(from notes of sir)

Difference between unit operation and unit process

Equilibrium constant

Mechanism of aromatic nitration

Function of sulphuric acid in nitration

Kinetics and mechanism of aromatic nitration

Mechanism of sulphonation

Difference between sulphonation and other electrophilic reactions

Kinetics and mechanism of aromatic sulphonation

Limiting and excess reactants

Rate equation of Reversible reactions

Difference between batch and continuous nitration

equipment for commercial sulphonation

Design considerations for sulphonation

Difference between batch and continuous sulphonator

Thermodynamics of sulphonation and nitration

Difference between sulphonation and sulphation

(page 1)

Difference between thermodynamics and kinetics

Energy relations-----First law

(page 2)

Classification of energy

(page 3)

Standard states

Heat of reaction

(page 5)

Entropy change of reaction

(page 6)

Free energy term (only first paragraph)

(page 7)

Chemical equilibrium (only paragraph)

(page 8)

Equilibrium constant for ideal gases

Development of equilibrium equation

(page 22-25)

All

(page 60-62)

All

(page 64)

Naphthalin series

(page 96-101)

All

(page 303-305)

Before sulphonation agents

(page 365-368)

Commercial sulphonation method