ests and Developments in 'onnectlon Experiments on Cleaning Insulators

with a High Pressure Stream of

Water
W~V ith Hot-Line Insulator Waslhing These tests were made to determine the
effectiveness of cleaning contaminated
G. LESLIE HILL energized insulators with a high pressure
ASSOCIATE AIEE stream of water. For this purpose a num-
ber of contaminated insulators were re-
moved from power lines in various locali-
CONTAMINATED and dirty insula- energized insulators with a high pressure ties over the Pacific Gas and Electric sys-
tors are a source of considerable main- stream of water, and to make a study of tem.
tenance expense, trouble, and annoy- equipment and apparatus so that stand- The following list gives the localities
ance to electrical power utilities. This is ardization for the whole system could be from which contaminated insulators were
especially true in certain geographical and accomplished. obtained, all of them in northern Cali-
industrial areas that have a wet and a dry It was the part of the writer, on this fornia.
season each year, or in areas where there committee, to carry out the experimental
is a considerable period of time between work; and this paper is a compilation of Coast Valleys Divi- Emeryville
rains. The insulators become dirty and data and information accumulated during sion
contaminated during the dry period and these tests and experiments. King City North Bay Division
when a fog or light rain dampens the in- Soledad San Rafael
sulators, the leakage current becomes ex- Purpose and Outline of the Work Salinas Napa
cessive, causing pole top fires or flash- Npa
overs. S o Sacramento Divi-
Large expenditures have been made in The work was primarily for the purpose Davenport sion
the past for cleaning insulators by wiping of carrying out a systematic investigation Permanente Ce- Sacramento
of hot-line insulator washing and deter- ment Rio Vista
them by hand. This is a slow, tedious,
and very expensive process requiring, in
mining (near San Jose) Dixon
Redwood City
most cases, that the line be taken out of 1. The feasibility of cleaning energized in- East Bay Division Stockton Division
service while the insulators are being sulators with a high pressure water stream. Jackson, Calaveras
cleaned. It is also a hazardous method as 2. To obtain information that could be West Vaca (near cement plant
there is always the possibility that the used as a guide for the maintenance men in Newark) Stockton
Concord area
lineman will climb a pole or structure the field. Berkeley San Joaquin Power
supporting one energized line and one de- 3. To test various nozzles so that an effi- West Oakland Division
energized line and start cleaning the cient nozzle could be obtained. Richmond indus- San Luis Obispo
energizedinsulators trial area Santa Maria
Thenergiz PacifiGats The information and test data obtained Livermore Lompoc
pany's department of electricopEetraicCon
an Eecrc oi-
operation, during the work is segregated and divided
decided to investigate the feasibility of in the following sections for the con- Some of the insulators had the ordinary
more efficientv economicals and safe venience of anyone interested in a par- accumulation of dust and dirt; and others,
methods of cleaning insulators. A com-ticular phase of the work. removed from a railroad right-of-way
mittee was formed; and it was decided to 1. Cleaning insulators with a high pressure near an oil refinery in Richmond, were
carry on experiments in the washing of water stream. coated with a mixture of dust, soot, and
2. Leakage current passing through the oil. Those removed from West Vaca lines
mittee on power transmission and distribution for streamof+water. near Newark were coated with calcum
SaeneDiegto, calif., AugustP2c6i2c9,19r47. mMann-
script submitted June 16, i947; made available for
. Tests on various manufactured nozzles carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and
and on experimental nozzles. other foreign materials such as salt de-
printing July 17, 1947. 4. Effect of water resistivity during insu- posits carried in the air from evaporating
G. LE£SLIEDdepartment's
neering
HILL is assistant engineer in the engi-
bureau of tests, Pacific Gas
lator washing. ponds. Other insulators were coated with
and Electric Company, San Francisco, Calif. 5, A new water resistance tester. cement dust and ordinary dust and grit,
The author gratefully acknowledges the co-opera- 6. Opeaigeooisef e n eoisfo mk n unc
Bucnk fo hihs recordeSingand preparaationCof ltleystcdata, ing insulators with a high pressure water fumes that are prevalent inidsra
and the mechanical staff of Emeryville shops, stream. areas.
Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San Francisco,
Calif. 7. Summary. The tests and experiments performed on

1947, VOLUME 66 Hill-Hot-Line Insulator Washing 1203

 Table I. Contaminated Insulators Washed with Line Potential Applied
3,000 Kva Available iF Flashover Occurred
Water
Catalogue Voltage Pounds Per
Rating, Kv Applied to Square Inch Resist- Orifi'ce
Test Type of Insulator Dry Wet Kind of Contamination Ground, Kv Nozzle ance Size, In. Results

