Present Tenses-Merged PDF

Present Tenses
Uvod
U lekciji koja sledi obratićemo pažnju na detaljniju upotrebu sadašnjih vremena u engleskom
jeziku. Sadašnja vremena u engleskom su Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present
Perfect i Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
The Present Simple Tense (sadašnje prosto vreme)
Present Simple Tense (sadašnje prosto vreme) se koristi za radnje koje se ponavljaju (navike,
običaji, rutine), opšte istine, karakteristike subjekta.
Za fiksne rasporede (fixed timetables) u budućnosti:
Primeri:
School starts on Monday. – Škola počinje u ponedeljak.
My plane takes off at 8 tomorrow morning. – Moj avion poleće sutra ujutru u 8.
U vicevima ili pričama često se Present Simple koristi za opisivanje glavnog događaja, dok se
za događaje koji su u pozadini koristi Present Continuous. Isto tako se koriste ova vremena
u komentarima i pri davanju instrukcija:
Primeri:
She goes up to this man and looks straight into his eyes. She's carrying a bag full of
shopping... – Ona priđe tom čoveku i pogleda ga pravo u oči. Ona nosi torbu punu stvari…
Serena serves to the right-hand court and her sister, Venus, makes a wonderful return.
They are both playing magnificent tennis in this match... – Serena servira u desni deo
terena, a njena sestra, Venus, izvanredno joj vraća. Obe igraju sjajan tenis u ovom meču...
Present Simple se koristi kao trenutni present. Koristi se da opiše pojedinačnu radnju koja se
sagledava u svojoj celovitosti u sadašnjem trenutku, naročito u ograničenim kontekstima kao
što su sportski komentari i svečani govori.
Primeri:
Johnathan scores a goal. – Džonatan daje gol.
I name this ship Rebecca. – Ovom brodu dajem ime Rebeka.
Then the curtain drops and the lights go out – Zavesa se spušta i svetla se gase.
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Present Simple se koristi u uputstvima i tokom opisa eksperimenata.
Primer:
You go down this street to the supermarket, then you turn left. – Idite ovom ulicom
do supermarketa, a zatim skrenite levo.
U sadašnjem vremenu, pomoćni glagoli do i does, za kojima sledi infinitiv glavnog glagola,
mogu da se koriste u izjavnim rečenicama da bi se nešto naglasilo. U govoru, pomoćni glagol
je naglašen.
Primeri:
We do want to help you. – Mi želimo da ti pomognemo. (Mi zaista želimo da ti

pomognemo.)
Maria does work hard. – Marija radi naporno.
Ova vrsta prezenta se koristi u novinskim naslovima.
Primer:
Cell Phones Affect Memory. – Mobilni telefoni utiču na pamćenje.
Present Simple se koristi posle Since when da ukaže na sumnju i sarkazam:
Primeri:
Since when do you speak Spanish? (I don’t believe you speak Spanish) – Otkad ti govoriš
španski? (Ne verujem da govoriš španski.)
Since when are people like Michael allowed to come here?! (How can he come here?!) –
Otkad je ljudima kao što je Majkl dozvoljeno da dolaze ovde?! (Kako on može da bude
ovde?!)
Radnja u filmu ili knjizi je generalno u Present Simple vremenu:
Primer:
When Lizzie goes to meet her friend, she runs into Mr. Darcy, who proposes and Lizzie
rejects. She then writes him a letter telling him why she dislikes him. – Kada Lizi ide da
se vidi sa prijateljem, naleće na gospodina Darsija, koji je prosi, a Lizi ga odbija. Ona mu
zatim piše pismo u kojem mu govori zašto ga ne voli.
The Present Continuous Tense (sadašnje trajno vreme)
Present Continuous Tense (sadašnje trajno vreme) se koristi za: radnju koja se dešava u
trenutku govora, privremenu radnju, planove vezane za budućnost, radnju u pozadini.

Primer:
Before kick-off, the Milan fans are shouting at the Roma fans. – Pre udarca, navijači Milana
viču na navijače Rome.
Da se pokaže ljutnja, nezadovoljstvo, nestrpljenje, kritičan stav prema nečemu i sl. U ovom
slučaju često se upotrebljava sa prilozima always i constantly.
Primeri:
She is always complaining. – Ona se uvek žali.
Milan is always coming late. – Milan stalno kasni.
One of the students is constantly interrupting the teacher. – Jedan od učenika

konstantno prekida nastavnika.
Present Continuous može da pokaže da je reč o nekoj promeni ili postepenom razvoju u
sadašnjosti:
Primeri:
She feels that things are getting better. – Ona oseća da se stvari popravljaju.
More and more people are giving up smoking. – Sve više i više ljudi ostavlja pušenje.
Present Continuous u kombinaciji sa vremenskim izrazom može da se upotrebi za ugovorene

društvene ili putne aranžmane:
Primeri:
What are you doing tonight? – I’m going out with some friends. (ugovorena radnja) – Šta
radiš večeras? – Izlazim sa nekim prijateljima.
They are getting married next week. (Dogovorili su se.) – Venčaće se sledeće nedelje.
I’m flying to London on the 16th. (Rezervisala sam kartu.) – Letim za London šesnaestog.
Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Simple Tense se koristi kada govorimo o radnjama koje su se dogodile u
neodređenom trenutku u prošlosti i gde je jasno naznačeno da je radnja završena. Tako je
pri upotrebi Present Perfect Tensea subjekat više zainteresovan za rezultat radnje.

Primeri:
Mary has bought a new car. – Meri je kupila novi auto.
I have broken my leg. – Slomila sam nogu.
Present Perfect se koristi sa ever, never, this is the first time / it’s the first time, since, for,
before, lately, recently, yet, so far, today, this week, this month, How long have …?, just i
already, in the last.
Primeri:
Have you ever been to Japan? – Da li si ikad bio u Japanu?
I have never been to China. – Nikad nisam bio u Kini.
This is the first time she has flown by plane. – Ovo je prvi put da je letela avionom.
They have lived here since 2000. – Žive ovde od 2000.
He hasn’t written to me for nearly a month. – Nije mi pisao skoro mesec dana.
They haven’t seen him before. – Nisu ga videli ranije.
Have you seen her lately? – Da li si je video u poslednje vreme?
I haven’t talked to him recently. – Nisam skoro pričao s njim.
Have you seen her yet? – Da li si je već video?
We haven’t had any problems so far. – Nismo imali nikakvih problema do sada.
I’ve smoked ten cigarettes today. (Perhaps I’ll smoke more before today finishes.) –
Popušio sam 10 cigareta danas. (Možda ću popušiti još do kraja dana.)
Has Milica had a holiday this year? – Da li je Milica išla na odmor ove godine?
How long have you known him? – Koliko dugo ga poznaješ?
I have just finished lunch. – Upravo sam ručala.
When is Jane going to start her new job? She has already started. – Kada će Džejn početi
da radi na novom poslu? Već je počela.
Have you been to Mexico in the last year? – Da li si bio u Meksiku u poslednjih godinu
dana?

Present Perfect Continuous Tense se koristi kada govorimo o radnjama za koje nismo
sasvim sigurni da su završene. Ovim vremenom ističemo da smo više zainteresovani za dužinu
trajanja radnje nego za posledice koje ona ostavlja.
Primeri:
He has been working for the same company since 1966. – On radi za istu kompaniju
od 1966. godine.
I have been talking to my sister for more than two hours. – Razgovarala sam sa
svojom sestrom više od dva sata.
Tako se Present Perfect Simple koristi uz How much i How many, a Present Perfect
Continuous Tense uz How long.
Primeri:
How many cakes have you made? – Koliko kolača si napravila?
How much sugar have you bought? – Koliko šećera si kupio?
How long have you been making cakes? – Koliko dugo praviš kolače?
Razliku ćemo videti i u primerima:
Primeri:
I have read the book. You can have it back. – Pročitala sam knjigu. Možeš je uzeti
natrag.
I have been reading the book, so you can`t have it back. – Čitam knjigu, pa je ne
možeš uzeti natrag.
U prvoj rečenici radnja je kompletirana, dok u drugoj nije.
U nekim slučajevima oba vremena se mogu koristiti sa istim značenjem. Često sa glagolima
live i work.
Primeri:
I have been working for this company for 5 years. – Radim za ovu kompaniju već 5
godina.
I have worked for this company for 5 years. – Radim za ovu kompaniju već 5 godina.
I've been living in London since 1997. – Živim u Londonu od 1997.
I've lived in London since 1997. – Živim u Londonu od 1997.

U slučajevima kada je dužina trajanja radnje naglašena, koristićemo Present Perfect
Continuous.
Primer:
I have been working here for ages. – Radim ovde već godinama.
Rezime
• Sadašnja vremena u engleskom jeziku su Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present

Perfect i Present Perfect Continuous. Svako od ovih vremena ima posebnu upotrebu,
sve u zavisnosti od konteksta.
Napomena za testove napredovanja
Kako biste što bolje usvojili gradivo, uz ovu lekciju dostupan je test za vežbu koji se odnosi
na gramatiku.

Five (serious) symptoms of Facebook addiction
Introduction
We all have Facebook accounts, and yes, it is fun to see our friends’ updates and pictures but
do you know when to stop?! Do you know your limits? How long have you been using
Facebook? How many hours do you spend ’refreshing’ the page just to see if there is anything
’new’ on it? Let’s see what a Facebook addict Zack has to say about it and if we can recognize
the symptoms Zack has.
Facebook, in retrospect, can be addictive -- not in the "society is addicted to Facebook"

but in a very serious way. Here are five symptoms to look out for.
Hi, I'm Zack, and I'm a Facebook addict.
Addiction is partly in the mind, and we can all be gripped by something that throttles
everything else in our life. From social media to hardcore broadband connections; even
knitting. Well, maybe not knitting as the core Generation Y activity of choice, but you can
see where I'm going with this.
My relationship with Facebook is on a rocky edge at the moment. Though I accept I spend
a great amount of time on the mobile application and site as so many of us do, I have
taken a break for my own sense of sanity.
Picture 2.1. Facebook Addiction1
1
https://www.enterprisecitadel.com/fight-facebook-addiction-with-focusbook-and-stay-productive/

Facing social exclusion, the need to detach myself from the overly sensitive minutiae that
comes with over-use, it's important to highlight the genuine symptoms of Facebook
addiction.
1. You become paranoid: "Why hasn't this person messaged me back?"
A common symptom, it seems, paranoia can grip anyone from a small amount to a
dangerous level.
The problem is that Facebook only tells you a little amount, rather than everything. Idle
times are displayed with a sleep icon, but Facebook mobile users are always 'online', but
may not have their phone with them. Though Facebook has chat presence, it does not
guarantee that the person will respond, let alone see the message in the first place.
Also, what is the maximum time to respond to someone? Sites like Facebook do not take
into account individual patterns of usage, and all but expects others to be online all the
time too.
For those waiting for a response, the temptation is to call or to text, or to follow up with
another Wall post or message. "Why haven't they responded?"; logical processes go out
the window and paranoia sets in, questioning why they haven't replied. Who hasn't been
there?
2. You spend more than an hour or five on the site.
Excessive use of anything is all-relative. I, personally, have a massive oxygen addiction.

I love to breathe, and have no plans to kick the habit just yet.
But spending more than an hour or two on Facebook per day is probably too much, for an
ordinary 'consumer' user. Granted, many use Facebook for work or in some corporate
setting, but most should not spend more than an hour on the social network.
Running through the day, we spend about half an hour in the bathroom per day, excluding
showering and whatnot. We take an hour for lunch. We often spend an hour or so
travelling to and from work or campus. Relatively speaking, if you are spending more time
on Facebook than you do "on the john" -- or using Facebook whilst you are on the toilet
-- please seek help.
3. A confusion of the divergence of real life and Facebook
There have been times -- no doubt you will have to -- where you have seen something
posted on Facebook as a status update, and later on it has been rekindled as an actual
memory.
It's not uncommon, as often statuses are updated of what people are doing, thinking or
going to do. But to actively forget when something has not happened in person but
'remembered' through a passing update, is somewhat worrying.
It's indicative that you've spent a great deal of time on the site too, which again goes as
a strike against the addiction from the second point.

Picture 2.2. Facebook Problem2
4. Excessive friend building and Wall posts
Sometimes people find that Facebook is an ego-related thing, and the need to build up an
online 'portfolio' is a social need, in order to fully represent whom they want to be in real
life.
To add a constant stream of statuses and photos, videos and application updates may be
one way of filling up time -- time that could be better spent elsewhere.
It can be an addiction in itself; the need to constantly update people on what you are
doing, where and why you are doing it; something that could be construed as 'showing
off' or boasting.
5. Depression sets in during downtime, and other withdrawal symptoms
Often, addictions are formed around a lacking something. It would not be amiss to suggest
that those who spend a lot of time on Facebook do so because of a lack of other
engagements.
When that void is not filled but the addictive matter is taken away, withdrawal symptoms
set in -- such as anger, anxiety, depression and other similar feelings. It's not quite as
though you have been deprived of coffee all day, but does share some similarities.
When depression or other hidden, mind-orientated symptoms set in, such as frustration
or as though you are missing out on something, then this again should be a cause for
concern. Breaking up with an addiction is incredibly hard to do, but to do it in stages
makes the arduous task easier.
Article taken from: http://www.zdnet.com/article/five-serious-symptoms-of-facebook-

addiction/
2
http://www.brightonandhovelaw.co.uk/news/social-media-causing-problems-for-couples/

Vocabulary
Nouns (imenice): Verbs (glagoli):
broadband connection – širokopojasni Idiom: in retrospect – sa ove distance,

internet gledajući unazad
knitting – pletenje grip – obuhvatiti, privući
amount – količina throttle – ugušiti
divergence – razlika detach – odvojiti
core – suština rekindle – ponovo zapaliti
Generation Y – generacija rođena 1980-ih i deprive – lišiti, uskratiti
1990-ih, naročito u SAD
edge – ivica, rub
sanity – razum
exclusion – isključenje, izuzeće
minutiae – detalji, pojedinosti
over-use – prekomerna upotreba
paranoia – paranoja
idle time – prazno vreme, period
nedostupnosti
temptation – iskušenje
whatnot – sitnica
on the john – toalet
strike – udar, napad
show off – razmetanje, pokazivanje
boast – hvalisanje
downtime – pauza, vreme nedostupnosti
withdrawal – povlačenje
void – praznina
Adjectives and adverbs Prepositions and conjunctions

(pridevi i prilozi): (predlozi i veznici):
hardcore – ekstreman, posvećen, though – iako, mada, premda

intenzivan, napredan granted – zato što
rocky – stenovit, kamenit
overly – previše
all-relative – sve je relativno
indicative – indikativan, karakterističan
lacking – odsutan
amiss – pogrešno, loše
arduous – težak, naporan, energičan
Table 2.1.

Synonyms
knitting – weaving grip – hold tightly, grasp

amount – quantity, load throttle – choke, stifle
core – basis, center detach – separate, isolate
divergence – difference rekindle – renew, revive
edge – boundary, end, line deprive – keep or take away something
sanity – common sense, wit, rationality wanted
exclusion – discharge, rejection
minutiae – trivial details
paranoia – insanity, mental disorder
temptation – lure, attraction
on the john – toilet
strike – crash, knock
boast – bluster
downtime – break, pause
withdrawal – removal, departure
void – emptiness

hardcore – trustworthy, trusty though – however, nevertheless

rocky – stony granted – because
overly – excessively, extremely
indicative – suggestive, characteristic
lacking – wanting, deficient, incomplete
amiss – improper, bad
arduous – difficult, grueling
Table 2.2.
Conclusion
• In the following text, we could’ve seen how dangerous Facebook can be if you over-
use it. There were many examples of present tenses in the article: ’’ Addiction is partly
in the mind, The problem is that Facebook only tells you a little amount, Though
Facebook has chat presence, it does not guarantee..., Why haven't they
responded?, etc.
Kako biste što bolje usvojili gradivo, uz ovu lekciju dostupni su testovi za vežbu koji se odnose
na razumevanje teksta i vokabulara iz ove nastavne jedinice.

Welcome to the 'weisure' lifestyle
Introduction
How many hours do you spend at work? Do you work from 9 to 5 or do you continue to work
at home? Is it possible to combine work and leisure, i.e. weisure? Let’s see in the following
text what the new phenomenon is and if you can find yourself in it.
(CNN) -- The line dividing work and leisure time is blurring right before our eyes, says one
expert, and it's creating a phenomenon called "weisure time."
Many who haven't already abandoned the 9-to-5 workday for the 24-7 life of weisure
probably will do so soon, according to New York University sociologist Dalton Conley, who
coined the word. It's the next step in the evolving work-life culture.
"Increasingly, it's not clear what constitutes work and what constitutes fun," be it "in an
office or at home or out in the street," Conley said. Activities and social spaces are becoming
work-play ambiguous, he says, as "all of these worlds that were once very distinct are now
blurring together."
Picture 3.1. Work and Fun1
1
https://www.knowlarity.com/a-businessman-sits-on-a-beach-chair-on-the-beach-working-on-a-
laptop-computer-and-talking-on-the-phone-with-his-surfboard-sitting-at-his-feet-tarifa-cadiz-
andalusia-spain/

Conley used the 1950s as a point of reference. "Back then, there were certain rules, such
as 'don't do business with friends, and keep those spheres separate.' It was just one of the
hallmarks of capitalist social life. That has completely changed."
However, the increased mixing of work and play doesn't mean bankers will be refinancing
houses during their kids' piñata parties.
But what it does mean is more and more Americans are using smartphones and other
technology to collaborate with business colleagues while hanging out with their families.
It doesn't mean tax attorneys will be getting makeovers during their tax-law seminars. But
they may be chatting with Facebook friends while participating in a conference call.
What happened? Why do Americans want to mix work and play? Well, first, there's more
work and less play, according to Conley's book "Elsewhere, U.S.A."
"For the first time in history now, the higher up the economic ladder you go, the more likely
you're going to have an extremely long workweek," he says. These busier Americans often
want to save time by taking care of business and pleasure simultaneously.
Obviously, the Internet offers nothing but opportunity for that.
'The creative class'
People are more willing to let work invade their leisure time because, for a lot of Americans,
working has become more fun, Conley says. He refers to this group of professionals who
tend to get more enjoyment out of work as "the creative class," borrowing a term coined
by author Richard Florida.
Picture 3.2. Weisure2
2
http://tx.english-ch.com/teacher/shelle/level-b/beach-at-an-office-/

Their work involves ideas -- perhaps helping create a new software product, ad campaign
or creative financial derivative.
"This makes their work a source of meaning and fun to them, and thus the work-all-the-
time mentality is partly driven by choice and desire," Conley said.
It's no coincidence, Conley says, that weisure has been growing simultaneously with the
popularity of the personal computer, which has helped professionals with more tedious parts
of their jobs -- and has made many jobs somewhat more interesting.
Weisure has been fueled by social networking sites like Facebook and MySpace, where
"friends" may actually be business partners or work colleagues.
"Social networking as an activity is one of those ambiguous activities," Conley said. "It's
part fun and part instrumental in our knowledge economy."
These networking sites offer participants in the weisure life lots of ways to do business --
and to have fun.
Social technology "triggers a pleasure response in our brain that we want, even if it's quasi-
junk mail, because someone's reaching out to us for a social connection. So we're addicted,
some of us, me included."
'We lose our private sphere'
Perhaps more disturbing is the idea that weisure is changing us. "We lose our so-called
private sphere," Conley said. "There's less relaxing time to be our so-called backstage selves
when we're always mingling work and leisure."
If you're thinking that a backlash may be around the corner for the weisure concept, you're
right. In fact, Conley says, the backlash has begun.
"You can see that in the populist anger against the bankers" who've been blamed in part
for the current economic downturn, Conley says. The backlash is evident in the rise of
alternative social movements involving people "who live in a more frugal and
environmentally conscious way," he says.
But, short of a nuclear winter or some cataclysm sending us back to the stone age, there's
no turning back the clock on the spread of weisure, he says. The weisure lifestyle will
engrain itself permanently in the American culture.
Every culture creates its antithesis, Conley says. Eventually the weisure class could merge
with a "getting back to basics movement" and form something new.
"I don't know what that will look like," he said. "But this period we live in now will look very
quaint and silly to folks 50 years in the future, just as the 1950s look very fake and quaint
and earnest to us now."
Article taken from: http://edition.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/worklife/05/11/weisure/

Vocabulary
hallmark – oznaka blur – zamutiti, zamagliti

piñata party – pinjata žurka coin – kovati, napraviti
makeover – promena evolve – evoluirati, razviti se
ladder – lestvice, merdevine constitute – sastojati se, konstituisati
ad – oglas, reklama refinance – refinansirati
derivative – izvod collaborate – sarađivati
coincidence – koincidencija, slučajnost invade – napasti, upasti
backlash – usporavanje, prazan hod fuel – snabdeti gorivom, stimulisati
cataclysm – kataklizma trigger – pokrenuti, aktivirati
antithesis – antiteza, suprotnost, kontrast mingle – družiti se, izmešati
merge – spojiti, stopiti
engrain – prožeti

populist – demokratski, autonoman short of – bez, osim, izuzimajući

backstage – tajni
quasi – kvazi, tobožnji
ambiguous – dvosmislen, nejasan,
sumnjiv
simultaneously – istovremeno
tedious – dosadan, monoton
instrumental – uticajan, pomoćni
frugal – oskudan; umeren, štedljiv
quaint – staromodan, čudan
fake – lažan
earnest – ozbiljan; entuzijastičan,
oduševljen
thus – ovako, prema tome
derivative – neoriginalan, kopija
Table 3.1.

