5

!! )
# + ω << ω 5
! +ω = ! ) = 5% - :! ; − ∞%
ω 5 ω
−∞
ω5

! ϕ +ω = 5 ! ϕ +ω = 5 % - :! ; %
ω 5 ω
−∞
ω5

+ ω >> ω 5
ω
+ω <
+∞ ω
5

ω5
! + ω − =5
ω +∞ ω

ω5
1 ! +ω − +− 5 =5
ω
)
ω +∞

ω5
- :! & =− 5 + +ω = − 5 +∞%
ω
)

π
! ϕ +ω = − %- :! ; +∞
ω +∞

8
 ω5
5
ω

+ω 5 = ) +ω 5 = −8 )

ϕ +ω

ω5
5
ω

π
−

π
ϕ +ω 5 = − =−

1 = +ω% + ϕ
∞%

ω
ω ω5
+ ω = = = = 4 ω5 =
+ + ω ω
+ +
ω ω5
ω
ω5 π ω
+ω = 9 ϕ +ω = −
ω ω5
+
ω5
 # + ω << ω 5
ω
+ω <
5 ω5
ω5
! +ω − 5 =5
ω
)
ω 5

ω5
- :! & +ω = 5 − ∞%
ω
)

π
! ϕ +ω =
ω 5

+ ω >> ω 5
ω 6 ω5
+ω < < % ! +ω = 9 ! +ω = 5
ω 6 ω5 +∞
)
+∞ ω → +∞ ω → +∞

! ϕ +ω = 5
ω +∞

ω5
5
ω

ϕ +ω & !>! π6 4

ϕ +ω
π

ω5
5
ω

!! ) :!
!! ) :! & :!
# % +' !! ) :! ?
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# ! %

=
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! 2

π
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∞ ∞
∃+ ∈ ∃+ ∈ A ∀ ∈ + = +ω% % + +ω% %
=5 =5
-
5 = +

= +3 +ω% % 3 3
5

= +3 +ω% % 3 3
5

B !
∞
+ = +ω% % + ϕ + 5 = 5 ϕ5
=5

* ! 5 4 ! :
* ! ! ! 2 %
$ ! & ! !

∞
+ = +ω% + ϕ + +ω% % + ϕ
=
!
= !
C !# C

1 & D ! E !
2 F+! 4 ! 4 !!
$ ! ! !?
∞
+ = +ω% % + ϕ
! =5
! ! !
+

) * ?!
( " & + %

@
 + = + = + +
+ → +
+ → +

+ + + = + + ⇔ + = + + +

* ?! " + = + + +
!! " $ 4 ! +4 #
! !! ! !# %

+ $ 6 !
∞
2 + = +ω% % + ϕ
=5

- 4 + " +ω% % + ϕ %

= + = +ω% % + +
+ ω
∞
+ = +ω% % + +
=5

&

( %
)

= ω +ω ≥ ! $
= {ω ) +ω ≥ ! $
) − 8 )}

(
.# # ! [59 ω ] %
. # ! [ω 9+∞[ %
.# # ! [ω 9 ω ]
.# # ! [59 ω ] ∪ [ω 9+∞[

+ ω
+ ω = 7 : !
+ ω
≤ 9 & %
$ ! .#
∞ ∞
+ = +ω% % + ϕ 9 + = 3 +ω% % + ϕ 3
=5 =5

3
+ ω =

ω << ω & ! # + # !
ω >> ω 3 << +

G
2 .
2

4 %
ω ω 6 ω5
+ ω = = 4 ω5 = %
+ ω + ω 6 ω5

4 %
ω 6 ω 6 ω5
+ ω = = 4 ω5 =
+ ω 6 + ω 6 ω5
- ! %

* &

' .
∞
+ = + +ω% % + ϕ
=
↑
↓
=
∞
+ =5+ +ω% % + ϕ = + −
=

H
 8 ! ! 4

1 ω << ω 5
ω 6 ω5 ω
+ ω = <
+ ω 6 ω5 ω5
ω
= + = + 012+ω
ω5 ω5

∞
π
+ = +ω% % + ϕ +ω =
=5

+ +ω% % + ϕ + +ω% % + ϕ
+ = +
ω5 ω5
ω <<ω5

1 ! 2 !
+
+ ω << ω 5 + ≈
ω5

2 .#
2

+ ω = = 4 ω5 = %
+ ω + ω 6 ω5

+ ω = = 4 ω5 = %
+ ω + ω 6 ω5

+ ω = % + ω ! $
= % + ω = ⇔ ω = ω5
ω
+
ω5
- .# # [59 ω 5 ]

I
 !

= π
ω

- .# ω 5 << ω
∞
+ = 5 + +ω% % + ϕ
=

↓ ↓≈
+ = 5 + 5
+ +5 =

8 ! ! .

012+ω ω >> ω 5
ω
+ ω < < 5
ω 6 ω5 ω
ω5
= % + = ω5 +3 3
ω 5

π
+ = ! :
ω
∞
+ = +ω% % + ϕ + 5 =5
=
∞
4 ω >> ω 5 + = ω5 +ω% % 3+ϕ 3 = ω5 +3 3
= 5 5

2 $ !
2

+ ω = =
+ ω + + ω −
ω ω

5
 !! )
# >> >>

3 .". ω << ⇔ ω << =ω >> ω ⇔ ω << ω 5 =

ω
ω
+ ω < <
ω
ω
ω
+ω < 5 %
ω
)

ω
+ω :! & = 5
ω
) )

>> >>

!>! 4 ω = ω5 = + ω < <

ω ω 6ω
ω
+ω :! & =− 5
ω
) )

!
ωω = × = ω5
ω + ω
5 ω5 = 5 5

ω5
ω 6ω = × = = =
1 > ω < ω5 < ω
1 < ω < ω5 < ω
>>

ω ω5 ω
ω

ω <ω ω << ω5 ω >ω ω >> ω5

' ! $! ! ω = ω5 +ω 5 = % - # + ?
# ?
 <

ω ω5 ω
ω

! ) ≈5
) ≈ Kω 9 ω J