Dirt and oil from oil refin-....7.0.....550 .... 1800.'I....1 . Cleaned 80 per cent.
1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ery area No flashover
Pin type used on 12-ky lines.....110... 80 Dirt and dust from heat in-....7.0.....550.....1,800....1/4. ...Cleaned 95 per cent.
2 3sulation No flashover
Factory ares
3 and Pin type used on 12-kv lines.. 1 10... 75. . Dirt and dust from agricul-. 7.0. .,550.. .1.800. 1/4. ...Cleaned 100 per cent.
4 tural fields-sandy loam No flashover
soil
5 Insulators on 12-ky pole top dis-.. 95... 65..Dirt and dust from agricul-.. 7.0.. .550.....1,800. 1/4.. Cleaned 100 per cent.
connec't switch tural fields-sandy loam No flashover
soil
6 Line post type used on 12-ky lines. .125 ... 100.. Dirt, dust and oil near rail-.. 7.0. 550 . 1,800. 1/4.. .Cleaned 90 per cent.
road track in industrial Considerable arcing, did
area not flashover
7 Bad deposit of cement dust, .39 . .550.....1,800. /16. .. .Could not wash cement off.
8 3-shed pin type used on 66-kv lines. .170 ... 135. . -set on insulator by fog All insulators flashed over
9) and rain
10 Dirt and dust from agricul-. 39......400.....2,1 00 . 3/is6.. Cleaned 1 00 per cent.
11 ~.3-shed pin type used on 66-kv lines. . 170 ... 135 . tural field No flashovers
12)
13 3-shed pin type used on 66-ky lines. .170 ... 135.. Dirt and dust from agricul-...39 . 400 . 210.......210 . One shell punctured and
tural field flashed over-old insu--
lator
14 4-shed pin type used on 60-ky lines.. .180 ... 140.. Dirt and dust from agricul-. .39 ....400.....2,100 ... s..1. C.leaned 100 per cent.
I
~~~tural field No flashovers
15 Line post type used on 66-ky lines. .175 ... 150.. Dirt and dust and deposit-. 39 . ..400.....1,700. 316 Cleaned 95 per cent.
from paint factory and No flashover-high leakage
industrial area current over insulator-
200 ma when water
applied
16 5 10-inch suspension used on 66-ky. .320... .245.. Dirt and dust and deposit.. 39......550.. .1,800. 1/4 ..-Cleaned 95 per ceint.
line from industrial area No flashover
17 4 10-inch suspension used on 66-ky. . 265 ... 200.. Dirt and dust and deposit.. 39......550.....1,800. .1/4 .Cleaned 95 per cent.
line from indristrial area No flashover-
18 5 10-inch suspension used on 66-ky. .320 ... 245.. Calcium carbonate-magne-.. 39......5510. 1,...I800.- 1/4 -..Cleaned about 70 per cent
lines sium carbonate dirt and Did not flashover but heavy
dust and salt deposit. leakage current
Very had
19 4 10-inch suspension used on 66-kv. .265 ... 200.. Calcium carbonate-magne-....39 .......0....1,800. .1/4 ..Cleaned abouit 70 per cent.
lines sium carbonate dirt and Flashed over
dust and salt deposit.
Very bad

these insulators were divided into three
parts
1. Washing the insulators with a constant
line potential applied.
2. Washing the insulators to determine the
increase in wet flasbover.
3. Washing the insulators to determine the
effectiveness of an abrasive in the stream of
water.
Test 1
These tests were made at the power
testing plant of the bureau of tests in
Emeryville, Calif. A 3-phase 12-kv
grounded Y line was the power supply.
The power was limited to 3,'000 kva by
suitable reactors in case of a flashover.
The tests made at 7 kv were line to ground
and the tests at 38 kv were made on the

Table II. Contaminated Insulators Washed to Determine Increase in Wet Flashover Voltage
Water Resistance 1,800 Ohms Per Inch Cube
Per Cent of Per Cent of
Flashover Flashover Flashover Flashover Per Cent of
Insulator in Fog Before of Clean in Fog After of Clean Contamination
Type of Insulator Kind of Contamination Number Cleaning, Kv Insulator Cleaning, Kv Insula tor Removed

f I . ~~~27.......60..
~~~ 36.. 80.. Not recorded
2 . 34 . 75 . ~~~~~42..93.. Not-recorded
~~~~~~
3........30..... .67.. 45......100.....Not recorded
4.... 29..... .64.. 38,. 84.. .Not recorded
10-inch suspension. Catalogue.. Usual dust, grit, soot in indus-
rating: dry, 80 kv; wet, 50.. trial areas near oil refinery.
. 27.. 60.''
6........28.......62..
36..80.. ..Not recorded
38..84.....Not recorded
kv. 9 in string: dry, 535 kv;. Flashed over in service onl110 7........24......53,.. 42..93.....Not recorded
wet 43 tkv kv. IT ground line. Ver bad 8 . 36 . 80 . 2 . 93 . Notrecorde
high voltage side of a 3,000-kva 36,000-to-
6,600-volt bank of transformers.
About 50 tests were performed, and the
washing followed the same procedure as
field practice. The stream of water was
played on the insulators at about the
same angle as it would be from the ladder
on the washing truck. The suspension-
type insulators were cleaned in a string
as suspended on the line except that the
tension was applied with a set of blocks.
Representative data obtained are-
shown in Table I.
Summarizing the power tests, the or-
dinarv dirt and dust was removed easily;
but the cement dust, calcium and mag-
nesium carbonate, soot and oil combina-
tions, and bad industrial contamination
could be removed only with varying de-
grees of success.
There were no flashovers while washing
any of the contaminated insulators used
on the 12-kv lines during the tests. There
were no flashovers on the insulators used
on the 66-kv lines which had only the
ordinary dirt and dust cdntamination.
All the insulators, with the exception of a
string of 5-10-inch suspensions, that had
a bad accumulation of cement dust,
calcium and magnesium carbonate, and
so forth flashed over during the washing
tests. One 4-shed pin'type insulator,
used on 66-kv lines, punctured during the
washing tests. This was an old insulator;
it had been in service a long time; and it
is considered it would have failed in
service during the first rainstorm.
Test 2
Table II gives representative data on
the increase in flashover value that may
be expected after washing dirty and con-
taminated insulators with a high pressure
stream of water.
The flashover tests were made with a
2,500-to-250,000-volt 250-kva potential
Figure 1. Abrasive in- VALVE TO CONTROL
WATER STREAM "A"
jector used in insulator
cleaning with high pres- HOSE
sure stream of water CONNECTION
NOZZLE
CON
VALVE TO CONTROL,_7 h CONNECTION
ABRASIVE "B"
transformer with a suitable regulator and
reactor limiting the power to 1,250 kva at
250 kv.
The contaminated insulators were in-
'stalled as received on a pole, flashed over, ABRASI V E
in an artificial heavy fog, and then
cleaned with a high pressure stream of
water; after which, they were flashed
again under a similar fog condition to de-
termine the improvement.
The flashover value was increased to
practically 100 per cent of the value of a