Synonyms
hallmark – symbol, indication, trademark blur – dim, darken, obscure

makeover – remodeling, renovation coin – create, invent
ladder – scale, range, ratio evolve – develop, progress, expand
ad – advertisement, commercial constitute – create, establish
derivative – product collaborate – work together, cooperate
coincidence – accidental happening invade – breach, attack
backlash – adverse reaction fuel – give energy to, feed
cataclysm – disaster trigger – cause to happen, cause, provoke
antithesis – exact opposite, contradictory, mingle – mix, socialize
contrary merge – combine

populist – democratic, autonomous short of – less than, other than

backstage – in secret
quasi – fake, pseudo-, semi-
ambiguous – unclear, vague
simultaneously – at the same time,
together
tedious – dull, monotonous, annoying,
boring
instrumental – influential, assisting
frugal – economical, stingy
earnest – serious, very enthusiastic,
diligent
thus – in this manner, accordingly, hence
Table 3.2.
Conclusion
• We all work hard and there is always a choice to be made. We all have priorities in life.
New technologies have changed the world. There are positive and negative sides to it,
we just have to see what is best for us and, if possible, try to combine work and fun.
There were many examples of present tenses in the text.

Past Tenses
Uvod
Prošla vremena u engleskom jeziku su Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect i Past
Perfect Continuous. Svako od ovih vremena se koristi u određenim situacijama, u zavisnosti
od konteksta. U lekciji koja sledi videćemo koje su to situacije kroz primere.
Past Simple Tense (prosto prošlo vreme)
Past Simple Tense (prosto prošlo vreme) se koristi:
• Za završenu radnju u prošlosti.
Primeri:
Last week we decided to buy a new house. – Prošle nedelje smo odlučili da kupimo
novu kuću.
Sandra closed the window a few minutes ago. – Sandra je zatvorila prozor pre nekoliko
minuta.
• Za navike i stanja u prošlosti.
Primeri:
She always got up at 5.30 last year. – Ona je uvek ustajala u 5.30 prošle godine.
We lived in Brazil for five years. – Mi smo živeli u Brazilu pet godina.
The Past Continuous Tense (prošlo trajno vreme)
Past Continuous Tense (prošlo trajno vreme) se koristi za:
• Radnju koja je u prošlosti duže vreme trajala:
Primer:
She was reading a book all day yesterday. – Ona je ceo dan juče čitala knjigu.

• Dve radnje koje su se u prošlom vremenu paralelno dešavale:
Primer:
While I was watching TV, my sister was doing her homework. – Dok sam ja gledao
TV, moja sestra je radila svoj domaći.
• Prošlu radnju koja je duže trajala, a prekinuta je nekom drugom prošlom

radnjom. Ta druga radnja se obično izražava prostim prošlim vremenom (Past
Simple Tense):
Primeri:
I was watching TV when the telephone rang. – Ja sam gledao TV kada je telefon
zazvonio.
When we arrived they were playing cards. – Kada smo stigli, oni su igrali karte.
• Za radnju koja je još uvek u toku, te se koristi za opis radnji u pozadini.
Primer:
There were a lot of people queuing to enter the famous, new-opened bar. Some
were walking up and down, and others were talking. Mark was looking for Jane,
so he didn’t talk to anyone. – Puno ljudi je stajalo u redu za ulazak u čuveni novootvoreni
bar. Neki ljudi su šetali tamo-vamo, ostali su pričali. Mark je tražio Džejn, pa nije ni sa kim
pričao.
Napomena: Glagoli koji se ne koriste u Present Continuous Tenseu, ne koriste se ni u Past

Continuous Tenseu. Umesto njih se obično koristi glagol u Past Simple Tenseu. To su tzv.
Stative Verbs, tj. glagoli koje se ne upotrebljavaju u trajnim vremenima. Najvažniji od njih
su:
Primeri:
hear – čuti
feel – osećati
see – videti
taste – okusiti
smell – mirisati
envy – zavideti
fear – plašiti se
dislike – ne dopadati se
hate – mrzeti
hope – nadati se
like – sviđati se
love – voleti

mind – mariti
prefer – preferirati, više voleti
regret – žaliti
want – želeti, hteti
wish – želeti
assume – pretpostaviti
believe – verovati
consider – smatrati
doubt – sumnjati
suppose – pretpostaviti
contain – sadržati
cost – koštati
hold – držati
measure – meriti, odmeriti, oceniti
weight – težiti
forget – zaboraviti
imagine – zamisliti
notice – primetiti
recognise – prepoznati
remember – setiti se
understand – razumeti
wish – želeti
want – hteti
know – znati itd.
The Past Perfect Tense (davno prošlo vreme)
The Past Perfect Tense (davno prošlo vreme) se upotrebljava za:
• Radnju koja se završila pre neke druge prošle radnje.
Primer:
She suddenly found that she had lost her camera. – Odjednom je shvatila da je izgubila
foto-aparat.
• The Past Perfect Tense se upotrebljava u zavisnim rečenicama uz after. Takođe se

mogu pojaviti i prilozi when i because.
Primeri:
After we had reached the top, we began to feel tired. – Pošto smo se popeli na vrh,
počeli smo da osećamo umor.
His friends tried to help him after he had lost all his money. – Prijatelji su pokušali da
mu pomognu nakon što je izgubio sav svoj novac.
Because he`d spent so much, he had very little money. – Pošto je bio potrošio toliko,
imao je vrlo malo novca.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense (davno prošlo trajno vreme)
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense se upotrebljava za radnju koja je trajala do nekog trenutka
u prošlosti. Tako se ne naglašava da je radnja završena, nego se potencira njeno trajanje.
Često se uz ovo vreme koriste for i since.
Primeri:
When we came Sally had been waiting for half an hour. – Kad smo stigli, Sally je
čekala već pola sata.
When I called on him he had been reading for a while. – Kada sam ga posetio, on je
čitao već neko vreme.
Sa glagolima poput live, play, teach, wear i work mogu da se koriste i Past Perfect i Past
Perfect Continuous, značenje je slično.
Primeri:
The sisters had been living in different cities before they discovered each other.
The sisters had lived in different cities before they discovered each other.
Greške koje treba izbeći su sledeće:
1. Koristite Past Perfect ili Past Perfect Continuous da biste opisali neku primarnu
informaciju za događaj koji se desio u prošlosti.
Primer:
I had never seen my brother in real life, so I was nervous the first time we met.
2. Koristite Past Perfect ili Past Perfect Continuous da biste opisali uzrok neke radnje.
Primer:
Her eyes were red because she had been crying.
3. Koristite Past Perfect (ne Past Perfect Continuous) za radnje koje su se završile pre
neke druge radnje u prošlosti.
Primer:
They had arranged a time to meet, but both of them forgot about it.

Rezime
• U engleskom jeziku prošla vremena su Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect i
Past Perfect Continuous. Poznavanje forme i upotrebe svih prošlih vremena je od velike
važnosti zbog slaganja vremena. Svako prošlo vreme se upotrebljava u zavisnosti od
karakteristične situacije u prošlosti, što smo mogli da vidimo u primerima u lekciji.
na gramatiku.

Job Interview
Introduction
Every job interview is your chance to demonstrate what you know about the company and
the employer and to show the interviewer or interviewers what you can bring to the job and
the company. You have the opportunity to ‘sell’ yourself, you can do that either in a good or
a bad way. Let’s read the text and see the experiences of some candidates.
We all had good or bad job interviews. I remember my friend telling me about some horror
stories. She was working in a big company and her first job was to interview candidates for
an administrative assistant. They scheduled a full day of screenings, it was crowded all day.
It had been raining all night and some areas of their office roof were leaking and maintenance
had a couple of buckets in the hallway. Not a great first impression, but it was a quaint old
office building and each applicant had to complete a battery of written tests.
One candidate was dutifully sitting outside the office. She was wearing business attire and
talking politely with other applicants. My friend liked her at first glance. A few seconds later,
she heard a crack, a "swoosh" and then a huge splash. The ceiling tile just above the candidate
had collapsed under the weight of the rain water and drenched her. Wet but unharmed, the
experience clearly dampened her spirits and her prized interview suit. She calmly stood up
and immediately informed my friend that she was no longer interested in the job. She couldn't
blame her. I would have probably done the same.
Picture 5.1. Failure1
And the other story she told me was even scarier. It could have happened to me or you. Jane,
an assistant, had been looking for a different job for several months, and after much searching
she was finally offered a new position. She was overwhelmed with joy. She had celebrated
before she was even hired. She, of course, accepted the new job, but a few days after she'd
given notice to her current employer, who wasn't bad, her new employer called and told her
they had re-evaluated their financial situation. They were rescinding their offer! Of course,
she panicked, tucked her tail between her legs and went looking for her current boss to tell
her she wouldn't be resigning after all. She was so embarrassed! Who wouldn't be?!
1
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/making-sense/ask-the-headhunter-why-you-should-fight-the-job-
interview-double-standard/

She made every effort, but her boss was tied up in meetings all day. The following morning
there was a staff meeting where she made reference to her upcoming departure. She turned
pale. Now, she was completely stuck! She had no choice but to reveal her predicament and
ask for her old job back, in front of the entire office staff. She was sinking deeper and deeper.
It was the worst moment in her entire career. The boss gave her two months to find a new
job.
Picture 5.2. Bad Job Interview2
We have to be cautious while looking for a new job. It's a very subtle area. All parts have to
fit together. There are so many horror stories about job interviews. I have a few pieces of
advice to give and I hope they will help.
Never, ever badmouth your old boss, no matter how much you disliked him or her. Some
applicants spent the length of their interview bellyaching about their former boss totally
unaware of their interviewer's relation to their aforementioned boss, sometimes they even
had the same last name! You have to be prepared for the unexpected!
One of the funniest or saddest situations, I'm not sure any more, was when an applicant
dozed off right in the middle of his interview! Have a good night’s sleep before an interview!
Please don't forget to spit out the chewing gum! An interviewee put his bubble gum in his
hand, forgot about it, and then shook the hand of the woman conducting the interview. He
would have been hired but... you cannot forget things like that.
My favourite job seeker was the man who was gesturing so much with his hands that he had
to sit on them to stop it.
Try to avoid embarrassing moments, do your homework, study the company, ask the
interviewer questions about the firm and show a desire to succeed.
Even careful preparation can't prevent all mishaps. We are all human, but handling problems
gracefully may even impress your interviewers. So, good luck.
2
http://www.careeraddict.com/how-to-deal-with-a-boss-with-unrealistic-expectations

Vocabulary
administrative assistant – administrativni leak – curiti

asistent drench – pokvasiti, natopiti
screening – proveravanje, testiranje dampen – nakvasiti
maintenance – održavanje overwhelm – zasuti, obasuti
bucket – kofa, kanta hand/give in your notice – obavestiti šefa o
applicant – podnosilac molbe davanju otkaza
battery – grupa re-evaluate – preispitati
attire – odelo rescind – ukinuti, otkazati, opozvati,
at first glance – na prvi pogled poništiti
crack – prasak resign – dati otkaz
swoosh – svuš, zvuk koji nastaje prilikom be stuck – biti u škripcu
brzog kretanja vazduha ili vode badmouth – ogovarati (na sva usta)
splash – prskanje spend length – provesti dosta vremena
tile – crep, pločica bellyache – žaliti se
collapse – srušiti se, pasti doze off – zadremati
position – mesto, zaposlenje spit out – ispljunuti
predicament – sumnja, smetnja, conduct – sprovesti, voditi
tvrđenje, neprijatan položaj make reference – spomenuti
mishap – nesreća, nezgoda

quaint – staromodan, čudan tuck tail between legs – podviti rep,

dutifully – savesno, predano, poslušno preneseno značenje
prized – skup
tied up – zauzet
upcoming – predstojeći
pale – bled
subtle – delikatan, suptilan
aforementioned – ranije spomenuti
graceful – ljubazan, prijatan
Table 5.1.

Synonyms
screening – testing leak – drip

bucket – container drench – soak, wet, flood
applicant – candidate, job-seeker dampen – moisten, wet
battery - range, set, collection overwhelm – overpower, overtake,
attire – clothes, dress, clothing overcome
crack – crash rescind – recall, reverse, cancel
splash – splashing resign – quit, leave
collapse – breakdown, falling down be stuck – be trapped
position – job, place, post, employment badmouth – drag through the mud
predicament – dilemma bellyache – complain
mishap – misfortune, bad luck doze off – fall asleep, nod off, drift off
conduct – run, manage, handle
make reference – mention, cite, bring up

quaint – old-fashioned, odd, bizarre

prized – treasured, valued, precious
upcoming – forthcoming, coming,
approaching
pale – dim, weak, pasty
subtle – delicate
aforementioned – aforesaid, previously
mentioned, earlier mentioned
graceful – polite, mannerly, charming,
gracious
Table 5.2.
Conclusion
• A job interview is the most important step in finding and securing the job you want.
There are things you should never say in a job interview. No matter how bad the
previous job was, you never, ever want to badmouth a former employer. The most
important thing is to avoid embarrassing moments and show the desire to succeed.
There are many examples of past tenses in the text.

Articles
Uvod
Za razliku od srpskog jezika, engleski jezik ima članove, pa je važno da se obrati pažnja na
njihovu pravilnu upotrebu. Postoje određena pravila, ali važno je da se stekne automatski
osećaj da li član treba da se upotrebi ili ne. U lekciji koja sledi videćemo koja su pravila kad
su u pitanju određen i neodređen član u engleskom jeziku.
Indefinite Article (neodređeni član)
Neodređeni član (indefinite article) a/an se ispred imenica koje počinju suglasnikom čita kao
/ə/, dok se ispred imenica koje počinju samoglasnikom čita kao /ən/.
Izgovor:
a boy /ə boi/
an egg /ən eg/
Neodređeni član se koristi da označi lice ili stvar koje ne poznajemo ili koje po prvi put
pominjemo. Neodređeni član se upotrebljava isključivo sa imenicama u jednini.
Primeri:
There is a boy in the street. – Neki dečak se nalazi na ulici.
She put an apple on the table. – Stavila je jabuku na sto.
Neodređeni član se koristi ispred zajedničkih imenica da označi celu vrstu.
Primeri:
A rose is a flower. – Ruža je cvet.
A dog is a faithful animal. – Pas je verna životinja.
Neodređeni član se koristi ispred imenskog dela predikata.
Primeri:
I am a student. – Ja sam student.
The ugly duckling became a beautiful swan. – Ružno pače je postalo prelepi labud.

U sledećim izrazima, posle what i such:
Primeri:
What a lovely dress! – Kakva divna haljina!
What a pity! – Kakva šteta!
What a beautiful girl! – Kako lepa devojka!
She is such an actress! – Ona je takva glumica!
Ispred imenica za cele brojeve, razlomke, novac, merne jedinice (a hundred, a thousand, a
quarter, a thousand, a quarter, a half a pound, a dollar, a kilo, a litre).
Definite Article (određeni član)
Definite article (određeni član) the se ispred imenica koje počinju suglasnikom izgovara
kao /δə/, dok se ispred imenica koje počinju samoglasnikom određeni član čita kao /δi:/.
Izgovor:
the book /δə buk/

the eyes /δi: аіz/
Određeni član se koristi za opisivanje određenih, poznatih lica i stvari.
Primeri:
The man you met is my friend. – Čovek kog si upoznao je moj prijatelj.
The book on the table is mine. – Knjiga na stolu je moja.
Određeni član se koristi ispred superlativa i rednih brojeva.
Primeri:
She is the prettiest girl in the class. – Ona je najlepša devojka u razredu.
The first act of the play was the best. – Prvi čin drame je bio najbolji.
Određeni član se koristi da označi pojmove od kojih samo jedan postoji na svetu.
Primeri:
the Earth
the past
the Sun
the weather

Određeni član se koristi ispred imena reka, mora, okeana, planinskih venaca...
Primeri:
the Sava
the Adriatic sea
the Atlantic
the Alps
Određeni član se koristi ispred imena pripadnika narodnosti da označi celu naciju.
Primeri:
the French
the Swiss
the English
the Americans
Određeni član se koristi ispred imena javnih zgrada i institucija u gradu (ispred imena
bioskopa, pozorišta, muzeja, hotela).
Primeri:
the Odeon cinema

the National Museum
the Modern Art Gallery
the Inter-continental Hotel
Određeni član se koristi ispred cinema, theatre, radio, (ali ne ispred television).
Primeri:
I went to the cinema last night.
I saw that on TV.
Međutim, ukoliko se misli na određeni uređaj, onda se upotrebljava the.
Primer:
Turn off the TV, please.
Određeni član se koristi ispred prideva koji se koriste kao imenice (The rich, the poor, the
young, the sick). Ovako upotrebljen pridev obavezno prati glagol u množini.