new clean insulator on both the pin and
L
ABRASIVE
INJECTOR
the suspension types when only con-
taminated with ordinary dirt and dust.
The flashover values were increased only
with varying degrees of success on those
insulators badly contaminated; however,
it was conceded generally that the con-
tamination hadbeen removed sufficiently sulators coated with calcium carbonate
so that the insulators could have remained and magnesium carbonate were washed
in service. Referring to the table, one using an abrasive in the water stream.
string of 9 10-inch suspension insulators The percentage of the contamination re-
was increased from 170 kv to above 260 moved from the insulators varied from 60
kv. Another string of 11 12-inch suspen- to 85 per cent depending on the length of
sion insulators was increased from 130 kv time the water stream was played on the
to 236 kv. Both of these strings had insulators.' The water stream was played
flashed over in service on 110-kv lines. on each pin type insulator for less than 30
seconds and on the strings of nine 10-inch
Test 3 suspension units for about 1 to 11/2
Experiments were made on the re- minutes.
moval of the cement dust, calcium car- In the case of the string of nine 10-inch
bonate, and the combination of soot and suspension type insulators, shown in
oil, by injecting an abrasive into the Table III, the flashover voltage was in-
water stream. Representative test data creased from 82 kv to over 270 kv (highest
are shown in Table III. The four pin attainable from the potential transformer
type insulators used on 12-kv lines, and at the laboratory) by cleaning from 75 to
the string of nine 10-inch suspension in- 85 per cent of the surface.

Table Ill. Contaminated Insulators Washed to Determine Increase in Flashover Voltage Abrasive Used in Water Stream
Water-1,800 Ohms Per Inch Cube
Per Cent of Per Cent of
Flashover Flashover Flashover Flashover Per Cent of
Insulator in Fog Before of Clean in Fog After of Clean Contamination
Type of Insulator Kind of Contamination Number Cleaning, Kv Insulator Cleaning, Kv Insulator Removed

1............16. ..........36...........40 v..........89. .........85

2 . 8. ....818.32.71.85
3.......... 5. 19. 3 0. 67.
85
4 5 .. .
11 34 75 85
10-inch suspension from 110-kyv Calcium carbonate and magne- 5 6 . . 13 . 3 . 18
line. Catalogue rating (each): sium carbonate and dirt, 2 6 5. . 11 . 26 . 58 . 75
dry, 80 kv; wet, 50 kv. 9 in months accumulation. Very 7 . . 11 24. . .28 . 62 . 75
string: dry,535kv; wet,430 had 8 . 8 .18 . 28 . 62 . 75
kv 9 ....
7.5 . 17 . 36 . 80 . 85
9 insulators. 82 ...........24.Did not flash-
in string over at 260
kv
Pin type used on 12-ky lines.. .Calcium carbonate and magne- 2.3. . ..........1..28...
. .47526 . 77 70 .
Catalogue rating: dry, 140 sium carbonate and dirt. Very 3.. ...24....35 . .9363 . 65

1947, VOLUME 66 Hill-Hot-Line Insulator Washing 1205

 2tXl[i|4
o0008t tt vE 5 > tl } | H
Figure 2 A When using an abrasive in the water
stream, it is necessary to keep the stream
6 in motion at all times; for if it is allowed
4 __ __ _ __ - to play on an insulator in one spot for
more than a few seconds, it will destro-
._2 the glaze.
L I oc
w
100
r400
4 Pq ; The abrasive used in these tests was
ground Monterey sand. Marble dust was
< 8
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tried
but did not remove -a sufficient
J 6 amount of the contamination and packed
4 - - in the injector.
4 - - - - _ - - - The experimental injector used for the
c 2 - -i-I - --4- abrasive is shown in Figure 1. The
abrasive is injected into the water stream
by opening valve B which by-passes some
of the water through the orifice at C. The
d x X < < \locity
e of the water through the orifice
*Xt:oK[12>
IC X,,JC ---wH

4'i}<~~~~~~~~~~~_
6~~~~~__

a-- ~~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~-

4
ORIFIC
RES1STANCE OF
-ATERDIS
RIO
ANC -IC FT
MS/IN.
C6t
__
10 2'0 3 40 50 60708 90o 00D 10
o120 130 __ A ____
K Y LINE TO GROUND-
Figure 2. Leakage current through a stream
of water at 10 feet for 100, 1,000, and 3,000 .'U
ohm water and various pressures Figure 2 C (right) < -

100

________ W---2M
__ a: __ __7/< -
4-21 j < 1--1 ,6
<

6> 0 <1 | 1/4"|0~ ~ ~RI4ItCE

~ ~ ~V" p- 0lST NC-IOIFe
w
8
_ I0 I I tZ 4t444
<t __ /20 _30 \>
_ |_
l l | .t | | , L l l | !
_
40RE 50ISTA60 CE 70
I OF 60 AR-
K V LINE TO GROUND
90 100 110HMI120 130

forces the abrasive into tube D and thus

36t--VI/ X / t -1 into the water stream.
of the abrasive material can be forced.in
Larger quantities
z 1/ _ the water stream by closing valve A
c i 2I 111 / T_ I_ A slightly which increases the differential
pressure across the injector. Alarger and
/_ i/ _1 ,
more practical injectorfor use in the field
, I

< 81 1/ I I I A I | I I I I I ~~~~~~~could be made if found necessary.

n 6n1 tto
I I I t1
V i I t 1 [ | | 1 | ~~~~~~~~~tried out in the field and the test results ~~~~~~~~The
abrasive injector has not been
[ I [ /t I zT [ { S ----1 - t | i t ~are preliminary to a more thorough in-
| S Av, f I | I 4 [ & | | . ~~~~~vestigation. It has been demonstrated
S If H RES| l/1STAORIFICE
|CE -I |DIST;NF 18 FT
F WATE|R - 1|000 |OHM/IN.|
I |that a more thorough cleaning job may be
accomplished with an abrasive in the
- -
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 60 90 100 110 1 20 130stemowaronbdyctmitd
K V LINE TO GROUND Figure 2 B insulators.
1206 Hill-Hot-Line Insulator Washing AJEE TRANSACTIONS
 It was found that the flashover voltage Figure 3 B
can be increased considerably if the con- 6 -
taminations which are hard to remove are
broken up into smaller areas so that they __ _ --
do not,present a continuous path over the
insulator surface on which an arc can
start. A good example is the case of the
string of 11 special 12-inch suspension ,I
type insulators shown in Table II. These =-i
insulators had only 50 per cent of the J 1'
surface cleaned yet the flashover voltage
was nearly doubled. _

Leakage Current Passing Through I

the Water Stream k .

Since the beginning of the electric i

power business it has been taught and in-
w

e =-
1 i------ < --- Li // /

10
2
u 6 , | t- |/ / §/ 0 210 30 40 50 60 70 809 1O00 1 10 120 13(1

[ ; 44r4 V Vl ,;n1X K,~~~~~~~~~V,

LINE To GROUND
4
e< l2>+| +4-4-t
1 --f 1/ / / Xt1/1 <L f s) 3. Lealkage currents through a strealm
~~~~~~~~~Figure
2
~~Figure 3 A(Ieft) of waster att 5 feetfor 100, 1,000, and 3,000
F I _ _ I-I | f r ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ohm
water and various pressures
Ld __
6- t_
__