Primer:
The young are very educated in Serbia.
Određeni član se koristi ispred naziva instrumenata.
Primer:
She plays the guitar. – Ona svira gitaru.
Određeni član se koristi ispred imena porodice (The Smiths). Inače, ispred vlastitih imena
ljudi ne upotrebljava se the.
Određeni član se koristi ispred imena zemalja koje se sastoje od nekoliko reči ili koja se
sastoje od imenice u množini, ili u nekim izuzecima (the Congo, the Argentine, the Ukraine,
the Lebanon:
Primeri:
The United States

The Soviet Union
The Netherlands
The Philippines
Određeni član se koristi ispred naziva regiona sveta ili zemlje (the Middle East, the Far East)
Određeni član se koristi ispred imena koja označavaju vodu – mora, okeana, reka, kanala,
zaliva i moreuza:
Primeri:
the Mediterranean Sea

the Atlantic Ocean
the river Ganges
the Panama Canal
the British Channel
the straits of Gibraltar (ali, the se ne upotrebljava sa imenima jezera Lake Geneva)
Određeni član se koristi ispred grada Haga (the Hague). Ispred imena drugih gradova član
se ne upotrebljava.
Određeni član se koristi ispred imena novina:
Primeri:
the Times
the Washington Post

Određeni član se koristi ispred naziva za delove dana:
Primeri:
in the morning
in the afternoon
in the evening, ali at down, at noon, at midnight
Izostavljanje člana
Član se ne koristi ispred imenica u množini i apstraktnih imenica upotrebljenih u opštem

smislu.
Primeri:
Love is a wonderful thing. – Ljubav je divna stvar.
Apples are good for your health. – Jabuke su dobre za tvoje zdravlje.
Men are physically stronger than women. – Muškarci su fizički jači od žena.
Međutim, ako se radi o konkretnim pojmovima, član će biti upotrebljen:
Primeri:
The love he gave me was a thing I`ll never forget. – Ljubav koju mi je on pružao je
nešto što nikada neću zaboraviti.
I ate all the apples that Sarah had brought. – Pojeo sam sve jabuke koje je Sara
donela.
The men in this company are very hard-working. – Muškarci u ovoj firmi su veoma
vredni.
Sa imenicama u množini i nebrojivim imenicama, kada govorimo uopšteno o nečemu:
Primeri:
Apples are very good for your health.
We drink coffee and tea.
Ispred imena jezika i obroka:
Primeri:
She speaks French. – Ona govori francuski.
We had lunch with John. – Ručali smo sa Džonom.

Ako se misli na konkretan obrok, upotrebljava se član (the wedding lunch).
Ispred naziva kontinenata:
Primeri:
Europe
America
Asia
Ispred imena igara i sportova:
Primeri:
Marko plays chess very well. – Marko igra šah vrlo dobro.
Many people like playing basketball. – Mnogi ljudi vole da igraju košarku.
Ispred ličnih imena i imena gradova:
Primer
I live in New York. – Ja živim u Njujorku.
Ispred brojivih imenica koje se upotrebljavaju kao vlastita imena:
Primeri:
God
Father
Mother
Teacher
Ispred vlastitih imena u genitivu koji stoji ispred druge imenice:
Primer:
St Paul’s Cathedral
Član se ne koristi ispred naziva mesta kada se misli na njihovu osnovnu funkciju:
Primeri:
He was injured in the accident and ended up in hospital. – Povredio se u nesreći i

završio u bolnici.
The man was convicted and sent to prison. – Čovek je bio osuđen i odveden u zatvor.

Ako se misli na građevinu, član će biti upotrebljen:
Primeri:
Mary lives next to the hospital. – Meri živi pored bolnice.
Sarah went to the prison to visit her husband. – Sara je otišla u zatvor da poseti svog
supruga.
Ispred imena ulica i parkova koja u nazivu imaju naznaku da se radi o ulici ili parku (Hyde
Park, Fifth Avenue, Church Street)
Ispred imena većine mostova (Tower Bridge), ali kada se pominje reka, stavlja se određeni
član: the Severn Bridge.
U mnogim uobičajenim izrazima, kao što su:
Primeri:
By day – danju, po danu

At night – noću
At home – kod kuće
At work – na poslu
In bed – u krevetu
By car – kolima
Rezime
• Članovi se često koriste u engleskom jeziku kako u govoru, tako i u pisanju. Postoji
veliki broj izuzetaka koje moramo zapamtiti (najbolje da se zapamti neki primer: The
English live in England.). Vremenom će svako od nas steći osećaj kada članovi treba
da se upotrebe, a kada ne.
Napomena za test napredovanja
na gramatiku.

Digital Heaven
Introduction
You’re about to read a story called ‘Digital Heaven.’ The story itself is very amusing and
humorous. The author expects the people to behave and operate like robots in a few decades.
The author describes the virtual world everyone will be living in. You will especially enjoy the
text if science fiction novels are your cup of tea. You can also find the examples of the use of
definite and indefinite articles in the text. Enjoy the story!
If you had the opportunity to live forever, would you take it? The obstacles to keeping your
body alive indefinitely still seem insurmountable, but some scientists think there is another
possibility opened up by digital technology: creating a digital copy of your "self" and
keeping that "alive" online long after your physical body has ceased to function.
In effect, the proposal is to clone a person electronically. Unlike the familiar physical clones
- offspring that have identical features as their parents, but that are completely separate
organisms with a separate conscious life - your electronic clone would believe itself to be
you. How might this be possible? The first step would be to map the brain.
How? One plan relies on the development of nanotechnology. Ray Kurzweil - one of the
prophets of artificial intelligence - predicts that within two or three decades we will have
nanotransmitters that can be injected into the bloodstream. In the capillaries of the brain
they would line up alongside the neurons and detect the details of the cerebral electronic
activity. They would be able to transmit that information to a receiver inside a special
helmet or cap, so there would be no need for any wires protruding from the scalp.
As a further step, Ray Kurzweil also envisages the nanotransmitters being able to connect
you to a world of virtual reality on the Internet, similar to what was depicted in the film
'Matrix'. With the nanotransmitters in place, by thought alone, you could log on to the
Internet and instead of the pictures coming up on your screen, they would play inside your
mind. Rather than send your friends e-mails, you would agree to meet up on some virtual
tropical beach.
For Ray this would be, quite literally, heaven. Once you upload the brain onto the Internet
and log on to that virtual world the body can be left to rot while your virtual self carries on
playing Counter Strike forever.
Generations of Christians believed in Christ partly because his resurrection held out the
promise that we too might be able to enjoy life after death. But why wait for the Second
Coming when you can have a shot of nanobots and upload your brain onto the internet and
live on as an immortal virtual surfer?
Who needs faith when you've got broadband?
Text adopted from

http://fullspate.digitalcounterrevolution.co.uk/english-articles-advanced/digital-
heaven.html

Vocabulary
obstacle – prepreka cease – prestati

effect – suština, efekat clone – klonirati
proposal – predlog map – mapirati, opisati, predstaviti
offspring – potomstvo inject – ubrizgati
feature – crte, obeležja line up – poređati, udružiti
nanotechnology – nanotehnologija detect – otkriti, detektovati
prophet – prorok transmit – prenositi, isporučivati
artificial intelligence – veštačka inteligencija protrude – izvirivati
decade – decenija envisage – predviđati, zamisliti
nanotransmitter – nano predajnik depict – prikazati
bloodstream – krvotok carry on – nastaviti
capillary – kapilar rot – truliti
receiver – primalac, prijemnik, slušalica
helmet – šlem
scalp – koža glave
heaven – raj
resurrection – uskrsnuće
faith – vera
nanobot – nanobot

-
indefinitely – beskonačno
insurmountable – nepremostivo
unlike – za razliku od
conscious – svestan
alongside – zajedno sa, pored
cerebral – moždani, cerebralni
instead of – umesto
literally – bukvalno
partly – delimično
immortal – besmrtan
broadband – širokopojasni
Table 7.1

Synonyms
obstacle - hurdle, barrier, obstruction, cease - stop

hindrance, impediment clone - propagate (an organism or cell)
effect - end result, result as a clone
proposal - proposition map - draw, depict
offspring - children, sons and daughters inject- to force a liquid medicine or
feature - characteristic, trait, attribute drug into someone or something by
nanotechnology - technology dealing with using a special needle
individual atoms and molecules line up - arrange
prophet-clairvoyant, fortune teller detect - discover, disclose
artificial intelligence -computers transmit - send
decade-a period of ten years protrude - stick out, pop out
‘nanotransmitters’ - micro transmitters envisage - envision, imagine, foresee
bloodstream - the blood circulating through the depict - portray, illustrate
body of a person or animal carry on - continue, go on, keep on
capillary - a blood vessels doing
receiver - recipient rot - decay, decompose
helmet - casque,
scalp - the skin covering the head, excluding
the face
heaven - paradise, Eden
resurrection - revival
faith - belief, creed
nanobot - a hypothetical, very small, self-
propelled machine, especially one that has
some degree of autonomy and can reproduce,
devices currently under research and
development
-
indefinitely - for an unlimited or unspecified
period of time
insurmountable - unconquerable
unlike-as opposed to
conscious - aware, awake
alongside - next to
cerebral - of the cerebrum of the brain
instead of - in place of
literally - actually
partly - to a certain extent
immortal - eternal, undying, everlasting
broadband - a high-capacity transmission
technique using a wide range of frequencies,
which enables a large number of messages to
be communicated simultaneously
Table 7.2

Conclusion
• We hope you have found the story amusing. It’s an interesting account on the part of
the author of what we might expect in future. The story bears a resemblance to science
fiction novels, being full of innovative and entertaining ideas. The story also provides
you with the examples of the use of definite and indefinite articles.

Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Uvod
U lekciji koja sledi videćemo šta su to brojive, a šta su nebrojive imenice, da li postoje
određena pravila i da li ima izuzetaka od pravila.
A little i little se mogu upotrebiti da zamene nebrojivu imenicu ili da stoje ispred nje, ali
postoji razlika u značenju.
Primeri:
Please pass the sugar. I’d like a little. (mala dovoljna količina) – Molim Vas, dodajte mi
šećer. Htela bih malo šećera.
I take little sugar in my tea. (Skoro da i ne uzimam) – Stavljam malo šećera u čaj.
A few i few se mogu upotrebiti da zamene brojivu imenicu ili da stoje ispred nje, ali i ovde
takođe postoji razlika u značenju.
Primeri:
Tourists like the seaside in summer. A few come in April. (mali pozitivni broj) – Turisti
vole morsku obalu u leto. Malo ih dolazi u aprilu.
There were few tourists this year. (Skoro da ih nije ni bilo) – Bilo je malo turista ove
godine.
Mnoge imenice mogu biti bilo brojive bilo nebrojive u zavisnosti od toga kako su upotrebljene.
Nebrojive imenice često mogu biti brojive ako ih koristimo da bismo opisali različite vrste
nečega.
Primeri:
Would you like some wine? – Želite li vina?
Burgundy and chardonnay are the finest wines. – Burgundac i šardone su najfinija
vina.
Reči koje se koriste za materijale su obično nebrojive, ali često se te iste reči koriste kao
brojive kako bi se opisalo nešto što je napravljeno od tih materijala.
Primeri:
made of cloth – od tkanine

four cloths – četiri stolnjaka
Neke brojive imenice se više shvataju kao zbir elemenata nego kao više pojedinačnih
elemenata (bean(s), spice(s)).

Neke reči su u engleskom jeziku nebrojive, a u ostalim stranim jezicima su brojive. Takve reči
su:
Primeri:
accommodation
advice
baggage
information
money
news
travel
work
behaviour
bread
weather
traffic
luck
damage
furniture
luggage
permission
chess
clothing
damage
food
fruit
grass
hair
help
homework
housework
jewellery
laughter
linen
macaroni
music
rubbish
traffic
steam
Nebrojive su neke imenice sa nastavkom –s kao što su:
Primeri:
Imenice za predmete u školi i naučne discipline (mathematics, physics, linguistics)

sportove (athletics, gymnastics)
igre (billiards, cards, darts)
bolesti (measles, mumps)
imenica news

Imenice samo u množini
Neke imenice se koriste samo sa glagolom u množini. Takve imenice su scissors, binoculars,
jeans i druge imenice koje se sastoje iz dva dela. Ostale imenice koje se koriste samo u
množini su congratulations, outskirts, remains, stairs, thanks, people, folk, public,
police, cattle.
Isti oblik imenice u jednini i množini
Nekoliko imenica za ribe i životinje u jednini i množini – koriste se sa glagolom u jednini ili
množini (sheep, deer, salmon, cod, trout, fish): There is a sheep over there; Five sheep are
over there.
Imena nacija takođe imaju isti oblik u jednini i množini (Chinese, Japanese).
Neke imenice mogu biti praćene glagolom u jednini ili množini u zavisnosti od toga da li se
misli na jednu celinu ili na nešto što je sastavljeno od većeg broja pojedinačnih jedinki. Takve
imenice su headquarters, barracks, aircraft, series, means. Na isti način se ponašaju i zbirne
imenice family, team, committee, itd. U jednini su kad se misli na celu grupu, a u množini
kada se misli na zbir sastavljen od više jedinki: The family is/are.
Rezime
• U engleskom jeziku postoje brojive i nebrojive imenice. Brojive imenice su imenice

koje imaju množinu, tj. one koje se mogu izbrojati. Nebrojive imenice su one koje ne
mogu da se izbroje, tj. nemaju množinu. Postoje imenice koje su u engleskom jeziku
nebrojive, dok su u drugim jezicima brojive. Teško je da se takve imenice uče
napamet, pa je najbolje da se vezuju za neki kontekst, npr. The good news is that...
Napomena za test napredovanja:
na gramatiku.

The Power of Advertising
Introduction
You’re about to read a story called ‘The Power of Advertising.’ The story illustrates the impact
of advertising all around the globe. The text is filled with interesting vocabulary intended for
the upper-intermediate level of English. This compelling story about advertising also provides
you with the examples of countable and uncountable nouns. The examples of uncountable
nouns are words such as consumption, freedom, prevalence, advertising, envy, etc. Countable
nouns are the words that can be counted and have a plural form, such as society, a book, an
advertisement, a car, etc.
Where would modern society be without advertising? Individual advertisers might think
they are just trying to sell a particular product, but advertising as a whole sells us an entire
lifestyle. If it weren't for advertising, the whole of society would be quite different. The
economy, for instance, would be plunged into a crisis without the adverts and all the
publicity that fuel our desire for limitless consumption.
As John Berger observed in his book "Ways of Seeing", all advertising conveys the same
simple message: my life will be richer, more fulfilling once I make the next crucial purchase.
Adverts persuade us with their images of others who have apparently been transformed
and are, as a result, enviable. The purpose is to make me marginally dissatisfied with my
life - not with the life of society, just with my individual life. I am supposed to imagine
myself transformed after the purchase into an object of envy for others - an envy which will
then give me back my love of myself.
The prevalence of this social envy is a necessary condition if advertising is to have any hold
on us whatsoever. Only if we have got into the habit of comparing ourselves with others
and finding ourselves lacking, will we fall prey to the power of advertising.
While fanning the flames of our envy, advertising keeps us preoccupied with ourselves, our
houses, our cars, our holidays and the endless line of new electronic gadgets that suddenly
seem indispensable. Tensions in society and problems in the rest of the world, if attended
to at all, quickly fade into the background. They are certainly nothing to get particularly
worked up about. After all, there can't be any winners without losers. That's life.
Furthermore, together with the holy rituals of shopping (people get dressed up now to go
shopping in the way that they only used to get dressed up when they went to church)
advertising is one of the ways in which we are quietly persuaded that our society is the best
of all possible worlds (or at least so good that it is not worth campaigning for any
fundamental changes). Adverts implicitly tell us to activate ourselves and do some
shopping, and the idea that the shelves of the shops are full of the latest products is indeed
one of the most effective ways in which contemporary society gets its legitimation.
People like John Berger are also not entirely over the moon about the impact that
advertising and shopping have on the value of political freedom. Freedom is supposed to
be the highest value in our societies, but in the age of the consumer that freedom is all too
readily identified with the freedom to choose between Pepsi and Coke, McDonald's and
Kentucky Fried Chicken, Toyota and Ford, and people lose interest in the various political

freedoms and our ability to participate in the process of exercising democratic control. There
are lots of criticisms that could be made of modern democracies, but no one is going to pay
much attention to them if they are more interested in becoming happy shoppers.
In all these ways advertising helps to keep the whole socio-economic show on the road. We
are rarely aware of this because we are too busy working to earn the money to pay for the
objects of our dreams - dreams that play on the screen of our mind like the little clips of
film we see in the commercial breaks.
Text adopted from http://fullspate.digitalcounterrevolution.co.uk/archive/advertising.html
Picture 9.11
Vocabulary
advertising – reklamiranje, oglašavanje plunge – opasti, upasti, strmoglaviti

lifestyle – način života fuel – snabdeti gorivom, napuniti
publicity – publicitet observe – posmatrati, proučavati
consumption – konzumiranje, potrošnja convey – preneti poruku
purchase – kupovina persuade – ubediti
adverts – oglasi, reklame lack – faliti, nedostajati
envy – ljubomora, zavist fan – hladiti
prevalence – rasprostranjenost attend to – pobrinuti se, pomagati
habit – navika fade – bledeti, nestajati
prey – plen to get worked up about sth – biti
gadgets – sprave, uređaji uznemiren, iznerviran zbog nečega
background – pozadina, drugi plan participate – učestvovati
legitimation – legitimitet
consumer – potrošač
commercial breaks –reklame
1
http://www.cnet.com/news/apple-iphone-5-ads-focus-on-product-are-smug/

Adjectives and adverbs Prepositions
(pridevi i prilozi): /conjunctions/idioms/phrases
(predlozi/veznici/idiomi/fraze):
particular – određeni over the moon – presrećan

fulfilling – ispunavajući furthermore – štaviše
crucial – krucijalni for instance – na primer
limitless – beskonačan
entire – ceo
quite – prilično
apparently – navodno
enviable – zavidan
marginally – neznatno
dissatisfied – nezadovoljan
preoccupied – preokupiran, zauzet
indispensable – neophodan
holy – sveti
implicitly – indirektno
indeed – zaista
effective – efikasan
contemporary – savremeni, moderni
readily – brzo, spremno
various – razni
Table 9.1
Synonyms
advertising – the activity or profession of plunge – dive, drop

producing advertisements for commercial fuel – power, charge
products or services. observe – discern, notice, see
lifestyle – way of life convey – get the message across
publicity – campaign, public interest persuade – convince
consumption – using up, expending lack – be without
purchase – shopping fan – cool, freshen
adverts – advertisements attend to – assist, take care of
envy – jealousy fade – disappear
prevalence – widespread presence to get worked up about sth – get angry
habit – practice, custom participate – get involved
prey – quarry
gadget – appliance, apparatus
background – backdrop, circumstances,
credentials,
legitimation – validation
consumer – purchaser
commercial breaks – advertisements

particular – specific over the moon – overjoyed

fulfilling – engaging, satisfactory furthermore – moreover
crucial – essential for instance – for example
limitless – boundless, endless, infinite
entire – whole
quite – very
apparently – allegedly
enviable – desired, favoured, sought-after,
desirable
marginally – to only a limited extent, slightly
dissatisfied – disappointed
preoccupied – busy
indispensable – necessary
holy – sacred
implicitly – indirectly
indeed – really
effective – successful
contemporary – modern
readily – quickly, willingly
various – different
Table 9.2
Conclusion
• We hope you have found the story compelling! The society we live in is clearly marked
by the importance and prevalence of advertising. Not only does this story enrich your
vocabulary but it also provides you with examples of countable and uncountable nouns.
Do you agree with the author of this article? What do you think about advertisements?

Expressing the Future
Uvod
U lekciji koja sledi objasnićemo koji se sve oblici u engleskom jeziku koriste da bi se opisalo
buduće vreme.
Budućnost se u engleskom jeziku može iskazati na nekoliko načina, odnosno korišćenjem

sledećih vremena.
The Present Continuous Tense (sadašnje trajno vreme)
Present Continuous Tense koristi se za planove vezane za budućnost.
Primer:
I am visiting my sister next weekend. – Sledećeg vikenda ću posetiti svoju sestru.
The Future Simple Tense (buduće prosto vreme)
Future Simple Tense (prosto buduće vreme) koristimo:
• da bismo govorili o radnjama za koje predviđamo da će se desiti u budućnosti (future

predictions);
Primeri:
She will travel to Jamaica next year. – Ona će putovati na Jamajku sledeće godine.
Will it rain tomorrow? – Hoće li padati kiša sutra?
• za odluke donete u trenutku govora;
Primeri:
A: "We ran out of sugar." – Nestalo nam je šećera.
B: "I will go and buy some." – Otići ću i kupiću ga.
Za razliku od prostog budućeg vremena o čijoj je upotrebi bilo reči, kada govorimo o svojim
planovima i odlukama donetim ranije, koristimo konstrukciju:

Model
BE + GOING TO + INFINITIVE
Primeri:
A: I've got a headache. – Boli me glava.
B: I will get you an aspirin. – Doneću ti aspirin.
(Odluka koja nije mogla biti doneta ranije, jer B nije znao da A boli glava.)
I bought the tickets for the cinema. I’m going to see a film. – Kupio sam karte za
bioskop. Ići ću da gledam film.
(Čim je kupio karte, znači da je odluku doneo pre trenutka govora, odnosno da je planirao.)
Ponekad je razlika između upotrebe ova dva načina izražavanja budućnosti veoma mala. Kada
koristimo going to konstrukciju, mi znamo da će se nešto desiti na osnovu nečega, što sada
možemo jasno videti, dakle, iznosimo predviđanje zasnovano na nekom dokazu.
Primeri:
Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain. – Pogledaj te sive oblake. Pašće kiša.
I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick. – Osećam se grozno. Mislim da će mi pozliti.
U situacijama kada je verovatnoća da će se radnja desiti manja, bolje je koristiti will +

inifinitiv.
Primer:
Marko will probably arrive at about 6 o'clock. – Marko će verovatno stići oko 6 sati.
The Present Simple Tense (sadašnje prosto vreme)
The Present Simple Tense (sadašnje prosto vreme) koristimo:
Za fiksne rasporede (fixed timetables) u budućnosti:
Primeri:
School starts on Monday. – Škola počinje u ponedeljak.
My plane takes off at 8 tomorrow morning. – Moj avion poleće sutra ujutru u 8.

Za budućnost u rečenicama koje počinju veznicima when, as soon as i after:
Primeri:
I'll go to the cinema when I finish my work. – Ići ću u bioskop kad završim posao.
As soon as I get home I'll call you. – Zvaću te čim stignem kući.
Rezime
• U engleskom jeziku se budućnost iskazuje na nekoliko načina, odnosno korišćenjem

određenih vremena. Koje će se vreme koristiti, zavisi od konteksta.
na gramatiku.

Future Perfect and Future Continuous Tense
Uvod
U lekciji koja sledi obradićemo sve oblike i upotrebu budućeg trajnog vremena i budućeg
svršenog vremena.
The Future Continuous Tense (buduće trajno vreme)
The Future Continuous Tense (buduće trajno vreme) se gradi od prostog budućeg vremena
glagola TO BE (will + am, is, are) i present participa (sadašnjeg participa).
Potvrdni oblik
Jednina (singular) Množina (plural)

I will be working. – Ja ću raditi. We will be working. – Mi ćemo raditi.
You will be working. – Ti ćeš raditi. You will be working. – Vi ćete raditi.
He will be working. – On će raditi. They will be working. – Oni će raditi.
She will be working. – Ona će raditi.
It will be working. – Ono će raditi.
Tabela 11.1.
Upitni oblik – Yes/No questions

Will I be working? – Da li ću raditi? Will we be working? – Da li ćemo raditi?
Will you be working? – Da li ćeš raditi? Will you be working? – Da li ćete raditi?
Will he be working? – Da li će raditi? Will they be working? – Da li će raditi?
Will she be working? – Da li će raditi?
Will it be working? – Da li će raditi?
Tabela 11.2.
Odrični oblik

I will not (won't) be working. – Ja neću We will not (won't) be working. – Mi
raditi. nećemo raditi.
You will not (won't) be working. – Ti You will not (won't) be working. – Vi
nećeš raditi. nećete raditi.
He will not (won't) be working. – On They will not (won't) be working. – Oni
neće raditi. neće raditi.
She will not (won't) be working. – Ona
neće raditi.
It will not (won't) be working. – Ono
neće raditi.
Tabela 11.3.

Upotreba
Za buduću radnju koja će biti u procesu u nekom trenutku u budućnosti.
Primeri:
Tomorrow morning at 9 I will be having breakfast. – Sutra ujutru u 9 sati ja ću

doručkovati.
This time next week we will be travelling to London. – U ovo doba sledeće nedelje,
putovaćemo za London.
The Future Perfect Tense (buduće svršeno vreme)
The Future Perfect Tense (buduće svršeno vreme) se gradi od modalnog glagola WILL i Perfect
Infinitive (prošlog infinitiva).
Potvrdni oblik

I will have worked. – Ja ću raditi. We will have worked. – Mi ćemo raditi.
You will have worked. – Ti ćeš raditi. You will have worked. – Vi ćete raditi.
He will have worked. – On će raditi. They will have worked. – Oni će raditi.
She will have worked. – Ona će raditi.
It will have worked. – Ono će raditi.
Tabela 11.4.
Upitni oblik – Yes/No questions

Will I have worked? – Da li ću raditi? Will we have worked? – Da li ćemo raditi?
Will you have worked? – Da li ćeš raditi? Will you have worked? – Da li ćete raditi?
Will he have worked? – Da li će raditi? Will they have worked? – Da li će raditi?
Will she have worked? – Da li će raditi?
Will it have worked? – Da li će raditi?
Tabela 11.5.

Odrični oblik

I will not (won't) have worked. – Ja neću We will not (won't) have worked. – Mi
raditi. nećemo raditi.
You will not (won't) have worked. – Ti You will not (won't) have worked. – Vi
nećeš raditi. nećete raditi.
He will not (won't) have worked. – On They will not (won't) have worked. – Oni
neće raditi. neće raditi.
She will not (won't) have worked. – Ona
neće raditi.
It will not (won't) have worked. – Ono
neće raditi.
Tabela 11.6.
Upotreba
The Future Perfect Tense (buduće svršeno vreme) se koristi za radnju koja će se završiti do
nekog vremenskog perioda u budućnosti. Tako se ono često koristi sa izrazima koji počinju
sa by: by then, by that time, by Friday...
Primeri:
By the end of this year I will have lived in this town for five years. – Do kraja ove
godine, biće pet godina kako živim u ovom gradu.
Susan will have finished her homework by that time. – Suzan će do tog vremena završiti
domaći zadatak.
Rezime
• Buduće trajno vreme koristimo kada slušalac zna ili razume u koje vreme se radnja
odvija (She will be playing tennis at 11 am tomorrow). Buduće svršeno vreme
koristimo za radnju koja će se desiti i završiti do određenog vremena u budućnosti
(They will have left Belgrade by 11 0’clock).
na gramatiku.

The Future of Workplace
Introduction
In the following text we are going to see what future offices will look like. The new workforce
has a different perspective on how offices and work should be organized. There are a few
visions to pay our attention to. Let’s read the article and find out what those visions are.
New workforce generations are giving the workplace revolution renewed life, more urban
and mobile.
The future is urbane
The suburbs-versus-cities debate about work’s preferred locations masks how both are
densifying around transit and encouraging people to leave their cars and walk or bike.
Wellness and resilience figure in this shift, but the bigger issue is the need to mix uses to
attract the best tenants and enhance their performance. Pairing work with other activities
adds urbanity and amenity, and makes development easier to finance.
Corporate Campuses
Redefining the idea of “campus”
Location is a bigger issue today as companies weigh their workplace needs against the
preferences of a workforce that’s in flux. Vertical campuses and repositioned large-
floorplate industrial buildings in the urban core will have an edge with Millennials. Yet the
traditional corporate campus persists, reflecting the importance of “everyone under one
roof” to boost productivity. Whatever the location and format, campuses will promote
wellness, integrate and leverage smart technology to increase building performance. But
often they’ll do more—adding complementary, even community-serving uses and
amenities, and melding non-office and office work together to drive innovation. The form
campuses and buildings take helps forge a strong identity to reinforce corporate culture.
Picture 12.1. Hyundai Motor America, Fountain Valley, CA1
1
http://www.gensler.com/expertise/corporate-campuses

Commercial Office Building Developers
A building type in transition
Developers are transforming the commercial office building model as they refocus on their
tenants’ need to recruit a younger, more creative and collaborative workforce. Its
preference for buildings that map to its values puts a premium on sustainability, wellness,
loft-like spaces, and locations that are active, transit-friendly, and walkable. As this
suggests, another big shift is that office buildings are less of a stand-alone real estate
product and more a part of mixed use. In some cases, the mix still takes the form of towers
combining uses in a vertical format. More often, it’s a richer composition that combines
different scales and blends the program imaginatively to promote the kind of informal
interaction that generates higher retail traffic and evening and weekend activity.
Picture 12.2. Suburbia Transformed2
Secure, urban, and collaborative
Security is a given in this sector, but the companies will be under greater pressure to find
the best employees, balance work modes, and broaden their locational options. Urban areas
with transit access and a mix of nearby amenities are in play, adding a layer of security
requirements for the owners and developers of buildings catering to the sector. Also
reshaping the workplace for these companies is their need to align engineering and product
fabrication with each other and with broader business goals. This will help them get to
market faster without compromising product quality. Facilities need to support cross-team
collaboration and let teams reshape the workspace to meet their evolving needs. Analysing
workflow in human terms will be key to their design.
2
http://dc.urbanturf.com/pipeline/411/Tysons_Tower/

Picture 12.3. A Synthesised Workplace3
Doing more with less
In the US, government at every level is looking for ways to provide services at lower cost.
Following the lead of the Federal government, its regional and local counterparts are
implementing new workplace standards, integrating mobility strategies, and streamlining
their portfolios by consolidating at a higher workplace density. They’re also reducing
operating costs by embracing sustainable, high-performing design and systems. To address
the limits of public-sector budgets, governments will increasingly be partnering with
private-sector developers, facility managers, and other providers. While competitively
chosen, these partners will be brought into projects earlier as advisors on portfolio strategy
and state-of-the-art workplace requirements.
Picture 12.4. A modernized Workplace4
3
http://www.cfn.news/news/2016/1/11/boeings-latest-office-is-a-building-inside-a-building
4
http://www.gensler.com/design-forecast-2015-the-future-of-workplace

Mobile, engaged, and future-proof
To increase real estate efficiency, professional services firms will continue to reduce space.
This high-performance workplace will consist of a variety of settings that provide choice and
balance among work modes. Technology will be an enabler of communication and mobility
wherever work happens. The office will be the focus of face-to-face engagement with clients
and colleagues. Future-proofing will be a high priority, with greater flexibility to
accommodate head-count shifts and evolving work styles cost-effectively within the same
footprint. Coworking space is on the horizon for professional services firms with creative
sector clients and a Millennial workforce. Coworking can be a catalyst for inspiring and
supporting the kind of spontaneous interaction that generates and speeds innovation.
Picture 12.5. RECONFIGURABLE SPACE — Morrison Foerster, New York5
Article taken from the following link:

http://www.gensler.com/design-forecast-2015-the-future-of-workplace
Vocabulary
resilience – elastičnost, otpornost mask – maskirati

tenant – stanar densify – zbiti se, zgusnuti
urbanity – otmenost, uglađenost enhance – povećati se
amenity – komfor pair – spojiti, spariti
preference – prednost, prioritet persist – istrajati
flux – tok, kretanje, bujica boost – dići, podići, povećati
wellness – zdravlje integrate – integrisati, kombinovati više
performance – učinak, izvođenje, stvari
produktivnost leverage – iskoristiti
5
http://budismecat.blogspot.rs/2016/08/modern-office-design-trends.html

sustainability – vitalnost meld – spojiti, objediniti
tower – kula, toranj drive – pokrenuti
composition – sastav forge – kovati, napraviti, falsifikovati
scale – opseg, stepen, razmera reinforce – pojačati
retail – maloprodaja refocus – preusmeriti, proslediti
work mode – radni režim blend – mešati
fabrication – proizvodnja, industrija generate – proizvoditi, izazvati, svarati
cross-team collaboration – saradnja broaden – proširiti, širiti se
suprotnih timova align – poređati, podešavati, ispraviti
workflow – tok posla streamline – unaprediti
counterpart – duplikat, dvojnik consolidate – učvrstiti
portfolio – portfolio embrace – obuhvatiti
density – gustina, koncentracija, zbijenost accommodate – prilagoditi, adaptirati
facility manager – stručnjak zadužen za put a premium (idiom) – vrednovati, ceniti,
upravljanje i održavanje objekta uzdati se
enabler – organizator; koordinator; onaj
koji nešto omogućava
engagement – angažovanje, obaveza
future-proof – proizvod, usluga ili sistem
koji neće morati značajno da se unapređuje
sa razvojem tehnologija
head-count – stvaran broj pojedinaca na
platnom spisku jedne firme
footprint – otisak stopala
catalyst – katalizator
floorplate – metalna ploča postavljena u
podu, ponekad opremljena otvorima na
kojima oprema može da bude pričvršćena

renewed – nov
vertical – vertikalan
repositioned – repozicioniran
complementary – dodatni
collaborative – zajednički
loft-like – nalik na potkrovlje
transit-friendly – koji omogućava efikasan
javni prevoz
walkable – prohodan
imaginatively – maštovito
sustainable – održiv, dugotrajan, stalan,
trajan
high-performing – visokih performansi
competitively – konkurentski
state-of-the-art – moderan, savremen, nov
cost-effectively – ekonomično
Table 12.1.

Synonyms
resilience – flexibility mask – disguise

tenant – dweller, resident, inhabitant densify – compress
urbanity – elegance, charm enhance – improve, embellish
amenity – comfort, convenience, quality pair – combine, match
preference – first choice persist – carry on, carry through
flux – state of constant change, flow, change boost – add to, enlarge, expand
wellness – wellbeing integrate – mix, merge, assimilate
performance – accomplishment, efficiency leverage – use
tower – castle, turret meld – blend, bring together
composition – structure, arrangement drive – move, force, inspire
scale – range, scope forge – falsify, produce
fabrication – manufacture reinforce – strengthen, boost, build up
workflow – plan, system, movement of work blend – mix, combine, meld
from one department or employee to another generate – produce, create, develop, make
counterpart – match, identical part or thing, broaden – extend, expand, develop
complement align – adjust, coordinate, regulate
density – thickness consolidate – combine, build up, develop
enabler – one who helps, coordinator, embrace – grasp
organizer, assistant accommodate – adapt, adjust
engagement – commitment, obligation
head-count – inventory, poll
footprint – footmark, footstep, imprint
catalyst – stimulant, motivation

renewed – revived, modernized, improved

vertical – upright, steep
repositioned – rearranged, reorganized
complementary – filling, completing
collaborative – cooperative
sustainable – continual, continuous
state-of-the-art – up-to-date, advanced,
modern, brand-new
Table 12.2.

Conclusion
• The workplace of the future is definitely going to change – it is going to be more

mobile, more flexible, with high-performing design and systems. There are examples
of future tenses in the text.

Relative Clauses
Uvod
U lekciji koja sledi obradićemo odredbene odnosne rečenice i umetnute odnosne rečenice,
kada se upotrebljavaju i da li postoje neki izuzeci kada one mogu da se izostave iz rečenice.
Odnosne rečenice se dele na dve grupe: odredbene odnosne rečenice (Defining relative
clauses) i umetnute odnosne rečenice (Non-defining relative clauses).
Defining Relative Clauses (odredbene odnosne rečenice)
Odredbena odnosna rečenica (Defining Relative Clause) bliže određuje imenicu ili zamenicu
na koju se odnosi. Ona se ne može izostaviti jer bez nje rečenica ili nema smisao ili ga menja.
Primer:
The police have caught the thief who stole the jewels. – Policija je uhvatila lopova
koji je ukrao dragulje.
who stole the jewels je odredbena odnosna rečenica (defining relative clause).
Ove rečenice počinju odnosnim zamenicama who, whose, whom, which, that.
Kada govorimo o ljudima, koristimo who ili that:
Primeri:
I talked to the man who won the race. Ili
I talked to the man that won the race. – Razgovarao sam sa čovekom koji je pobedio
u trci.
Kada govorimo o stvarima ili životinjama koristimo which ili that:
Primeri:
I liked the car which my father bought. Ili
I liked the car that my father bought. – Svideo mi se auto koji je kupio moj otac.
Kada odnosna zamenica menja prisvojnu zamenicu (his, her, their...) koristimo whose (čiji,
čija, čije):

Primer:
Marko is the boy whose parents live in our neighbourhood. – Marko je dečak čiji
roditelji žive u našem kraju.
Odnosne zamenice who, that i which mogu biti subjekat ili objekat odnosne rečenice. Na
primer, u rečenici:
Primer:
I talked to the man who won the race. (who je subjekat)
ili u rečenici:
Primer:
That is the dog that attacked me. (that je takođe subjekat rečenice)
Međutim, u rečenici:
Primer:
The letter which she sent me was nice. (which je objekat)
Ili u rečenici:
Primer:
The man that I met yesterday was very kind. (that je takođe objekat)
Kada je odnosna zamenica objekat rečenice, ona se može izostaviti.
The man that I met yesterday was very kind = The man I met yesterday was very
kind.
The letter which she sent me was nice. = The letter she sent me was nice.
Whom se koristi umesto who ili that kada predstavlja objekat, pa se može reći i:
Primer:
The man whom I met yesterday was very kind.