IS FT. DIST1 I OF T
0L /4 NC
R
OR
C OF RERSTANCE
N 0AT0R- IDI 0 I

6 D 30
405060
20 70
090100 110 120 130 I 1 1
KK V LINE TO GROUND V/ GROUND
-~~~~~~~I *9 102 04 06 0809 0 1 2 3

stilled into the personnel in the

business never to come in contact with an
powerz 61 1A /V /1 11r $1
energized power line evenif the contact be III/AI IIIIII
no more positive than a stream of water. t t
Because of this education for safety, play- o | }, 1 l
ing a stream of water on a power line or I 5 feet f I 00, 1 | 3,000
washing energized insulators with a S | lz
stream of water practically was unheard ' an vi pressures
of until a few years ago.
The first tests conducted by the pacific
Gas and Electric Company to determine 21I II II
the leakage current in a water stream I I
I IEISACIFWTR3O§MSI3
/4"l ORIIFICC F DIST NC -151 FT.|

were made in May 1941. This informa- ol 10 20 0 4U 50 607 09 010103

tion was desired as it was intended to Figure 3 C KV LINE TO GROUND
1947, VOLUME 66 Hill-Hot-Line Insulator Washing 1207
 0 4

2 2
6 _ _ __ _ __ 6 __ __

U,
, 4 . _ 60 _P 4TN9ZZ,L
7
E|
ui~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~U

40O~~~~PSlI ~ ~~~c 0 0 S

o 20--t--1 , . _ ___H , 21 1 r 141o2~~~~~600PSIn ATNZL

5 0 P 11 PSI

<~ ~ 3'11111
00 Pis. 0 0 u 05060 /0bO 90tO 40 0 PSI

2 - - -

/4 IFIC - DISNC .

6L RET;EST NCE OF AT P- 0 HMS IN RE ISTA CE OF 0ATE- 10

102030 4050 6070680 90 100 110I120Il30
WV.\ LINE TO GROUND
.0.1 03 05 0 09 0 1 MSIN 3
K V LINE TO GROUND

Figure 4 A Figure 4 B Figure 4. Leakage currents through a stream

clean energized insulators by washing of water at 20feet for100, 1,000, and 3,000
with a stream of tap water in some loca- ohm water and various pressures
tions where it was very difficult to de-
energize the line or bus for wiping and
cleaning by hand. The safety of the 00
workman was of particular concern. P.I P

In 1944 when the department of elec- ,0 1. - ||

trical operation decided to use the high -I - - - ___ !-1_-
pressure water stream method of cleaning - - - - -
insulators over the entire Pacific Gas and L
Electric system, they required more com- : _
plete informnation on the value of leakage n1 £ =_--t -__=0
currents that might be encountered by 0~~1 FI DIS
J6
NCII __0--;-[ t 1t DIST) NCE1 20 F| T. 11I
I2(FTI/411 ORI|FICE
the workmen. Extensive tests were made
Fiurbureau of tests of the department
Iby the REwfh ekaecretinoi~
__ __ _ ISTIC OF V TE
|___I Io OH t
of engineering to obtain this information ___ | | | | F
and make it as complete as possible. A 60PS t oz|
type A nozzle was used for all these tests. 5)0FS
They were conducted by varying the size =-t
of orifice, water pressure at nozzle, dis- 6 _
tance of nozzle to energized line, re-_ !III I
sistance of water and voltage of the line to z4Gb : .
ground. / X 0 1 s
Some of the data obtained during these Q ts v , / 20Pi
tests are shown in Figures 2A through o A C z I/l l
7. Figures 2A through 4C show the <O
leakage current in the water stream <8 X i :=
when using a 1/4-inch orifice for distance _ l-It---III--- IIII
of 10, 15, and 20 feet, and for water with f
resistances of 1fOO, 1,000, and 3,000 ohms Et __1 __
per cubic inch at various nozzle pressures, NC-
I--L-| I 20 FT.
and line-to-ground voltages. R I 0I OF IN."'
FigureI5 shows the leakage current i0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 t02
120 130
the water stream for various voltages and Figure 4 C K. V LINE TO GROUND

1208 eIrill--iot-Line Insulator Washing AJEE TRANSACTIONS

 __ _ I___ III_I _
4_44 100 1000 10000

3/16~~~~~~~ ORIFICE ~~~~~~~~~~1/4' ORIFICE

400 PSI. AT NOZZLE 5 400 PS AT NOZZLE
DISTANCE-IOFT|
DISTANTE-IE
f -8 t t 0 -D15TAN4CE -10 FT. -
WATER-O . lo D1STANCE- 15FT

a. IS
w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C W E Q o-cOM -/l ISTANCE-20FT.

<U

LU~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_

0.1O t rdc th ce f

.001

) 10000 00001

erudc pe qwr nha h oze o ossetdt oldb bandfr Ln

Figurs 6 water rshtan e snozzlean maleos fitting for all set res w
5.reakaer currnts0fethogahe ustrea
Figurnes throutigh thecstrveaas.an sotid fltuid con- Fiurl6tLakges currents thoughl a strzea
ofwtrra la atgfureet
3/16-inch orificeth 1 in iductr ofret water forarbl ar 1/4-inch orifiSe atS0,15
and 400eponstpermisqurnhwt variablele hghrouhnde shieldingkasecusredtove the anY0fe andur400 pogunspre squareinc
po per sur ae inc t thvebnozled.Fo icnsivsthe daaxoul buren obtained, for Lin
dIstwancs gretervthan10feet whea
wtern rhensistnce whe us4ingho
n
a 3/16-inch
g ottingtheRcurves.In certain sup the Table
ciracutial duegtoinduced vnoltagste. Correc-
voltages, a ta 0in.
Minmu
/2-
7 WoknDsaceFe 162
aint
3 of 1- fet ad
oraykan 20fee
the hae benaded
leakage current in tin
inuce giesuc
curzle maximums
the rent were currents otinted
omparable 6/39126
orrGrondedh(Seeh(See t(ee the
owaefoa316inchrifice
orifice exettatth at1
distancesof 1fetwthe40
atfo feetlautor.l
tiormnis wonerned.made forlw
t hese curet so of wamter for
tht15________________a 1/-i-..
nch waseete
orilicmee for
taheItwatrrsiostnervwed
waepcsreamis neglige thatg abv certainh ciut due induced voltages,a
highertrand thielekgecasurrentd
to distance
i of
the
. 220/127
andble . 12
cfiurrent 5) . 16
Fgures w 20aces,Fee7
.Fiqure