Zamenica whom se retko koristi u govornom jeziku.
Odredbene odnosne rečenice se ne odvajaju zarezom od glavne rečenice.
That se ne može upotrebiti iza predloga.
Primeri:
This is the house (that/which) I paid a lot of money for. – Ovo je kuća za koju sam
dao puno novca.
This is the house for which I paid a lot of money. – Ovo je kuća za koju sam dao puno
novca.
Non-Defining Relative Clauses (umetnute odnosne rečenice)
Umetnuta odnosna rečenica (Non-defining Relative Clause) daje dodatno obaveštenje o

glavnoj rečenici, koje nije bitno za značenje rečenice kao celine. Glavna rečenica bi i bez nje
imala smisla.
Primer:
Belgrade, which is the capital of Serbia, has about 2 million inhabitants. – Beograd,
koji je glavni grad Srbije, ima oko 2 miliona stanovnika.
which is the capital of Serbia je umetnuta odnosna rečenica (non-defining relative clause)
i odvaja se zarezima od glavne rečenice.
Odnosne rečenice počinju odnosnim zamenicama who, which, whom, whose.
U umetnutim odnosnim rečenicama za stvari i životinje koristi se odnosna zamenica which

(ali ne i that, kao što je slučaj sa odredbenim odnosnim rečenicama).
Primer:
Mary gave the book, which she had already read, to her best friend. – Meri je knjigu,
koju je već bila pročitala, dala svojoj najboljoj drugarici.
U umetnutim odnosnim rečenicama za osobe koristimo odnosnu zamenicu who (ali ne i that,
kao što je slučaj u odredbenim odnosnim rečenicama).
Primer:
Ivo Andric, who was born in Travnik, was a great writer. – Ivo Andrić, koji je rođen
u Travniku, bio je veliki pisac.
U slučajevima kada je who objekat rečenice, umesto njega se može koristiti whom.

Primer:
Milan, whom I saw yesterday, is today in London. – Milan, koga sam juče video, danas
je u Londonu.
Varijanta sa who:
Primer:
Milan, who I saw yesterday, is today in London. (Manje je formalna i češće se koristi.)
U značenju njegov (his), njen (her), njihov (their) koristimo whose.
Primer:
Madonna, whose parents were born in Italy, is a famous American singer. –

Madona, čiji su roditelji rođeni u Italiji, poznata je američka pevačica.
Which se takođe može odnositi ne samo na reč iza koje stoji već i na čitavu rečenicu.
Primer:
She gave me her watch as a present, which was very nice of her. – Dala mi je svoj
sat na poklon, što je bilo veoma lepo od nje.
Rezime
• Odredbena odnosna rečenica bliže određuje imenicu ili zamenicu na koju se odnosi i
ne može da se izostavi, jer bez nje rečenica nema smisao. Kada govorimo o ljudima,
koristimo who ili that; which ili that se koriste kada govorimo o stvarima ili životinjama.
Kada je odnosna zamenica objekat rečenice, ona se može izostaviti. Umetnuta
odnosna rečenica daje dodatno obaveštenje o glavnoj rečenici i može da se izostavi
pošto glavna rečenica i bez nje ima smisla.
na gramatiku.

Participle Clauses
Uvod
U lekciji koja sledi obradićemo participe u engleskom jeziku, sadašnji i prošli. Participi se
mogu ponašati kao pridevi (It is an amusing story. Where is the wounded man?). Kada se
participi ponašaju kao glagoli, imaju oblike za glagolska vremena: prezent – walking, playing,
prošlo vreme – walked, played, perfekt – having walked, having played. Takođe ćemo
posebnu pažnju obratiti na glagole percepcije.
Participles And Verbs Of Sensation (participi i glagoli percepcije)
Participi (sadašnji i prošli) su glagolski pridevi koji se najčešće koriste za građenje trajnih i
perfect vremena. Međutim, oni se mogu koristiti i u raznim konstrukcijama za skraćenje
rečenica.
Participi se koriste da skrate rečenicu kada označavaju radnju istovremenu sa dešavanjem

radnje glavnog glagola.
Primeri:
She was sitting in an armchair reading a book. – Sedela je u fotelji i čitala knjigu.
He is a man praised by all his friends. – On je čovek hvaljen od strane svih svojih
prijatelja.
Nekada radnja participa može i da prethodi glavnoj radnji:
Primeri:
Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door. – Izvadivši ključ iz džepa, on je
otvorio vrata.
It is a novel written a few years ago. – To je roman napisan pre nekoliko godina.
Sadašnji particip može da objašnjava razlog izvršenja neke radnje:
Primer:
Feeling tired, I went to bed early. – Pošto sam bila umorna, otišla sam u krevet ranije.
Takođe se koristi da označi trajne osobine stvari ili ljudi:

Primer:
The road joining the two villages is very narrow. – Put koji spaja dva sela je veoma
uzan.
Prošli particip se koristi u obrascu:
Model:
subjekat + glagol + imenica/zamenica + prošli particip
• sa velikim brojem glagola kao što su: feel, find, get, have, hear, like, make, prefer,
see, want...
Primeri:
I found the house deserted. – Pronašao sam kuću napuštenu.
John heard his name called. – Džon je čuo da su prozvali njegovo ime.
Upotreba glagola have i get u ovakvim konstrukcijama se zove Causative Have i znači da
radnju nije izvršio subjekat, već neko drugi za njega.
Primeri:
How often do you have your car serviced? – Koliko često ti rade servis na autu?
I have just had my hair cut. – Upravo sam išla da mi skrate kosu.
Ponekad konstrukcija have something done ima značenje iskusiti, proći kroz nešto, npr.
Primeri:
My brother had his nose broken in a fight. – Mom bratu su slomili nos u tuči.
He had his car stolen last night. – Sinoć mu je neko ukrao auto.
Sadašnji particip se može koristiti u obrascu:
Model:
subjekat + glagol + imenica/zamenica + sadašnji particip
• sa velikim brojem glagola koji označavaju čulne senzacije (verbs of sensations), npr.
hear, look at, notice, observe, perceive, see, smell, watch, a i sa glagolima
like, find, get, have, keep, make, want, wish...

Primeri:
I thought I heard the telephone ringing. – Mislim da sam čula telefon kako zvoni.
Did you notice something moving in the bushes? – Jesi li primetio da se nešto mrda u
žbunju?
Look at the birds flying south. – Pogledaj ptice kako lete na jug.
Ponekad u istim ovim konstrukcijama sadašnji particip može biti zamenjen infinitivom bez
to. Razlika je u tome što konstrukcija sa infinitivom označava završenu trenutnu aktivnost, a
sadašnji particip označava radnju koja traje.
Primer:
I saw him cross the road. – Videla sam ga kako je prešao put.
I saw him crossing the road. – Videla sam ga kako prelazi ulicu.
Particip perfekta (having + -ed particip)
Having – ed particip se upotrebljava za građenje participskih klauza kojima se izražava

radnja ili stanje koji su prethodili radnji ili stanju izraženim glavnim glagolom:
Primeri:
Having finished supper, he went to bed.
Having studied hard he managed to pass the exam.
Having had dinner, they started watching a basketball game.
Rezime
• U engleskom jeziku postoje particip sadašnji, particip prošli i particip perfekta. Oni se
koriste da skrate rečenicu kada označavaju radnju istovremenu sa dešavanjem radnje
glavnog glagola, mada ponekad radnja participa može i da prethodi glavnoj radnji.
Glagoli percepcije ili čulne senzacije mogu biti praćeni –ing participom ili infinitivom (I
saw her enter the house. *kako je ušla / I saw her entering the house.*kako je
ulazila).
na gramatiku.

Clauses of Purpose
Uvod
Namerne rečenice iskazuju nameru ili cilj s kojim se vrši radnja u glavnoj rečenici. U lekciji
koja sledi videćemo koji se sve oblici koriste u engleskom jeziku da bi se izrazila namera.
Clauses of purpose (namerne rečenice) obično izražavamo na sledeći način:
Primer:
Pomoću veznika so (that) – često se iza njega koristi can, could, will ili would.
Ann locked the door so (that) no one could get in. – En je zaključala vrata tako da niko
ne može da uđe.
Primeri:
She got a visa so that she can travel to England. – Dobila je vizu da može da putuje u
Englesku.
Mariah turned down the music so that she wouldn’t disturb the neighbours. –
Maraja je smanjila muziku da ne bi uznemiravala komšije.
• Infinitive of purpose – infinitivom namere
U ovom slučaju subjekat glavne rečenice mora biti isti kao subjekat na koga se infinitiv odnosi.
Primer:
George went to Germany to study German. – Džordž je otišao u Nemačku da studira

nemački.
• In order to, so as to
Ovi veznici se koriste u formalnom jeziku pri izražavanju namere.
Primeri:
They used only local material, in order to save money. – Koristili su samo lokalni
materijal kako bi uštedeli novac.
He wakes up early in order to be on time to work. – On se budi rano kako bi došao na

vreme na posao.

Postoje takođe i odrični oblici ovih veznika: In order not to, so as not to:
Primeri:
The soldiers moved at night, so as not to alarm their enemy. – Vojnici su se noću premestili
kako ne bi upozorili neprijatelja.
Ivana exercises regularly so as not to get fat. – Ivana vežba redovno da se ne bi ugojila.
Rezime
• Da bi se izrazila namera u engleskom jeziku, koriste se oblici so that, in order to, so

as to. Postoje takođe i odrični oblici ovih veznika – in order not to, so as not to.
na gramatiku.

Everyone is born creative, but it is educated out of
us at school
Introduction
In the following text you are going to learn more about the importance of creativity. According
to the text creative people tend to be successful readers. Read the article and decide whether
you agree or disagree with the author. You will also find the examples of the use of relative
clauses, participle clauses and clauses of purpose. Try to locate them. You will also come
across some words that might seem unfamiliar so this is your chance to expand your
vocabulary as well.
Businesses urgently need innovative people, so we must dispel the myth that creativity is
something mysterious that cannot be encouraged.
Whenever I hear the phrase “creative industries” I’m always surprised. I ask myself, are
there any uncreative industries? If so, how do they survive? Why aren’t they in a museum,
next to the dodo? The world is changing at such a blistering pace that businesses without
creativity at their core are doomed.
Innovate or die is not just a slogan, it’s a vital truth. Creativity is the most powerful
competitive advantage a business can have. Companies need to fizz with new ideas and
fresh thinking. But there’s a problem – there just aren’t enough fizzy people around.
We need to do two things to address this. First, we have to debunk the notion popularised
by Hollywood that the creative artist is cut from a different cloth than normal folk – that
creativity is something mysterious, elusive and cannot be taught.
'We must do all we can to value and protect our creative output'
Jim Carroll
We are not talking about high art, but empowering people to use their imagination. Not
everyone can be Mozart, but everyone can sing. I believe everyone is born creative, but it
is educated out of us at school, where we are taught literacy and numeracy. Sure, there
are classes called writing and art, but what’s really being taught is conformity.
Fizzed with ideas, the moment they go to school, young children begin to lose the freedom
to explore, take risks and experiment.
We spend our childhoods being taught the artificial skill of passing exams, learning to give
teachers what they expect. By the time we get into industry, we have been conditioned to
conform. We spend our days in meetings and talk about “thinking outside the box”. But
rarely do we step outside it.
The sad truth is that schools were never designed to produce creativity. Not many people
are aware of it, but the education systems in the US and many other countries are based
on the 19th-century Prussian model. Children were taught to obey, not to challenge or think
creatively. That’s why you stand to attention when the teacher walks into the class. It’s
why from the US to China, children wear uniforms.

The system worked well for blue-collar workers – people who clocked in at factories and
stood on production lines making things such as automobile engines. But in a world driven
by search engines, the system is a busted flush. We must teach creativity at school as a
matter of urgency.
One reason Silicon Valley is doing all the invention, I suspect, is because it’s populated by
kids who slipped through the net. With the irreverence of youth still in them, they challenge,
take risks and don’t care about what people think. As the old Apple ad said: “Here’s to the
crazy ones!” We need more of these rule breakers and sacred-cow slaughterers.
Traditionally, creatives who are promoted into the echelons of leadership have not always
fared well. This too must change. We need more creative leaders – people who are equally
business and creatively minded. When it comes to the right and left brain, they need to be
able to use both.
Most importantly, we need people who are creative in the boardroom. Only when they begin
to affect change in the boardroom will the world of business become more innovative –
filled with bigger, bolder and exciting ideas.
Who knows, it may even mean the dawn of a new epoch: the creative age for mankind. We
all know how urgently it’s needed, now more than ever.
Text adopted and edited from
https://www.theguardian.com/media-network/2016/may/18/born-creative-educated-out-
of-us-school-business
Vocabulary
core – srž, suština dispel – rasterati, odbaciti

cloth – tkanina fizz(inf.) – peniti se, šištati, podsticati
folk – ljudi debunk – oduzeti ugled, obesmisliti
output – izlaz, rezultat empower – osnažiti
imagination – mašta condition – usloviti
conformity – konformizam conform – prilagoditi se, ispoštovati
blue-collar workers – radnička klasa clock in – prijaviti se
factory – fabrika to address – obratiti se
busted flush (inf.) – beskoristan popularise – popularizovati
engine – motor slip through – izvuči se, izmigoljiti se,
numeracy – računanje provući se
invention – izum fare well – uspeti
irreverence – nepoštovanje to affect – uticati
slaughterer – kasapin
echelons – ešalon, vojna jedinica
boardroom – upravni odbor
dawn – svitanje, zora
blistering pace – ekstremno brzo
literacy – pismenost

urgently – hitno -
innovative – inovativno
doomed – ukleto, osuđeno
competitive – takmičarski nastrojen
fizzy – kreativan, pričljiv, energičan
popularised – popularizovan
elusive – nedostižan, neuhvatljiv
artificial – veštački
bold – hrabar
Table 16.1.
Synonyms
core – essence dispel – make sth disappear

cloth – fabric fizz – sparkle
folk – people debunk – discredit, disprove
output – result empower – give (someone) the
imagination – creativity authority or power to do something.
conformity – compliance with standards, rules, condition –
or laws control, govern, determine, decide
blue-collar workers – working class conform – to obey, to adjust to
factory – works, plant, manufacturing clock in – check in, log in on time
complex/facility to address – to talk to, to talk about
busted flush – (inf.) a promising person or popularise – make accessible, give
thing that turns out to be unsuccessful mass-market appeal to
engine – motor slip through – to escape
numeracy – the ability to understand and work fare well – to succeed
with numbers to affect – to influence, to have impact
invention – creation, innovation on….
irreverence – pointlessness
slaughterer – butcher
echelons – level, rank, grade
boardroom – board of directors
dawn – sunrise
blistering pace – extremely quickly
literacy – the ability to read and write

urgently – quickly
innovative – original, thinking out of the box
doomed – likely to have an unfortunate and
inescapable outcome; ill-fated
competitive – ruthless, merciless
fizzy – lively, full of energy
popularised – advertised
elusive – unattainable
artificial – made or produced by human beings
rather than occurring naturally, especially as a
copy of something natural
bold – courageous
Table 16.2.
Conclusion
• The text provides you with the examples of relative and participle clauses as well as
clauses of purpose. The article is very critical of education systems which discourage
the development of creativity in children and learners. We hope you have expanded
your vocabulary as well.

Gerund and Infinitive
Uvod
U lekciji koja sledi videćemo koji su to glagoli čije se značenje menja u zavisnosti od toga da
li posle njih sledi gerund ili infinitiv.
Neki glagoli menjaju značenje u zavisnosti od toga da li su praćeni infinitivom sa to ili -ing
formom glagola.
Stop
Primeri:
He stopped smoking. – Prestao je da puši.
Gerund posle STOP pokazuje prestanak aktivnosti.
He stopped to smoke. – Zastao je da zapali cigaretu.
Ako STOP prati infinitiv, njime se iskazuje namera.
Remember
Primeri:
I clearly remember locking the door. – Jasno se sećam da sam zaključao vrata.
Remember + gerund se upotrebljava kada se subjekat seća da se nešto dogodilo u

prošlosti.
I remembered to lock the door when I left. – Setio sam se da zaključam vrata kad sam
izašao.
Remember + to + infinitive se upotrebljava kada se subjekat seti da treba nešto da

uradi.
Forget
Primeri:
Have we studied this topic before? I forget reading about it. – Da li smo već
proučavali ovu temu? Zaboravila sam da sam čitala o tome.
Forget + gerund ima značenje suprotno od remember + gerund, kada smo nešto uradili
u prošlosti, ali se toga ne sećamo.
She forgot to call her mother. – Zaboravila je da pozove svoju majku.
Forget + to + infinitive ima suprotno značenje od remember + to + infinitive.

Upotrebljava se kada želimo ili treba da uradimo nešto, ali smo na to zaboravili.

Regret
Primeri:
I regret telling him the truth. – Žao mi je što sam mu rekla istinu.
Regret + gerund se upotrebljava kada se žali zbog nečeg što je urađeno u prošlosti ili
kada bismo želeli da nismo tako postupili.
I regret to tell you this but I don't have a choice. – Žao mi je što moram ovo da ti
kažem, ali nemam izbora.
Go On
Primeri:
The minister went on talking about the price boom. – Ministar je nastavio da priča o
skoku cena. (nastavak iste stvari)
After discussing the economic problems, he went on to talk about trade. – Nakon
diskusije o ekonomskim problemima, nastavio je pričom o trgovini. (nastavak nečim novim)
Try
Primeri:
She tried to keep her eyes open but she couldn't. – Pokušala je da drži oči otvorene,
ali nije mogla. (pokušati nešto)
Try + to + infinitive se upotrebljava kada pokušavamo da uradimo nešto, ali ne uspevamo

zato što je suviše teško.
If you don’t like the taste of cauliflower, try cooking it with beef. – Ako ne voliš ukus
karfiola, pokušaj da ga kuvaš sa junetinom. (pokušati nešto novo, eksperiment ili test)
Try + gerund se upotrebljava kada se nešto radi samo da bismo isprobali.
Rezime
• Upotreba gerunda ili infinitiva menja značenje glagola stop, remember, forget,
regret, go on i try. Treba iz konteksta uočiti razliku (I stopped drinking. – Subjekat
više ne pije ili je u tom trenutku prestao da pije.; I stopped to drink. – Zaustavila sam
se u hodu, jer sam želela da popijem piće.)
na gramatiku.

Three Ways to Remain Productive When Working
From Home
Introduction
The text you are about to read represents an interesting personal account of home-based
work. Working from home has become very popular in this day and age. However, it’s very
important to organise your time and truly dedicate yourself to getting your job done, even
though you are in the comfort of your own home. The article provides you with useful tips in
order to make the most of working at home. This article also provides you with the examples
of the use of gerunds and infinitives. Can you find them in the text?
It may seem like the perfect setup. You can wake up just 10 minutes before work, you don’t
need to worry about showering or getting dressed, and of course, you can avoid the rush-
hour commute. Working from home provides its own luxuries, but it is very easy to become
complacent and negligent of certain tasks. I work from home half of the week, and I find
myself struggling to stay on track and not get distracted by the lure of my bed or the TV.
How do you make sure that you stay focused and productive when working from the comfort
of your own home, without getting too comfortable?
I had to really buckle down and train myself to work effectively from my apartment, and
the following four methods are what helped me remain motivated.
Tips:
1.Wake up early.
Waking up just in time for work may be tempting, after all who doesn’t like to sleep in for
as long as possible? But did you know it takes about two hours for your body to fully wake
up and adjust to its best concentration level?
In the morning when you first hop out of bed, your melatonin levels are still relatively high,
which is often the reason for early morning grogginess. Jumping right into work when you
haven’t given your mind and body the appropriate amount of time to adjust can inhibit your
productivity.
Part of the reason we are often more productive in an office setting is because we have the
commute time in between that helps us gradually become more alert. The solution? Try
getting into the routine of waking up early. Provide yourself with a reward every time you
manage to wake up when your alarm goes off, encouraging and motivating you to get a
head start on your day. For me, I like getting my workouts out of the way in the morning
instead of the evening. If I’m going to fit my workout in before work, I need to wake up at
least two hours earlier.