shorificetexcept asat
stlh te fort, wditaes- of the workman isnconcernd Tiel
flelw 4/e28i.ane1
ponsprsquare inch at theae
Figurbes
the nozzle. For
6oand7eshowalyi inresforma
consistent dat coul
all casseteyger
ina
stea ofewater, butcat fnuaors
whieobasingnried Line
critical pressures st0rea
of witould 40b
ra the t
writ
10 fereet fmthe hot terminl
sqguaresinc atdtheozzlhe. 70 . 004orma while washing. enerize insulators. The

dltagences se in ntzane pressue. This Vontag

tonGrund Kyrroximatere currenM or eence current,
asztes whi lae
will be noted h reseialinga the curves in beenoundutdednedicateetath aierage
shogretestanc asI0fetest,i presp 12 .0a0045 mantwe bi thel metileel one 6iliampre of
sues ofre400, 500, and 6e0p s of 4u03
water p, r ri u
raen This wssieri thity is ewerir

teeonethe oufin water reitvity on wof water was short

theeticamsy lneenthaofgthe strm

voltagnasl thalel
ditanche increased. This assumgtnha apdteproximately 1.0 mizllm "ht"hlntee uintiluaperceptibes current wasl

would indicate th fe stream is is 40t pounds per square inch. The washing energized lines. The preceding
broken ulp entirely into a spray, the cur- minimum working distances to be ob- paragraphs are based upon observations
rent is carried from one drop of water to served under these conditions would then of insulator washing crews and from
another as an electric charge, and not be asshowninTable IV. personalexperience. If aworkmanshould

1947, VOLUME 66 Hill-Hot-Line Insulator Washing 1209

 Figure Leak-
7. currents
age
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~through
a stream
_____
I V

0
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
t5/16-inch orifice
for
water a

0 _ at0 10,15, and400

10,a
Io. a hot linethatfeet and
punds per
the currentsquare
value
inch
10
water
with
variable
of
gk"s
ofwater resistance

I-

I-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

za
z

L'J

-j

0.1

___~~~~~~~~L I
400 PRS.I. AT NOZZLE
Loin th nozl 125/8K--jNElOGRU4
DISTANCE-10 FT.
N, ~---~DISTANCE -20 FT.
0

TYPE "A" NOZZLE

10 10 0010,000
RESISTANCE OF WATER -OHMS/IN?

inadvertently turn the stream of water The photographs of the streams from
on a hot line that was too close, and some of the typical nozzles are shown to
the current obtained was above the "let give a general idea of the results obtained
go"' value of 10 to 15 milliamperes, he from the various manufactured nozzles;
automatically would break the continuity see following table for identification. Figure 8 A
of the circuit by his muscular wer
reaction _wshngas_he_eidntl_ wredeignd_igre8_
moving the nozzle. p- 8
Manufacturer Diagram graph o 14 /
3/4

Tests on Various Manufactured a . Figur 8a . Figure

9Awa
Nozzles and on Experimental B. (Returned before di- ure tB Figure 8 n
Nozzlests v cnutdb
Nozzles
etn p i respaig dutbeitrormensiona
C
h recorded).. Figusfactoryig tre
Figure 8B .......Figure 9 C
f i
D. ......Figure 8C ..........Figure 9 D .
A 3-stage reciprocating pump having a
capacity of 55 gallons per minute at 800 None of the manufactured nozzles an 2a14g
pounds per square inch was acquired when tested was' found suitable for insulator
the insulator washing experiments were washing as they evidently were designed Figure 8 C
started. About 12 nozzles of various de- for fire fighting or tree spraying equip- Figure 8. Drawings of representative manu-
signs were obtained from manufacturers ment. The stream from the nozzle of factured nozzles tested
of fire fighting and tree spraying equip- manufacturer A shown as Figure 9A, was
ment and some from the testing plant fire the most satisfactory of any tested. It inspection of the various orifices showed
apparatus. was originally an adjustable nozzle used that none had the polish necessary to
The tests were conducted by setting up in tree spraying. The adjustable interior create a satisfactory stream for insulator
a board scaled in feariso Athe background pAr we removedantd thenous anstd t
washing.

gands
takin pitures oft the strame exofsatre oerice usede for insulatowealsuhig The
Thesidewalhnozzlte fortainsuatior.wasingise
(obeservton.) ant was r;egie
atmthpe B, sowrnz asdFigue9B, was mumo themsn of ffwaternora geatrg aodisac ahs,
stream

photographic film, chromium plating on the interior. Visual the pressure at the nozzle should be of the

1210 Hill-Hot-Line Insulator Washing AIFE TRANSACTIONS

 Figure 10A
Figure 9A

Figurc 10B
Figure 10. Streams of water obtained from the type A nozzle
Fi Sure 9B with and without straightening tubes

Figure 9C Fj3ure

Figure 9D Figure 11B

Figure 9. Streams of water obtained from representative manufac- Figure 11. Streams of water obtained from the type B nozzle
tured nozzles tested with and without straightening tubes