My co-worker wakes up at 5 am each morning so that he can make a nice breakfast, and
clean his house. The point is, set some time aside in the morning to do something for you.
That way, by the time work comes around, you’ve already been able to set aside some
personal time and can focus more carefully on what you need to accomplish for your job.
Picture 18.11
2. Plan out your day.
I frequently forget what I have to do. I’m usually quite aware that I have a lot to do, but
for some reason I never really manage to keep those tasks at the forefront of my mind. As
a result, I’ve been forced to keep a very strict schedule in which I plan out every aspect of
my day. Now I’m not suggesting you write down what every minute of what your day looks
like, but I do recommend at least creating a to-do list of tasks that need to be accomplished.
One of my favourite apps to use is the Pomodoro Timer. This Chrome extension lets you
add tasks and schedule them by the approximate amount of time it would take to complete
them. Each task is automatically added in 25 minute bursts. Why? Because working in
shorter amounts of time, followed by a quick five-minute break tends to keep your level of
focus up. How? By forcing you to work more intensely without burning out. You’re also less
likely to waste time surfing the internet and looking at silly things.
When you schedule your breaks, you also tend to stress out less about taking those breaks.
You give yourself more of an opportunity to truly relax in those 5 minutes rather than hitting
yourself over the head for wasting time.
Prefer to work for a longer burst of time? That’s fine too! Just take a slightly longer break
and go for a walk outside. Remove yourself from your home so it truly feels like you are
giving yourself some separation.
1
https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/280561

3. Make plans after work.
A major side-effect of working at home is that it can quickly turn you into a lazy recluse. I
know this from experience. Try to make plans after work when possible. You don’t need to
go out and party every night of the week, but give yourself a reason to get out of the house.
Go to the gym, or for a walk. Plan a movie day, or dinner and drinks with friends. Once
again, this will allow you to separate work-time from relax-time.
https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/280561
Vocabulary
setup – uređenje, okruženje, adjust – prilagoditi se

organizacija buckle down – preći na posao
rush-hour – špic hop out – skočiti iz
commute – putovanje do posla i nazad, inhibit – usporavati, blokirati
prevoženje accomplish – postići
luxury – luksuz force – naterati
lure – privlačnost burn out – preopteretiti se, umoriti se
grogginess – slabost, ukočenost, remove – ukloniti, skloniti
productivity – produktivnost
forefront – na prvom mestu, primarno
schedule – raspored
task – zadatak
extension – dodatak
side-effect – kontraindikacije
recluse – samotnjak

-
tempting – primamljivo
complacent – zadovoljan
negligent – nemaran
the following – koji slede, sledeći
gradually – postepeno
strict – strog
approximate – približno
intensely – žestoko, naporno
slightly – malo
appropriate – odgovarajući
Table 18.1.

Synonyms
setup – organisation, structure, adjust – adapt

arrangement buckle down – get down to business
rush-hour – a time during each day hop out-jump out of
when traffic is at its heaviest inhibit – to suppress
commute – travel to and from work accomplish – to succeed
luxury – great comfort, extravagant force – to make somebody do
living something
lure – appeal burn out – get tired, get exhausted
grogginess – feeling weak and remove – take (something) away or off
exhausted, semi-consciousness, stupor from the position occupied
appropriate - adequate
productivity – the state or quality of
producing something
forefront
– head, lead, front, fore, front line
schedule
– plan, program, timetable, scheme
task –
job, duty, chore, charge, assignment
extension-sequel, overtime
side-effect – a secondary, typically
undesirable effect of a drug or medical
treatment
recluse – favouring a solitary life,
hermit, ascetic

tempting – alluring, appealing -

complacent – pleased, satisfied
negligent – reckless, not paying
attention
the following – the next, proceeding
gradually – slowly, cautiously
strict – stern, severe, harsh
approximate – rough, estimated
intensely – strongly
slightly – just a little bit
Table 18.2.

Conclusion
• The text provides you with the examples of the use of gerunds and infinitives in the
sentence. The story itself highlights the pros and cons of working from home. If you
ever wish to consider this type of job, you will undoubtedly find the article compelling
and entertaining.

Modals
Uvod
U lekciji koja sledi obradićemo modalne glagole. U pitanju je grupa pomoćnih glagola koji
imaju niz različitih značenja (mogućnost, sposobnost, dozvola, obaveza itd.)
Modalni glagoli su glagoli nepotpunog značenja, koji odgovaraju našim: moći, hteti, umeti,
smeti...
U engleskom jeziku oni imaju tri važne karakteristike.
Pravila koja važe za modale:
traže dopunu u vidu infinitiva bez to
imaju isti oblik za sva lica
u odričnom i upitnom obliku ne koriste glagol to do
Sposobnost pokazuju sledeći glagoli:
Can
Be Able To
Can označava postojanje sposobnosti (ability) u sadašnjosti, dok can`t označava

nepostojanje sposobnosti.
Primeri:
I can play the guitar. – Umem da sviram gitaru.
She can`t drive a car. – Ona ne ume da vozi auto.
Can/can't može značiti i imati/nemati dozvolu (permission) da nešto uradite.
Primeri:
You can leave the room. – Možete da napustite prostoriju.
We can`t vote if we are 16. – Ne možemo da glasamo ako imamo 16 godina.

Could govori o sposobnosti koja je postojala nekada u prošlosti. U vezi s tim, couldn't
označava nepostojanje sposobnosti u prošlosti.
Primeri:
Michael could climb trees as a child. – Majkl je mogao da se penje na drveće kao dete.
I couldn't read when I was 4. – Nisam umela da čitam kada mi je bilo 4 godine.
Can, could i may se koriste kada tražimo dozvolu. Koristimo can i may, ali ne could da bismo
dali nekome dozvolu za nešto.
Traženje dozvole Formalno/učtivo Davanje dozvole Formalno/učtivo
Can I ask you a neformalno neformalno

question?
Could I use your formalnije/učtivo Yes, you can.

phone? Yes, you may. formalno/učtivo
Yes, you could.
May I use your

phone? još formalnije/učtivo formalno/učtivo
Table 19.1.
Za sposobnost ili mogućnost u prošlosti, koristi se još i glagol be able to:
Primer
I wasn't able to come yesterday. – Nisam mogao juče da dođem.
Be able to se takođe koristi za budućnost, kao i za sva ostala vremena gde Can nema
odgovarajući gramatički oblik.
Primer
I'll be able to come tomorrow. – Moći ću sutra da dođem.

Izvesnost i neizvesnost pokazuju:
Must, Can't
May, Might, Could
Must i can't koristimo za izvlačenje zaključka, kada smo u nešto sigurni da jeste, odnosno
nije.
Primeri:
You have been walking for almost three hours. You must be very tired. – Pešačio si
skoro tri sata. Sigurno si veoma umoran.
That can`t be Jack. He's in Italy. – Nemoguće da je to Džek. On je u Italiji.
May/might se koriste da označe verovatnoću (probability) da će se nešto desiti. Might nosi

nešto manju mogućnost da se radnja ostvari.
Primeri:
It may rain. It is cloudy. – Možda će padati kiša. Oblačno je.
It might rain. It is still sunny. – Možda će padati kiša. Još uvek je sunčano.
Obavezu pokazuju:
Must i Have To
Mustn't i Don't Have To
Should i Ought To
Had Better
Is/Are To
Must je jedan od modalnih glagola koji označava postojanje obaveze (obligation). To je

najčešće obaveza koja dolazi od prvog lica, tzv. unutrašnja obaveza.

Primeri:
I must call my sister tonight. – Moram da pozovem sestru večeras.
She must win the competition. – Ona mora da pobedi na takmičenju.
Glagolska konstrukcija have to ima slično značenje kao i must. Razlika je u tome što have
to označava obavezu koja dolazi od drugog lica, tzv. spoljašnja obaveza. To se uglavnom
odnosi na pravila i zakone koji su nam propisani.
Primeri:
Children have to go to school. – Deca moraju da idu u školu.
You have to fill in this form to get a visa. – Morate da ispunite ovaj formular da biste
dobili vizu.
Glagol Have to se takođe koristi umesto modalnog glagola must u prošlom i budućem
vremenu, jer must nema oblike za njih.
Primeri:
I had to leave the house at 4 because I had a meeting at 5. – Morao sam da izađem
iz kuće u 4 zato što sam imao sastanak u 5.
You didn't have to come if you didn't want to. – Nisi morao da dođeš ako nisi želeo.
I'll have to find a better job. – Moraću da nađem bolji posao.
Treba voditi računa o tome da HAVE TO nije modalni glagol.
Takođe se glagol HAVE TO koristi umesto modalnog glagola u značenju „ne moraš”.
Primer:
You don't have to phone her tonight. – Ne moraš da je zoveš večeras.

Mustn't je odričan oblik glagola must i označava zabranu (prohibition).
Primeri:
You mustn't smoke in the classroom. – Ne smete pušiti u učionici.
We mustn't play with matches. – Ne smemo se igrati šibicama.
Should/shouldn't (trebalo bi/ne bi trebalo) ili ought to/oughtn't to se koriste za

davanje saveta, predloga, sugestija (advice, suggestions).
Primeri:
Mary should go home. She has high temperature. – Meri bi trebalo da ode kući. Ima
visoku temperaturu.
You shouldn`t walk alone by night. It is dangerous. – Ne bi trebalo da šetaš sam

noću. Opasno je.
Had better/'d better se odnosi na sadašnje ili buduće vreme, i koristimo ga da

posavetujemo nekoga kako da ne uradi nešto pogrešno.
Primeri:
I think you'd better leave now. – Mislim da je bolje da sad odeš.
You'd better not drive, you've drunk too much. – Bolje je da ne voziš, previše si pio.
Is/are to se koristi u formalnim instrukcijama. Not je naglašeno, pa se ne skraćuje.
Primer:
You are not to leave the room.
Osim ovih modalnih glagola, postoji i modalni glagol would, koji se koristi za zamišljene
situacije. Često se skraćuje i glasi 'd.
Primeri:
Where would you go? – Gde biste išli?
I wouldn't go by plane. – Ne bih išla avionom.
I'd stay at some hotel. – Odsela bih u nekom hotelu.

Rezime
• Važno je zapamtiti da modalne glagole prati infinitiv bez to (izuzev ought to), da
nemaju -s oblik u trećem licu jednine prezenta, da stoje ispred subjekta u pitanjima.
Pošto nemaju sve oblike, ove glagole nekad zamenjuju drugi glagoli sličnog značenja
(be able to, have to). Modali mogu imati više značenja.
na gramatiku.

Past Modals
Uvod
U lekciji koja sledi videćemo na koji način se koriste modali da bi se opisala neka radnja koja
se desila u prošlosti. Modali must, might could, may, can’t, should, shouldn’t se kombinuju sa
have + participle da bi se opisala neka prošla radnja.
Modalni glagoli se mogu kombinovati sa prošlim infinitivom (Perfect Infinitive).
Perfect Infinitive se gradi od glagola HAVE i Past Participa glavnog glagola, npr. have been,
have taken, have gone.
Should (ili shouldn't) u kombinaciji sa prošlim infinitivom označava radnju koja je u

prošlosti bila pogrešna ili zbog koje se subjekt kaje.
Primeri:
I should have listened to your advice. – Trebalo je da poslušam tvoj savet.
She shouldn’t have given up her job. – Nije trebalo da da otkaz na poslu.
I should have left the house earlier. – Trebalo je ranije da odem iz kuće.
He shouldn’t have yelled at you yesterday. – Nije trebalo da viče na tebe juče.
Should se često koristi za kritikovanje nekoga:
Primeri:
You shouldn't have worn that dress in the street. – Nije trebalo da nosiš tu haljinu na
ulici.
You should have studied for the exam. You shouldn’t have played video games. –
Trebalo je da učiš za ispit. Nije trebalo da igraš igrice.
Modalni glagoli may, might i could se kombinuju sa prošlim infinitivom kada govorimo o
tome da se nešto možda desilo u prošlosti.

Primeri:
The child might have imagined the situation. – Dete je možda izmislilo situaciju.
I might have done the right thing. – Možda sam učinila pravu stvar.
They could have played a trick on you. – Možda su te prevarili.
Must i can't se koriste uz prošle infinitive kada govorimo o tome da se nešto sigurno desilo
ili se sigurno nije desilo u prošlosti.
Primeri:
She must have been terrified. – Mora da je bila preplašena.
Robert can't have spoken to Mr. Marković. He doesn't know a word of Serbian. –
Robert sigurno nije razgovarao sa gospodinom Markovićem. On ne zna ni reč srpskog.
Modali se mogu kombinovati i sa Perfect Continuous Infinitivom. Perfect Continuous

Infinitive se gradi od HAVE BEEN i Present Participa glavnog glagola, npr. have been
reading, have been travelling.
Značenja koja smo pomenuli će ostati ista, jedino se pažnja usmerava na trajanje radnje.
Primeri:
Mark must have been trying to tell you something with such a sad face. – Mark je
sigurno pokušavao da ti nešto saopšti tako tužnim izrazom lica.
She might have been listening to you talking on the phone. – Možda te je slušala dok
si razgovarao telefonom.
Rezime
• U zavisnosti od konteksta, upotrebiće se odgovarajući past modal. Ukoliko je u pitanju

neka kritika ili neodobravanje u prošlosti, koristićemo could, might,
should/shouldn’t (I should have booked the room in advance, You shouldn’t have
eaten so much, You might or could have told me you were coming, He could have
helped you). Modalni glagoli may, might i could se kombinuju sa prošlim infinitivom
kada govorimo o tome da se nešto možda desilo u prošlosti. Must i can't se koriste uz
prošle infinitive kada govorimo o tome da se nešto sigurno desilo ili se sigurno nije
desilo u prošlosti.
na gramatiku.

None of us is as smart as all of us
Introduction
In the following text we are going to see the positive and negative aspects to being a team
player and whether the benefit of a company is more important than the benefit of the
individual.
A good team player has the key to success. Being the smartest, being the brightest, being
the hardest; all of these attributes that worked so well in business in years gone by, now
will not push you up the ladder quickly. How good a team player you are and how well you
share your knowledge with your colleagues is the all-important factor in growing your career
today. If you can build a company culture that does not worry about who gets the credit for
something, think about what you could achieve! To survive in the big bad tough working
environment of today you don’t need to have your own people competing with each other.
It is the commercial ‘enemy’ against whom all their energy should be focused.
It’s not always easy to be a good team member and compromise your own views for the
good of the whole, but it works for the betterment of the company. You have to believe in
the workings and power of the team and recognise where your own strengths and
contribution fit in. You have to be honest, both with yourself and with your team members.
You will have conflict within the team and as long as this is controlled then it can be a very
healthy element for both the team and the development of the business. Research into
high-performing teams shows that each member cares for the development of his team
mates. This appreciation of each other’s learning and development is key to the success of
a team and the commitment of each member to the other.
Picture 21.1. Team Players1
1
https://sageone.co.za/how-to-be-a-team-player-815.html

Over 70% of a manager’s time is spent in some form of group activity, often in meetings
with others; relatively little time is spent in the supervising of single individuals or on one-
to-one discussions, thus the need for team building. Indeed, the success of individual
managers depends on how well that manager’s team or teams improve in quality and
productivity on a continuous basis. In reality, group productivity is more important than
individual task accomplishment. The most effective teams are able to solve complex
problems more easily than one person can, for many capable minds are brought to bear on
an issue. However, all teams must be managed well by a capable facilitator who
understands that every team is unique, dynamic and ever-changing. Moreover, teams have
behaviour patterns, just as individuals do and, just as children develop into adults, teams
have developmental stages, being more productive and efficient at one stage than another.
Picture 21.2. Team Work2
It is also extremely desirable for team members to have the following attitudes, ‘I know
what I have to do and the team’s goals are clear’, ‘I am willing to share some responsibility
for leadership’, ‘I am an active participant’, ‘I feel appreciated and supported by others’,
‘Other team members listen when I speak and I respect the opinions of others’,
‘Communication is open, new ideas are encouraged and we are having fun working
together’.
Teams soon develop a clear problem-solving approach that can be applied time and again
as long as their leader initially creates a common purpose and vision, pointing the team in
the right direction.
Cross-cultural issues can assail and impact the working of teams, but it is well to remember
that, despite culture, most team members have similar objectives in life. Objectives that
relate to happiness and health, to success and recognition, to love and being well-accepted
by others. The clever team leader recognises and plays upon these similarities while
moulding the cultural differences to benefit the team. For example, Thai team members
place a greater focus on personal relationships in everything they do while Western team
members are looking more for personal achievement.
Text taken from the book Market Leader, Upper-intermediate English Course Book, Pearson
Longman, page 71.
2
http://hbacademy.org.uk/creating-high-performance-teams/

Vocabulary
attribute – osobina push up the ladder – napredovati, ići nagore

the whole – većina, svi get the credit for something – preuzeti
betterment – poboljšanje zasluge za nešto
workings (množina, način rada neke achieve – postići, uspeti
kompanije, organizacije) – rad, učinak compromise – brukati se, kompromitovati
contribution – doprinos se, nagoditi se
appreciation – shvatanje, razumevanje bear on – uticati, usmeriti
commitment – posvećenost, angažovanje assail – napasti
facilitator – stimulator, organizator impact – uticati
behaviour pattern – obrazac ponašanja play upon something – iskoristiti
stage – faza mould – praviti, formirati, oblikovati
objective – cilj benefit – pomoći nekome
recognition – priznanje focus – usredsrediti
similarity – sličnost

all-important – jako bitan, suštinski -

high-performing – visokih performansi
thus – ovako, prema tome, tako
indeed – zaista, u stvari
on continuous basis – redovno
capable – sposoban
however – ipak, međutim
ever-changing – koji se stalno menja i
razvija
moreover – osim toga, povrh toga
developmental – razvojni
desirable – poželjan
appreciated – cenjen
time and again – učestalo
initially – u početku
cross-cultural – u vezi sa različitim
kulturama
despite – uprkos
well-accepted – dobro, lepo prihvaćen
problem-solving – analitički
Table 21.1.

Synonyms
attribute – feature, characteristic achieve – accomplish, bring about, reach a

the whole – everybody, everyone goal
betterment – improvement, advancement compromise – give and take; endanger
workings – performance, action bear on – concern, affect
contribution – improvement assail – attack
appreciation – acknowledgment impact – affect, change, influence
commitment – engagement play upon something – use
facilitator – stimulator, organizer, mould – shape, form
coordinator benefit – help, enhance, assist
stage – level, phase, point focus – fixate, aim attention at
objective – aim, goal, ambition
recognition – acknowledgment
similarity – likeness

all-important – essential, necessary, crucial, -

significant
thus – so, hence, as follows, in this way
indeed – actually
on continuous basis – on a regular basis
capable – able, adequate, skilful
however – in spite of, despite
ever-changing – continuous change,
changing
moreover – furthermore, also
developmental – expanding, improving
desirable – attractive, acceptable
appreciated – understood
time and again – repeatedly
initially – at first, firstly, originally, primarily
despite – in spite of, regardless of, even
though
problem-solving – analytic
Table 21.2.

Conclusion
• It is important to be a team player in companies. According to the text everyone

participates actively and positively in meetings and projects and team goals are
understood by everyone. There are many examples of modals in the text.
Napomena za testove napredovanja:

The Mysteries Of Stonehenge
Introduction
No place has generated so much speculation and wild theories as the standing stones of
Stonehenge. Who built it and how was it built? There are a few theories we are going to
read about in the following text.
What was Stonehenge used for and how and why was it built?
The Neolithic age in which Stonehenge was built is so long ago that firm, factual information
is sparse. As a result, there is no shortage of conflicting dates and views about Stonehenge.
Nearly every year respected archaeologists will put forward papers suggesting dates need
to be adjusted and our assumptions about Stonehenge changed. Just pick up a few books
on Stonehenge in the gift shop and even fundamental dates will differ markedly from one
book to another.
There are fundamentally three strands of theories about Stonehenge of how and why it was
built.
Picture 22.1. Stonehenge1
1
http://www.aboutbritain.com/Stonehenge.htm

The Archaeologists viewpoint is based on observation, digs in and around Stonehenge,
carbon dating and conclusions at other Neolithic sites all around the British Isles.
The Archaeoastronomers viewpoint stems from the fact that nearly all the stones at
Stonehenge are precisely sited and correlate to significant events of the planets orbit like
solstices. A suggestion that Stonehenge is perhaps a place where ancient astronomy took
place, perhaps part driven by the need to predict agricultural seasons.
The New Age viewpoint is a loose term we have used to summarise a spiritual input.
Religion for want of a better term in Neolithic times had similarities to pagan religions
nowadays. The concept of Mother Earth and Father the Sun overlap to some extent with
the Archaeoastronomers viewpoint, the concept of 'energies' and the siting of Stonehenge
at the intersection of many Ley Lines also follow a back to nature theme.
Today the Druid religion uses Stonehenge as a key religious monument, though druidism
itself wasn't around at the time of the Neolithic's.
The Mysteries of Building Stonehenge
One of the major mysteries of Stonehenge was how it was built. The first stones, the
bluestones were sourced from the only place in the UK where such stone exists. In Wales,
nearly 200 hundred miles away.
The common theory is that these stones were transported largely by water to within a
couple of miles of Stonehenge. However, nobody has even today successfully re-enacted
this feat with the technologies available at the time. Nor found any evidence along the way
to support this. Other theories include the stones being moved to Stonehenge by glaciers.
Picture 22.2. Mystery of Stonehenge2
2
http://wallpapers.brothersoft.com/stonehenge-179364-1280x720.html

The larger stones the Sarsen Stones came from only about 20 miles away, but again with
no modern machinery and before the wheel how did they transport these stones through
the undulating countryside. The common theory is that they were rolled along on top of
tree trunks.
Stand next to one of the big Sarsen Stones and you begin to understand what a task this
would be even today. What is clear is that large amounts of manpower would have been
required and organised and leaders over many generations must have been able to inspire
the masses into the concepts and beliefs that drove them to attempt such a monument.
Stonehenge itself is put together like woodwork. Joints and sockets have been carved into
the stone so each stone fits into each other precisely. Stonehenge is unique in that it has
horizontal stones to form arches. These horizontal stones have been engineered so they
were flat, on a sloping site. Stonehenge is also unique in that the stones have been shaped
into flat sided blocks.
Without metal, it would have been very labour intensive to shape these vast stones using
stone on stone. A whole army of people would have been required on site to perform the
shaping. We know this as the land around Stonehenge is full of the chipping's.
Erecting the stones also would have been problematic without modern aids. Ditches would
have been dug into which the stones would be sited. The most common theory is that large
earthen ramps would have been erected and the stones toppled over the top into their
prepared holes and somehow pulled vertical, perhaps with primitive A frames for leverage.
There are a number of theories as to what the site was used for. Archaeologists agree that
the site must have had a spiritual significance. It may have originally been a cemetery,
according to a new study. After examining bones exhumed near the stones, scientists
believe that the burials must have taken place at the same time as Stonehenge was built,
suggesting that the stones could have been gravestones for religious or political elite.
Stonehenge may have been constructed with the sun in mind. One avenue connecting the
monument with the nearby River Avon aligns with the sun on the winter solstice;
archaeological evidence reveals that pigs were slaughtered at Stonehenge in December and
January, suggesting that ancient pagan sun celebrations might have taken place there.
Steven Waller, a researcher in archaeoacoustics has revealed that before part of the ring
collapsed it must have had excellent acoustics and speculates that it might have been an
ancient concert hall or cathedral.
Wild theories about Stonehenge have persisted since the Middle Ages. Some say Merlin the
wizard may have cast a spell to make the rocks as light as a feather to help with the
construction. UFO enthusiasts believe that ancient aliens could have built Stonehenge as a
spacecraft landing pad.

Text taken from: https://www.londontoolkit.com/whattodo/stonehenge_mystery.htm and
https://freeenglishlessonplans.com/2015/12/08/mysteries-of-the-ancient-world-past-
modals-of-speculation/
Vocabulary

Stonehenge – Stonhendž put forward – proslediti; objaviti
aspect – pogled, aspekt pick up – pokupiti
The Neolithic age – doba neolita differ – razlikovati se
assumption – pretpostavka stem from – poticati
viewpoint – gledište correlate to – odnositi se
dig – iskopina overlap – preklapati se
carbon dating – određivanje starosti site – postojati, biti izgrađen na određenom
site – lokalitet, mesto, gradilište mestu; biti postavljen, lociran
Archaeoastronomer – arheoastronom, be around – postojati; prisustvovati
etnoastronom (Etnoastronomija source from – poticati
(arheoastronomija) je naučna disciplina re-enact – ponoviti, imitirati, kopirati
koja izučava prisustvo astronomije u put together – sastaviti, napraviti
narodnom stvaralaštvu)3 carve into – urezati
solstice – solsticij engineer – planirati
New Age – Nju Ejdž, Novo doba erect – podići, izgraditi
(označava različite društvene pokrete na topple – srušiti, oboriti
zapadu, koji su se pojavili u poslednje tri exhume – iskopati
decenije 20. veka, a koje karakteriše align – poravnati
eklektički pristup duhovnosti.)4 persist – istrajati, trajati
input – doprinos
for want of something – nedostatak, u
nedostatku
extent – stepen, mera
intersection – raskršće, raskrsnica
Ley Lines – zamišljene linije između nekih
važnih mesta kao što su brda. Za Lei linije
se mislilo da imaju posebne moći; čakre
Druid religion – Druidizam
monument – spomenik
bluestone – plavi kamen
feat – podvig
glacier – glečer
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%81%D1
%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0
4
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nju_ejd%C5%BE

the Sarsen Stones – Sarsen kamenje
wheel – točak
tree trunk – deblo
manpower – radna snaga, dovoljno ljudi
woodwork – drvenarija
joint – spoj, zglob
socket – šupljina, duplja
arch – svod, luk
chipping – komadić
aid – pomagalo, pomoć
ditch – jarak, rov
ramp – platforma
A frame – potporna struktura u obliku
slova A
leverage – snage poluge
cemetery – groblje
burial – sahrana, pogreb
gravestone – nadgrobni spomenik
archaeoacoustics – arheologija zvuka
wizard – čarobnjak
avenue – način, pristup
landing pad – pista za sletanje
arguably – nesumnjivo, verovatno though – mada, premda
firm – čvrst, snažan
factual – činjenički
sparse – redak
conflicting – drukčiji, različit
respected – poštovan, cenjen
markedly – primetno, upadljivo
loose – slobodan
spiritual – duhovni
nowadays – u današnje vreme, danas
at the time – u to vreme, tad
along the way – usput
undulating – valovit, talasast, lelujav
precisely – tačno
sloping – strm
flat – ravan
few strands – nekoliko
intensive – intenzivan
earthen – zemljan
Table 22.1.

Synonyms
aspect – view put forward – introduce, move, present

assumption – guess pick up – take
viewpoint – way of thinking, aspect, differ – contrast, vary
attitude stem from – originate
site – location, scene site – to exist or be built in a particular place
input - contribution correlate to – to have a close connection
for want of something – lack with something; to have a correlation to
extent – range, degree, matter something
intersection – crossroads, crossing, be around – to exist, be relevant, have
interchange significance
monument – memorial source from - date, stem from
feat – achievement, accomplishment, re-enact – reproduce, copy, recreate
adventure put together – assemble, bring together
glacier – iceberg, ice floe, mountain of ice engineer - arrange, plan, organize
wheel – roller
manpower – labourers, workers
joint – intersection, juncture
socket - hollow
arch – archway, curve

firm – solid though – even though, when, although

factual – real, correct, precise
sparse - scattered, few
conflicting – contrary, contradictory
respected – admired, honoured
markedly – considerably, noticeably
loose – free
spiritual – holy, sacred
nowadays – now, today, at this moment
at the time – during, in the meanwhile
undulating – wavy, undulant
precisely – exactly, just
sloping - slanting
flat – even
Table 22.2.

Conclusion
• There are a few theories about how Stonehenge could have been built but everything is
uncertain, the mystery is still there to be solved. There were many examples of past
modals in the text.

The Passive
Uvod
U lekciji koja sledi naučićemo šta je pasiv, kako se gradi i kad se upotrebljava. Pasiv se u
engleskom češće upotrebljava nego u srpskom jeziku.
Glagoli imaju dva stanja: aktiv ili radno stanje i pasiv ili trpno stanje.
Ako subjekat rečenice vrši radnju, onda je glagol u aktivu.
Primer:
Somebody cleans the office every day. – Neko čisti ovu kancelariju svakog dana.
Ako subjekat rečenice trpi radnju, onda je glagol u pasivu.
Primer:
The office is cleaned every day. – Ova kancelarija se čisti svakog dana.
Objekat aktivne rečenice (the office) postaje subjekat pasivne rečenice i dolazi na početak
rečenice, a glavni glagol (clean) se stavlja u pasiv (is cleaned).
Model:
Pasiv se gradi od odgovarajućeg oblika glagola to be i past participa (prošlog

participa) glavnog glagola.
Primeri:
Somebody cleaned the office yesterday. – Neko je juče očistio ovu kancelariju. (aktiv)
The office was cleaned yesterday. – Ova kancelarija je očišćena juče. (pasiv)
Somebody was cleaning the office. (aktiv)
The office was being cleaned. (pasiv)
Somebody can clean the office. (aktiv)
The office can be cleaned. (pasiv)

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TENSES CHART
Present Simple Tense Present Simple Tense
Active: I drink two cups of coffee. Passive: am/is/are + past participle
Passive: Two cups of coffee are drunk (by

me).
Past Simple Tense Past Simple Tense
Active: I drank two cups of coffee. Passive: was/were + past participle
Passive: Two cups of coffee were drunk

(by me).
Present Continuous Tense Present Continuous Tense
Active: Tom is making lunch. Passive: am/is/are + being + past

participle
Passive: Lunch is being made by Tom.
Past Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense
Active: Sarah was cleaning the was/were + being + past participle

bathroom.
Passive: The bathroom was being cleaned
by Sarah.
Present Perfect Tense Present Perfect Tense
Passive: have/has been + past participle
Active: I have made a cake. Passive: A cake has been made (by me).
Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense
Active: Steven had directed that movie. Passive: had + been +past participle
Passive: That movie had been directed.
Future with WILL Future with WILL
Passive: will + be + past participle
Active: I will buy a big house. Passive: A big house will be bought (by
me).
Future with GOING TO Future with GOING TO

Active: Maya is going to buy a new car. Passive: am/is/are going to be + past
participle
Passive: A new car is going to be bought

by Maya.
CAN/CAN’T Passive: Can/can’t + be + past participle
Active: Mike can ride a bike. Passive: A bike can be ridden by Mike.
Active: Sarah can’t foretell the future. Passive: The future can’t be foretold by
Sarah.
MAY/MAY NOT Passive: May/may not + be + past

participle
Active: Her boss may give her a new
office. Passive: A new office may be given to her
by her boss.
MIGHT/MIGHT NOT Passive: MIGHT/MIGHT NOT + be + past

participle
Active: Tom might pass the exam.
Passive: The exam might be passed by
Tom.
SHOULD/SHOULDN'T Passive: SHOULD/SHOULDN'T + be +

past participle
Active: Students should learn irregular
verbs. Passive: Irregular verbs should be learnt
by students.
OUGHT TO Passive: OUGHT TO + be + past participle
Active: Sam ought to memorize that Passive: That poem ought to be

poem. memorized.
HAD BETTER/HAD BETTER NOT Passive: HAD BETTER/HAD BETTER NOT

+ be + past participle
Active: They had better practice English Passive: English had better be practiced
more. more.
MUST/MUST NOT MUST/MUST NOT + be + past participle
Active: Tourists must give a passport at Passive: A passport must be given at the
the border. border (by tourists).
HAS TO/HAVE TO Passive: HAS TO/HAVE TO + be + past

participle
Active: John has to finish the meeting at Passive: The meeting at 5 has to be
5. finished by John.
Table 23.1

Upotreba
Pasiv se koristi:
kada ne znamo ko je izvršio radnju:
Primer:
The house was built in the 19th century. – Kuća je izgrađena u 19. veku.
kada izvršilac radnje nije bitan:
Primer:
Wine is served during the lunch. – Vino se služi tokom ručka.
Ako želimo da označimo izvršioca radnje, koristimo predlog by:
Primer:
These cakes have been made by my mother. – Ove kolače je napravila moja majka.
Napomena: Samo prelazni glagoli (glagoli koji imaju objekat iza sebe) mogu da se stave u
pasiv.
Pasiv gerunda i pasiv infinitiva
Model:
Pasiv gerunda glasi: being + past participle
Pasiv infinitiva glasi: to be + past participle
U engleskom jeziku postoje određeni glagoli koji zahtevaju iza sebe gerund (glagolsku
imenicu), koji se gradi kada se na glagolsku osnovu doda nastavak -ing. Iza takvih glagola
dolazi i pasiv gerunda.
Primer:
The children enjoy being taken to the zoo. – Deca uživaju da ih vode u zoološki vrt.

Neki od najvažnijih glagola koji zahtevaju gerund iza sebe su:
Glagoli posle kojih sledi gerund:
love, like, hate, enjoy, adore, can’t stand, mind, detest, stop, finish, suggest, avoid,
consider, delay, deny, describe, imagine, remember, resent, admit, appreciate, carry on,
defer, dislike, endure, escape, excuse, face, feel like, forgive, give up, can't help, involve,
leave off, mention, miss, postpone, practise, put off, report, risk, can't stand, understand
Primeri:
She enjoys being photographed. – Ona uživa da bude fotografisana.
I can't stand being charged too much. – Ne podnosim kad mi previše naplate.
He hates being phoned after 11pm. – On mrzi da ga zovu posle 23.
Posle određenih glagola dolazi to + infinitive, tako da iza njih ide pasiv infinitiva. Iza takvih
glagola dolazi i pasiv infinitiva.
Takvi glagoli su:
Glagoli posle kojih sledi infinitiv:
want, hope, plan, need, expect, promise, offer, refuse, try, forget, learn, would like, would
love, would prefer, would hate, appear, begin, come, continue, seem, tend, agree, aim,
attempt, struggle, afford, agree, aim, arrange, be determined, beg, care, choose, claim,
decide, demand, deserve, endeavour, expect, fail, guarantee, happen, hesitate, hope,
learn, manage, mean, neglect, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, proceed
promise, refuse, resolve, swear, tend, threaten, trouble, undertake, used, volunteer, vow,
want, wish, would hate, would like, would love, would prefer
Primeri:
Jane started to be respected (by her colleagues). – Džejn su počeli da poštuju.
Jim hoped to be selected by the team captain. – Džim se nadao da će ga kapiten tima
odabrati.
He wants to be connected to cable Internet. – On hoće da se poveže na kablovski

internet.
We need to be told what to do. – Treba nam neko da nam kaže šta da radimo.

Rezime
• Kad je u pitanju pasiv, najvažnije je da prvo utvrdimo u kom vremenu je rečenica, a

zatim da primenimo pravilo za njegovo građenje. Pasiv se mnogo češće koristi u
engleskom nego u srpskom jeziku i to kada vršilac radnje nije poznat, kada vršilac
radnje nije bitan, kada se naglašava radnja, a ne vršilac radnje i kada je vršilac radnje
očigledan.
na gramatiku.

Passive Constructions with Say, Believe...
Uvod
U lekciji koja sledi obradićemo bezlične oblike pasiva (podrazumeva se, kaže se, priča se,
veruje se...). Ovi oblici nisu toliko uobičajeni u engleskom, ali je dobro znati kako se grade i
kada se upotrebljavaju ukoliko naiđete na njih u nekom tekstu.
Rečenice koje počinju sa „oni kažu” ili „ljudi kažu” se često prebacuju u pasivni oblik.
Primeri aktivnih i pasivnih rečenica u sadašnjem vremenu:
Aktiv:
They say (or people say) that he is very talented. – Kažu (ili ljudi kažu) da je on veoma
talentovan.
Pasiv:
It is said that he is very talented. – Priča se da je on veoma talentovan.
He is said to be very talented. – Za njega se priča da je veoma talentovan.
Primeri aktivnih i pasivnih rečenica u prošlom vremenu:
Aktiv:
People say that he was a good writer. – Ljudi kažu da je on bio dobar pisac.
Pasiv:
It is said that he was a good writer. – Priča se da je on bio dobar pisac.
He is said to have been a good writer. – Za njega se priča da je bio dobar pisac.
U ovakvu konstrukciju mogu ulaziti i sledeći glagoli:
Primeri glagola:
agree, announce, believe, claim, confirm, consider, decide, estimate, expect, fear, feel, find,
hope, imply, know, predict, reckon, recommend, report, rumour, say, state, suggest,
suppose, think, understand...

Primeri rečenica:
They believe that he is hiding somewhere in the woods. – Ljudi veruju da se on krije
negde u šumi.
He is believed to be hiding somewhere in the woods.
It is believed that he is hiding somewhere in the woods. (Veruje se da se on krije

negde u šumi.)
People think that she has committed the murder. – Ljudi veruju da je ona izvršila
ubistvo.
She is thought to have committed the murder.
It is thought that she has committed the murder. (Misli se da je ona počinila ubistvo.)
Everybody knows that he is responsible for our success. – Svi znaju da je on

odgovoran za naš uspeh.
He is known to be responsible for our success.
It is known that he is responsible for our success. (Zna se da je on odgovoran za naš

uspeh.)
Rezime
• Bezličan pasiv se koristi samo uz glagole opažanja (say, think, know itd). Neodređeni
subjekat (people, they, somebody) može da se zameni sa it (It is believed ..., It is
claimed..., It is said...).
na gramatiku.