1947, VOILUME 66 IIill-IHot-Line Insulator WT1ashing 1211

 (A) ~- F

* (B)-~~~~~~~ 6 -5/16' (F) 61

(G)6 _ _
(C) 8
Type Sketch Photograph

___~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o
__-
of
represettive ex-
ig pre12. Draingse A. Figure 12A... Figure 10A and Figure
10B
~~~~~perimental nozzles B ....Figure 12B.. .~.Figure 11A and Figure
(D) f ~~~~~~~tested 1
.....C.Figure 120C.... Not given
C
D ....Figure 12D... ..Not.given
E. .....Figure 12 E. . Not given
F.....Figure 12 F.. . Not given
signed, built, and tested, and the follow- G.....Figure 12 G. .. . Not given
order of 400 to 500 pounds per square inch ing table gives the type, diagram number,
or higher. The volume of water used and corresponding photograph of the Referring to the. sketches, one of the
should be a minimum so that a maximum stream of water obtained if one is ap- nozzles (Figure 12G) is a plain tapered
number of insulators can be washed per pended. tube, and one (Figure 12E) has a center
tank of water. To conserve on water and member similar to a parabolic pointed
still have enough energy in the water Figure 1 3. Variation of water resistance with needle. in a parabolic shaped orifice. All
stream to do the work, the orifice should temperature of the other experimental nozzles havTe
be as small as practical and still throw ______ ____
sufficient water for the washing job.3Q - 50
With this objective in view a study was___ _
then made to determine what data was .. ____ ____
available on nozzle design from the ex- 2800 5000
periments of others.2-
Due to lack of time our search may not
0 60
Z ____II '-J 40
have been complete but the most in- 240 2; - 400 <
teresting and thorough data found were Z__ __
the experiments made on fire nozze2by 01 2200 -40
John R. Freeman, in the year 1888-89 8 2200__ 4400__ I __
for the Associated Factory Mutual In- ui ___l 00
surance Company.
A good fire nozzle was developed from
200C "'x,s - __ __ I
11
-40
these experiments. The final design o010C~0
suggested by Freeman, as the stanidard
nozzle, has been in use up to the: present
crXI 160 __ _
80
with little or no change. 3 __ _ _ ____30
This design of nozzle was not suitable 00 _____ _ Ol
for insulator washing, as the water did not I uii
remain in a solid or compact stream for a u u3 1200_ ___3400__ __ u7
sufficient distance from the nozzle to <
L) 1000
/C <__-..>3
strike the insulator with enough force to00 3200 )Lo J
remove the contamination. The nozzle LL LIi LIi I:
wasc desigudfrmxmmpesrso 8001 3000
 stream in any design in which they were
used. Reference to the views of the
type A and B nozzle (Figures 10A, lOB,
1 1A, and 11B) show the improvement
when the straightening tubes are used.
It was found also, early in the field ex-
perience and verified by tests, that the
abrasive effect of foreign particles in some
of the water used made it niecessary for
frequent polishing. In some locations a
plain tapered orifice shown as Figure SB
and Figure 12G, that was made out of
soft brass, would have to be polished at
the end of each day of washing.
The orifices of the type A, D, E, and F
nozzles (Figures 12A, D, E, and F) were Figure 15. Interior view of water resistance
Figure 14. Water resistance measuring in- made of stainless steel and polished. measuring instrument
strument, front view. Lucite receptacle at The orifices of the types B and C nozzles
right for water sample (Figures 12B and C) were cemented
tungsten carbide wire drawing dies and given distance from the nozzle was used as
also polished. These nozzles were used a basis for rating the nozzles. This gave
a center cluster of small brass tubes used for one full insulator washing season and thethrelative
eaieratingg of the nozzles for wash-
as straightening devices to take the tur- all had approximately the same service. ng insulators as seen in Table V. For
bulence out of the water as the orifice They were returned then for visual in- i insuars as senain TablnV or
is approached. spection to determine the abrasive effect comparison the relative rating of the
All of the orifices in the nozzles were of sediment in the water. It was found manufactured nozzles are given also.
polished highly before testing, and obser- that both types showed a slight amount of El tric Cspny te thePqacfic Galls anhd
vations made before and after polish- wear and after polishing could be used for insulator washing trucks with the type A
ing proved the importance of this opera- another full season. nozzles having orifices of various sizes to
tion in the shop. The reports of the men in the field and meet different washing conditions. The
It was found early in the tests that the the measured diameter (from the pictures) orifice is made of stainless steel. Tool
straightening tubes improved the water of the compact part of the stream for a steel also was tried but rusting would re-
quire frequent repolishing.
Table V. Relative Rating of Nozzles
Effect of the Resistance of Water
500 Pounds Per Square Inch at Nozzle Used for Washing Energized
- ~~ ~~~Insulators
Diam. of Distance from Relative
Solid Water Nozzle at Which Nozzle Rating
Stream 15 Stream Shows for Washing The conductivity of the water used for
Type of Reference Feet From Evidence of Insulators
Nozzle Drawing Nozzle, In. Spray, Feet Per Cent cleaning insulators with a high pressure
stream is very important. If a water
Type
Type B
A ........
....
Figure 12A ......
Figure 12 B .
,,.1.84 ....,.,4
2.75..2 .70
..100 used has a resistance which is too low, it
Type C .. Figure 12C ..... 2.75 . 2. 70 will cause a flashover of the insulator
Type
Type
D ..
E ....
Figure 12D .....
Figure 12E ........
2.2.
3.6 .1 .
21/. 80
55
being cleaned. The resistance of water
Type F .. Figure 12F ..... 3.0 .2 . .,6 also varies with temperature; that is, as
Type G....... Figure 12G..... 3.8..1 .50the..emperatureof.the.water.increas
Manufacturer A ........ Figure 8A . 3.3. . .the temperature of the water increases,
Manufacturer B ....... No drawing ..... No solid its resistance decreases.
ManufacturerC
Manufacturer C........
. Figure
stre m ......,..
Figure 8B.......3.85.......1...I
0 (at nozzle) .-. 20
..........50
In order to determine the minimum re-
ManufacturerD ....... Figure 8C ..... 3.85 .1. 50 sistance of the water that can be used
safely, a number of tests were made by
washing energized insulators using waters
Table VI. Minimum Usable Water Resistance of various conductivities.
Several representative types of in-
Minimum sulators were used for these tests, and the
Resistance
of Water Recommended tests were made using the approximate
Catalogue Ratings, Kv
________________ Service
Line to Line Kv,
Test to Before Minimum
Flashover,
for
Use in Field line to ground voltage of the circuit on
Insulator Type Wet Dry Line Kv Ground Ohms Per In. Ohms Per In. which the insulators are normally used.
The test procedure was to reduce the
Three part, pin type ........ 125 . 170 . 66 . 38 . 600 ...... 900 resistance of the washing water, by the
Four part, pin type ........ 140 .. 180 . 66 . 38 .. 320 .......... 475
Pin type .......... 70 . 110 . 12 . 6.9. 175 ...... 250 addition of sodium chloride, to a value
10-inch suspension low enough to cause a flashover of the
type, four in string ........ 200 . 265 . 66 . 38 ........ 150 ..........
10-inch suspension insulator under test. Table VI gives the
type, nine in string ........ 430 . 535 . 110 ........ ... .300
2(0 minimum resistance of water that can be
Two large pedestal
type in stack .......... 290 . 330 . 110 . 69 ........ 300 ... 450 used on various types of energized in-
Line post type ........... 150 .. 175. 66 . 38 ........ 880. 1,350 sulators that are ean and the reco-

1947, VOLUME 66 Hill-Hot-Line Insulator Washing 121:3

 90 VOLT
BATTERY
CALIBRATIONTblVI.PwrLs
SW ITCOH MILLIAMMETER Table Vll Power Loss
0-,1 8200 OHM PwrLs,Wts
REISTANCEM
ESISTANCE _RESISTANCEPoeLs,Wat
Type of Insulator
Line
Voltage, Kv
Voltage Applied
Line to Ground, Kv Dirty
Heavy Fog
Clean
Pin type ........................ 12 . 6.9... 9.0...... 2.5
VARIA0
....... .

Pin type .... 12 .6.9 . 22.0 ... 15.0

L _RESSLAJNCE
..
E
Pin type . ..... 12 ................... 0 . 51.0...
.. 9.7
_J____ 2Line post type ................. 66 .38.0 .....,,... 330.0 . 113.0
5 10-in. suspension ............... 66 .38.0 .304.0. , 148.0
Figure 16. Wiring diagram of wateriesistace 3-part pin type.................... -6 ................... 38.0194.0 .. 506.0 .
4-part pin type...........66...........38.0.........292.0......69.0
measuring instrument 9 11-in1 su0pension lO. 63 o 274.0 . 180.0
14 10-in.suspension .. 220. 12.5.0 ............... 542.0 .. 288.0

mended minimum that should be used in

the field making allowances for dirty in-
sulators.
As more experience is obtained in the
field the recommended minimum values
of water resistance of Table V'I may be
revised.
Because of the fact that the resistance
of water changes with temperature, it
is very necessary to measure its resist-
ance periodically, especially when it has
been standing in a tank in the hot sun.
The variations itn water resistance with
temperature are shown in Figure 13.
As an illustration, assume that 3-part
pin-type insulators are being washed in a
06-kv line during a hot day. The resist-
ance of the washing water used measured
1,000 ohms per cubic inch at (if degrees
Figure 17. A (left) and B (right). Typical
washing equipment used by the Pacific Gas
and Electric Company
Fahrenheit when taken front the mnain or
well. During lunch hour the tank of
water was left standing in the hot sun
and its temperature increased to 8()
degrees Fahrenheit. Referring to Figure
1:3, its temperature, if measured, now
wsould be only 821) ohms per cubic inch
instead of 1,000 shoN~ing that cognizance
shotild be taken, bv the washinlg
crew, of
this lower resistance. Several instances
have occllrrc(l in thle field where flash-

1214 Hill-Hot-Line Insulator Washing AIEE TRANSACTIONS

Figure 18. Cor- ~LINE POST TYPE 10 INCH SUSPENSION TYPE
rection factors ____
for wet flashover 7
voltage at 7,000
ohms per cubic _a:
inch for various XlN
water resistances t CURVEK.t CURVENON
CV
I NO.
and types of in- PIN TPE PIN TYPE 2
sulator
.W I~~~~~~~~~I

7CURVE NO.Z aCURVE NO.\

5

4k~~~
PIN TYP PI TYP 1.3 O - \4
- ' - -

47C

CURVE NO.4 CURVE NO.7 RESISTANCE OF SPRAY WATER-OHMS PER CU. IN.

overs have been traced directly to the use directly in ohms per inch cubed. A photo-- of the water used in the various terri-
of water of too low resistance. graph of the water resistance tester is tories served by the Pacific Gas and
shown in Figures 14 and 15, and a Electic Company varied from 180 to
Water Resistance Tester sc-hematic wiring diagram of the circuit of 10,000 ohms per cubic inch. It is possible
the instrument is shown in Figure 16. a wider range of resistance may be found.
An instrument to measure the resist- To measure the resistance of water, a The aforementioned values show how im-
anice of the water is required, as it is very sample is placed in the water test portant it is to chieck the water in use.
important that the washing crews know tube which is'shown below the calibration
the resistance of the water before~using adjuster in Figure 14. The zero of the Operating Economics Effected by
it to clean energized insulators. instrument then is adjusted by depressing Washing With a High Pressure
Inquiries indicated that there wvere no the calibration switch and turning the Stream of Water
instruments available on the market calibration and adjuster until the instru-
which were simple to use and would show ment reads zero. The resistance switch There recently has been a symposium
the resistance of the water directly with- then is pressed, and the instrument will composed of contributions from power
out intermediate calculations. To meet read the resistance of the water being companies (including the Pacific Gas, and
oeshVeobentraed dqirmetlyth unseudretlyr i ohmssr p inhcbd2Apoo ter .o theaol waeraused iondithvaious. trn
this requirement
ofewatrt of toLowewater resistance testers tested
rEss tWance. graphe directly
ofthawte in ohms per inch cubed.
r resitance tsteris Electric
toie syere Company) on the
islthePaiicGs
by subject of
andsofrh
were designed and built' at the bureau of One of these instruments is supplied on cleaning energized and unenergized in-
tests of the Pacific Gas and Electric Com- B~~~~~~~~soni each washinogiue truck so 14 that
and the
615,. crew sulators by various
sand al-susatos.......?.....2.0
Companymethods.
vaie.77.0...580
Electric fetromi180
These con-toewah
Wae Resisance Tester..ways
.pany. schematicoirng
can measulre diagram.....of the..ciruio
the resistance 10,05700 ohms..
of the tributions per0.0cui
were ic. inIt ai posibl
published' booklet
The iSinstrument 5~ ~ the
isto designed ~~teisrmn
~ same in order ithetossoni Figure 16.e
sure that its resist- and
a widerdrane beenofaresistance mayveraassistance
fiound.
An nstrument
6 measbsatioeonthe...resist- water
T....7100...3o.
mea,64.0sultre beareasisanceodaer h have of considerable
afremnionedvle ishlaowrowsm
principal as the ohmmeter but uses a
aE of, the water is required,24aolsit.is44very ance
is above
sample8,0
the minimum allowed be- in carryings.To
iso00..,80.0
plaeridina thet wlathoer test prati
out these tests and develop-
hecthwaeinu.
higher voltage to
import0,ant that th..26
oesreduce errors
.. ,9 . 7.0.. due to.1200
,6.0..washing
screwskodube fore using it for cleaning
which is shwbelwthep calibraioenergized in- ments.
polarization.
th resist,ance The instrument
of the.. is scaled
wat7poer before. to sulators.
using adjuste in63 F0sigured 1. Thezer. Etmthed
o It was noted that the question
OeaigEoomc fetdb of deter-
readit~~~~~~~~~~~~~
the resistance of the water ~ enrie
la to inuaos instrument/thenvis
sample Measurements to adjse date show bydprsinlashing
resistances mining the washing with aHigaPessuactre
r schedule was an im-
Inquriesindiatedthatthee wee no the alibatio swtche wasnd turnipngth SremoWar
portant one brought out by several of the
instruments availableon the market calibrationband adjusterguntil the instru
PableDESll. Cost Comparison
contributors. This is a very difficult
question to answer as it depends on so
ou1 ntreiaeclclton.T meetM rea tHel resitaInce Total ofsulthewtr
Costs
besing ~~many
copne1(nldn1tePcfi5a
factors, such as
Number of High 1. Kind of contamination.
 It would seem that the best schedule to tion. The flashover voltage is raised to When reference was made to AIEE
set up would be one that would keep the practically 100 per cent of a new clean Standard 41, section 41-600 (1930) curves
insulators from becoming badly con- insulator when ordinary dust and dirt are were found giving the variation of wet flash-
over voltage with water resistance. It is
taminated, so that there would be no removed. The flashover voltage is in- pointed out in this section that it is fre-
danger of pole top fires and flashovers creased enough so that the badly con- quently difficult to get consistent results for
when the fog and rains occurred. taminated insulators may remain in wet flashover voltages when the tests are
The prevention of pole top fires is one service if washed frequently. made in different laboratories.
the intangible
Ofofthe intangible economies effectedl. A
economies effected. A Tests have shown very definitely
have shown The curves A and B shown are only for
Tests very
that typical
definitely that suspension insulators manufactured
recent example showed the value of wash- the stream of water should hit the in- at that time in two different countries.
ing insulators and keeping them clean. In sulator before it breaks into a spray if a Curves were not given for various designs of
a certain district some insulators had been good cleaning job is obtained, especiallv if insulators, so it may be assumed that it was
washed and others had not, due to a the insulator is contaminated badly. thought the correction factors would apply
to all types.
shortage of manpower and equipment; a Cleaning insulators with a high pres- ThelaterStandard41A(1941)andStand-
heavy fog and drizzle occurred; there sure stream of wateris a safer method than ard 29 (1941) do not show curves of correc-
were 57 pole top fires and 12 circuit in- wiping by hand. If the workman main- tion factors but state the resistance of the
terruptions on the unwashed lines, and no tains the generally recognized safe work- water shall be 7,000 ohms per inch cube.
pole top fires and no circuit outages on the As a general rule it is not convenient to
ing distance, he will not receive a shock obtain water of a specific resistance so cor-
washed lines. The line voltage, insulators or a dangerous leakage current through rection should be made for the resistance of
and circuit conditions were the same for the stream of water. It eliminates the the water used, if results of a reasonable
each line. ever present hazard of a lineman climbing accuracy are desired, and if it is desired to
*make a comparison between various manu-
The saving in power when line insula-
tors are kept clean is another intangible
a pole supporting an energized line
anlfacturers
ne ana an
catalogue values and data ob-
unenergized line and inadvertently wiping tained in the field.
economy effected. Readings of power the energized insulators. The curves of Figure 18 were obtained for
loss on dirty and clean insulators under The reduced expense of cleaning in- various insulators and various water re-
the same heavy fog conditions were made. sulators will allow more frequent cleaning sistances. The correction factors are given
Tab.e VII
Table VII gives some of the results
gives some results ob-
ob- aInd
and will eliminate to
to a very great extent to correct offor7,000
wet flashover at the AIEE
will eliminate a very great extent standard ohms per inch cube.
tained. pole top fires. These curves are given for the information
A very tangible economy may be found Cleaning the insulators with a high and convenience of anyone desiring to use
when a comparison is made between the pressure stream of water instead of climb- them while performing wet flashover tests
cost of cleaning insulators by the high ing poles and wiping by hand reduces to onThe the types of insulators'shown.
wet flashover tests were made accord-
pressure water stream method and the a minimum a very obnoxious job insofar ing to the AIEE Standards. The under
dry wiping method. Table VII shows as the workman is concerned, which in surfaces of the insulators were wetted
some costs taken at random from reports turn aids employee-management relation- thoroughly before the voltage was applied,
of various divisions. ship. but an appreciable variation in wet flashover
Photographs of the typical washing A set of well built and highly polished voltage was experienced as it was difficult to
equipment used by the Pacific Gas and nozzles of various sizes is essential for a
Electric Company are shown as Figures successful insulator washing program.
17A and B. As a general rule the pumps Although relatively an inexpensive part of
have a capacity of 55 gallons per minute 1. ELECTRIC SHOCK, Charles F. Dalziel, J. B.
the apparatus, it is very important; and Lagen,
J. L. Thurston. AIEE TRANSACTIONS,
at 800 pounds per square inch. further work should be done to improve volume 60, 1941, pages 1073-8.
the nozzles at the higher pressures. 2. EXPERIMENTS RELATING TO THE HYDRAULICS
OiF FIRE STRBAMS, John R. Freeman. Transac-
Summary tions, American Society of Civil Engineers (New
York, N. Y.), volume 21, 1889.
The tests definitely have shown and Appendix 3. HYDRAULICS, Hughes, Safford.
subsequent field experience have demon- 4. HYDRAULICS, Mansfield Merriman.
strated that the high pressure water Correction Factors for Wet Flashover 5. Crosby, Fisk, Forster. Handbook of Fire
ProtectioE, National Fire Protection Association,
stream method of cleaning insulators is Voltage at 7,000 Ohms Per Cubic Inch Boston, Mass.
both practical and more economical than for Vgrious Water Resistances and 6. HYDRAULICS (book), H. P. Hammond. Inter-
other methods used. It presents one of the Types of Insulators national Text Book Company.
best opportunities for the reduction of the D t 7. CHARACTERISTICS OF FIRE JETS, J. S. Blair.
During the experimental work on washing Institution of Civil Engineers (London, England),
maintenance cost on transmission and dis- energized insulators it was brought to our volume 16, 1941.
tribution lines. attention, by analysis of test data, that two 8. WASH, WATER TESTS PREVENTS FLASEOVERS,
A high pressure compact and solid insulators of different designs, having the G. L. Hill. Electrical World (New York, N. Y.),
same wet flashover value when using 7,000- May 24, 1947.
water stream will remove practically 100 ohm water, would have entirely different 9. METHODS EMPLOYED IN CLEANING INSULATORS,
per cent of ordinarydust and dirt and from wet flashover values with a water having 0. B. Hi-Tension News, Ohio Brass Company,
Mansfield, Ohio. Issue of August 1944 to February
50 to 85 per cent of bad contamina- some other value of resistance. 1945.

No Discussion

1216 -Hill-Hot-Line Insulator Washing AJEE TRANSAC:TIONS