Computer/Internet Addiction Symptoms, Causes
and Effects
Introduction
In the following text you are going to find out more about computer and Internet addiction,
the symptoms, causes as well as the effects of such a disorder. More and more people,
including children become computer addicts, which is a concerning fact. This topic is becoming
controversial because we live in an era of technological innovations and probably spend more
time in front of our laptops and computers than we would like to admit. We hope you’ll enjoy
this article in which you can find the examples of the use of the passive voice.
The Internet has made life a lot easier by making information more accessible to all and
creating connections with different people around the world. However, it has also led a lot
of people to spend too much time in front of the computer, so much so that it becomes the
centre of their lives. This can lead to an Internet or computer addiction.
Computer/Internet Addiction Symptoms, Causes and Effects
An Internet or computer addiction is the excessive use of the former or the latter. The latest
edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) actually
includes it as a disorder that needs further study and research. In a publication on the
National Centre for Biotechnology Information website, the study, which was conducted by
the Department of Adult Psychiatry in the Poland Medical University, showed that Internet
addiction was seen to be quite popular and common among young people, especially those
who were only children. In fact, every fourth child is addicted to the Internet. This is an
alarming statistic that needs to be addressed as soon as possible.
Picture 25.11
1
https://ictissues.wikispaces.com/Cause+of+Computer+Addiction

What Causes an Addiction to Computers or the Web?
Whenever Internet addicts feel overwhelmed, stressed, depressed, lonely or anxious, they
use the Internet to seek solace and escape. Studies from the University of Iowa show that
Internet addiction is quite common among males aged 20 to 30 who are suffering
from depression.
Certain people are predisposed to having a computer or Internet addiction, such as those
who suffer from anxiety and depression. Their lack of emotional support means they turn
to the Internet to fill this need. There are also those who have a history of other types of
addiction, such as addictions to alcohol, drugs, sex and gambling. Even being stressed and
unhappy can contribute greatly to the development of a computer or Internet addiction.
People who are overly shy and cannot easily relate to their peers are also at a higher risk
of developing a computer or Internet addiction.
What Are the Signs of an Online Addiction Problem?
An addiction to the Internet is manifested in both physical and emotional symptoms;

however, these specifics may vary for each person. These are basically warning signals that
an addiction may be developing. If you feel that you or a loved one has these symptoms, it
is not yet too late.
Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of an Online Addiction
The short-term effects of an online addiction include unfinished tasks, forgotten

responsibilities and weight gain. Long-term effects are seen more in the physical symptoms
such as backache, neck pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and vision problems from staring at
the screen. It can also lead to bankruptcy, especially if the time spent online is focused
on shopping, gambling and gaming.
According to Oberlin College of Computer Science, aside from being dependent on the
Internet, addicts may develop techno-stress wherein they internalise how a computer
works, such as accelerated time and perfect results. It can also cause social withdrawal,
feeling more at ease interacting with people online rather than in person.

http://www.psychguides.com/guides/computerinternet-addiction-symptoms-causes-and-effects

Vocabulary:

mental disorders – mentalni poremećaj conduct – voditi, sprovoditi
publication – objavljeni rad, publikacija manifest – manifestovati
department – odeljenje, katedra internalise – internalizovati
psychiatry – psihijatrija accelerate – ubrzati
solace – uteha
gambling – kockanje
peer – vršnjak
effect – efekat
weight gain – dobijanje na težini
carpal tunnel syndrome – karpalni tunel
sindrom
vision – vid
bankruptcy – bankrot
withdrawal – povlačenje
excessive – prekomerno, previše -
the former – prvopomenuti
the latter – drugopomenuti
overwhelmed – preplavljen emocijama
anxious – nervozan
predisposed – koji ima predispozicije
short-term – kratkoročno
wherein – gde, u čemu
accelerated – ubrzano
Table 25.1
Synonyms

mental disorders – mental disturbance conduct – carry out
publication – published work manifest – display, show, exhibit,
department – sector, unit, branch demonstrate
psychiatry – the study and treatment of
mental illness
solace – comfort
gambling – take risky action in the hope
of a desired result
peer – fellow, a person of the same age
effect – result
weight gain – to put on weight
carpal tunnel syndrome – a painful
condition of the hand and fingers
vision – eyesight
bankruptcy – financial ruin
withdrawal – removal

excessive – too much -
the former – firstly mentioned
the latter – lastly mentioned
overwhelmed – overcome with
emotions, emotional
anxious – nervous, scared
predisposed – having an ability/talent
for something
short-term – something that doesn’t last
long
wherein – in which
accelerated – speedy
Table 25.2
Conclusion
• We hope you have enjoyed the text and got yourself acquainted with computer
addiction. It helps recognise the signs of computer addiction. There are certainly health
related consequences of such an addiction. The text also helps you improve your
understanding of the passive voice. Do you know anyone who seems to be a computer
and Internet addict? How does that affect them?

Reported Speech
Uvod
Indirektan govor je veoma bitan u engleskom jeziku pošto zahteva poznavanje svih vremena.
Videćemo koji su to glagoli koji mogu da se koriste u that klauzama, a koji kod indirektnih
pitanja.
Doslovno navođenje nečijih reči se naziva direktnim govorom (Direct Speech).
Primeri:
Mark said: "I have bought a new car." – Mark je rekao: „Kupio sam novi auto.”
Sandra: "Peter is doing his homework." – Sandra: „Piter radi domaći.”
Međutim, prepričavanje nečijih reči se naziva indirektnim govorom (Reported Speech ili
Indirect Speech).
Pri transformaciji direktnog govora u indirektni, dešavaju se izvesne promene.
Primeri:
Mark said (that) he had bought a new car. – Marko je rekao da je kupio novi auto.
Sandra said (that) Peter was doing his homework. – Sandra je rekla da Piter radi svoj
domaći.
Statements (izjavne rečenice)
Pri transformaciji direktnih potvrdnih i odričnih izjavnih u indirektni govor, rečenice se obično
uvode glagolom say. Mogu se, međutim, upotrebiti još neki glagoli sa sličnim značenjem.
Uvodni glagoli (reporting verbs) koji se koriste sa that klauzom
tell
add
answer
declare
admit
agree
announce
argue
boast

claim
comment
complain
confirm
deny
doubt
estimate
exclaim
explain
fear
insist
mention
observe
promise
propose
remark
repeat
reply
report
reveal
be rumoured
say
state
suggest
suppose
warn
Table 26.1.
Nakon ovih glagola, može doći veznik that, ali to nije obavezno.
Primeri:
He told me that he didn’t know her.

He told me he didn’t know her.
U indirektnom govoru dolazi do obaveznog slaganja vremena. Ako je uvodni glagol (say,
tell...) u prošlom vremenu, dolazi do promene vremena iz direktnog govora.
Primeri slaganja vremena u indirektnom govoru:
He said: "I am a teacher." – On je rekao: „Ja sam nastavnik.”

He said that he was a teacher. – On je rekao da je on nastavnik.
"Mary is reading a book." – „Meri čita knjigu.”

She said that Mary was reading a book. – Ona je rekla da Meri čita knjigu.
Sarah: "John bought a present for his wife." – Sara: „Džon je kupio poklon svojoj ženi.”

Sarah said that John had bought a present for his wife. – Sara je rekla da je Džon
kupio poklon svojoj ženi.
Milan: "They are working in the garden." – Milan: „Oni rade u bašti.”
Milan said that they were working in the garden. – Milan je rekao da oni rade u bašti.
"We have made a cake." – Napravili smo tortu.

They said that they had made a cake. – Oni su rekli da su napravili tortu.
Mark: "Paul will do it." – Mark: „Pol će to uraditi.”

Mark said that Paul would do it. – Mark je rekao da će to Pol uraditi.
Ovo su promene u vremenima do kojih dolazi pri slaganju vremena.
Present Simple Tense prelazi u Past Simple Tense
Primer:
He said: ‘I am a teacher.’ – On je rekao: „Ja sam nastavnik.”

He said that he was a teacher. – On je rekao da je on nastavnik.
Present Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Continuous Tense
Primer:
‘Mary is reading a book.’ – „Meri čita knjigu.”

She said that Mary was reading a book. – Ona je rekla da Meri čita knjigu.
Milan: ‘They are working in the garden.’ – Milan: „Oni rade u bašti.”
Milan said that they were working in the garden. – Milan je rekao da oni rade u bašti.
Present Perfect Tense prelazi u Past Perfect Tense
Primer:
‘We have made a cake.’ – „Napravili smo tortu.”

They said that they had made a cake. – Oni su rekli da su napravili tortu.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Primer:
‘We have been running since 6 o’clock.’ – „Trčimo još od 6 sati.”

They said they had been running since 6 o’clock. – Oni su rekli da trče još od 6 sati.

Past Simple Tense prelazi u Past Perfect Tense
Primer:
Sarah: ‘John bought a present for his wife.’ – Sara: „Džon je kupio poklon svojoj ženi.”
Sarah said that John had bought a present for his wife. – Sara je rekla da je Džon
kupio poklon svojoj ženi.
Past Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Primer:
‘They were dancing last night.’ – Oni su plesali sinoć.

She said they had been dancing the night before. – Rekla je da su oni plesali sinoć.
Will prelazi u Would
Primer:
Mark: ‘Paul will do it.’ – Mark: „Pol će to uraditi."

Mark said that Paul would do it. – Mark je rekao da će to Pol uraditi.
Shall najčešće prelazi u Would ili Should
Primeri:
Tom said, ‘I shall need more money.’ – Tom je rekao: „Trebaće mi još novca”.
Tom said he would need more money. – Tom je rekao da će mu biti potrebno još para.
SHALL obično prelazi u WOULD.
‘Shall I open the box?’ she asked. – „Da li da otvorim kutiju?”, pitala je.
She asked if she should open the box. – Ona je pitala da li treba da otvori kutiju.
U indirektnim pitanjima SHALL prelazi u SHOULD.
Can prelazi u Could
Primer:
‘I can come at 5.’, he said. – „Mogu da dođem u 5”, rekao je.

He said he could come at 5. – Rekao je da može da dođe u 5.
Might se ne menja.
Primer:
‘It might snow tonight,’ my dad warned us. – „Možda će noćas padati sneg”, upozorio
nas je moj tata.
My dad warned us that it might snow that night. – Moj tata nas je upozorio da će
noćas možda padati sneg.

Ought to se ne menja.
Primer:
‘We ought to attend his classes.’, he said. – „Trebalo bi da pohađamo njegova

predavanja”, rekao je.
He said we ought to attend his classes. – Rekao je da bi trebalo da pohađamo njegova

predavanja.
Must prelazi u Had to
Primer:
She said, ‘I must work hard.’ – Ona je rekla: „Moram naporno da radim.”
She said she had to work hard. – Ona je rekla da mora naporno da radi.
Table 26.2.
Takođe se dešavaju i promene u vremenskim odrednicama:
Today postaje that day
Yesterday postaje the day before
The day before yesterday postaje two days before
Tomorrow postaje the next day ili the following day
The day after tomorrow postaje In two days' time
Next week postaje the following week
A year ago postaje a year before ili the previous year
Now postaje then
Days ago postaje days before
Last week postaje the week before
Here postaje there
This postaje that
These postaje those
Table 26.3.

Questions (upitne rečenice)
Pre transformacije direktnih pitanja u indirektna vodi se računa o tome da li je pitanje tipa
Yes/No (bez upitne reči) ili Wh- pitanje (sa upitnom reči).
Rečenice se uglavnom uvode glagolima:
Primeri glagola
ask
inquire
want to know
wonder
know
remember
Primeri:
She asked where I lived.

He wanted to know who I was waiting for.
Tom inquired if there were any problems in the building.
We were wondering if she had booked the tickets.
Ukoliko želite da postavite učtivo pitanje, koristite izraze poput Could you tell me...?, Do
you know...? itd. i nastavite sa indirektnim pitanjem:
Primeri:
Could you tell me how I can get to the nearest bus station?
Do you know if this shop sells T-shirts?
Can you remember what time the play starts?
Ako se radi o Yes/No pitanjima, nakon uvodnog glagola dolazi if (ili whether), a zatim
prepričano pitanje. Pravilo o slaganju vremena važi i ovde.
Primeri:
Ann: "Are you English?" – En: „Da li ste vi Englezi?”
Ann asked if they were English – En je pitala da li su oni Englezi.

Obratite pažnju da je red reči iza if kao u potvrdnoj rečenici.
Evo još nekoliko primera:
Primeri:
Sandra: "Can John play the piano?" – Sandra: „Da li Džon zna da svira klavir?”
Sandra wanted to know if John could play the piano. – Sandra je htela da zna da li
Džon zna da svira klavir.
Mark: "Do you work in a bank?" – Mark: „Da li radiš u banci?”

Mark asked whether I worked in a bank. – Marko je pitao da li radim u banci.
Mario: "Has anyone been to Madrid?" – Mario: „Da li je iko bio u Madridu?”
Mario wanted to know if anyone had been to Madrid. – Mario je hteo da zna da li je
iko bio u Madridu.
Ako se radi o Wh-pitanjima, if nije potrebno. Wh- pitanja počinju upitnim rečima When,
Which, Who, Why...
Primeri:
Ivana: "Where does Mary live?" – Ivana: „Gde živi Meri?”

Ivana asked where Mary lived. – Ivana je pitala gde Meri živi.
Tom: "Why has Ann gone?" – Tom: „Zašto je En otišla?”

Tom wanted to know why Ann had gone. – Tom je želeo da zna zašto je En otišla.
Orders (naredbe)
Naredbe se najčešće uvode glagolom tell (reći). Još se javljaju order, command (oba u
značenju narediti), dok se molbe uvode glagolom ask (zamoliti).
Glagol tell zahteva iza sebe direktan objekat.
Imperativ iz direktnog govora postaje infinitiv u indirektnom, dok negativni imperativ

(prohibitiv) postaje negativni infinitiv.
Primeri:
Ann: "Open the window." – En: „Otvori prozor.”

Ann told me to open the window. – En mi je rekla da otvorim prozor.
Ann: "Don’t open the window." – En: Nemoj da otvoriš prozor.

Ann told me not to open the window. – En mi je rekla da ne otvaram prozor.

Sledeće rečenice su molbe i kao takve se u indirektnom govoru uvode na isti način, glagolom
ask:
Primeri:
Tom: "Please, pass me the glass, John." – Tom: „Molim te, Džone, dodaj mi čašu.”
Tom: "John, will you pass me the glass, please." – Tom: „Džone, da li bi mi dodao
čašu, molim te?"
Tom: "John, could you pass me the glass, please." – Tom: „Džone, da li bi mogao da
mi dodaš čašu?"
Reported sentence:
Tom asked John to pass him a glass. – Tom je zamolio Džona da mu doda čašu.
Rezime:
• Indirektnim govorom (Reported Speech) se indirektno navode nečije reči. Da bi se

direktna rečenica prebacila u indirektnu, neophodno je poznavanje svih vremena.
Važno je zapamtiti da kada se formiraju učtiva pitanja (Could you tell me...?, Do
you know...?), u drugom delu rečenice treba nastaviti sa indirektnim pitanjem (Do
you know if she works here?).
na gramatiku.

Work related age discrimination
Introduction
In the following text you are going to find out more about work related discrimination against
the people over the age of fifty. You will find out the reasons tech companies and managers
discriminate against middle-aged employees who are either under a lot of pressure to retire
or increasingly getting fired. Ageism seems to be prevalent in many tech companies across
America. Sadly, many employees over 50 are under a great deal of stress. There are also
many examples of reported speech in the text. Can you find them? Reported statements
normally start with he said, she said…Reported question normally start with he asked, she
asked…
Some tech workers over 50 are literally working themselves to death — and other
things we discovered about their careers.
There's no question the tech industry is filled with satisfying, high paying jobs. But a career
in tech comes with a deadline of sorts.
After you turn 50, you'll likely find yourself struggling for job security and respect.
In tech these days, people in their 20's are worshipped. "Young people are just smarter,"
Mark Zuckerberg infamously said back in 2007.
People in their 30's are tolerated. "Don't fund anyone over 30" was the unwritten VC rule
back in 2007, too.
Tech workers in their 40's are starting to look over their shoulder. (A group at Google called
'Greyglers' is for Google employees over 40.)
As for people in their 50's? Many are under tremendous stress. And those in their 60s and
older are very hard to find. Even CEOs over a certain age face a constant stream of when-
are-you-going-to-retire questions.
Business Insider talked to a handful of men and women over 50 who have collectively
worked at companies like Amazon, Dell, Google, Hewlett Packard, IBM, Microsoft, SAP,
VMware, and others to hear their stories of what the tech industry is like for them today.
Most of them asked us to keep their identities and employers' names hidden as they weren't
authorized to talk to us.
Some had recently retired. Some had been laid off. Some were still working, but under
threat of layoffs. Some were thriving in senior or middle management positions. One had
jumped to a startup. And one had actually retired for a few years and then come back to
the workforce in a senior tech role at a major tech company — at age 58.
Ageism everywhere
Almost all of the people we spoke with said they had directly experienced ageism at their
jobs after they turned 50.

One said he even had to inflict it. He was a former manager at a huge global tech company
that had multiple rounds of layoffs.
Picture 27.11
He told us that there was definitely age discrimination. When it came time for him and other
managers to choose employees for pink slips, age was one of the decision points.
Another 55-year-old, who was recently laid off from his senior management position at a
major tech company, agrees.
He told us that sooner or later, the corporation would get rid of older people, not because
they were old, but because they were concerned with what kind of face they put in front of
their clients.
He maintained that they wanted to be thought of as youthful, to look progressive, and they
wouldn’t put a guy out there who was 60 years old. "I know it's stupid, but you would be
surprised how many people think like that."
The case against ageism
Firing people just because of their age is illegal, says labour lawyer Kelly Dermody at firm
Lieff Cabraser Heimann & Bernstein in San Francisco.
Age discrimination is a hard thing to prove, but an increasing number of Californians, the
home of Silicon Valley, are trying.
1
http://www.businessinsider.com/stressful-lives-of-older-tech-workers-2015-11

In 2012, across all industries, there were 3,488 age discrimination employment complaints
filed with California's Department of Fair Housing and Employment.
In 2014, age complaints jumped to 4,510.
"What’s happening in the tech sector is a general trend toward youth," Dermody tells us.
Facebook, LinkedIn and Salesforce have young workforces. Google's median age based on
data from 2014 is the ripe old age of 30.
"At some Silicon Valley companies, the top executives are explicit in their preference for
workers under 35," she says.
The youth-loving culture is having an effect. Older workers are getting left out — or at least
feel like they are. Dermody added that there were tons and tons of lawsuits filed for age
discrimination.
She added that more Californians were suing for alleged age discrimination than for alleged
racism, she says.
Text adopted and edited from: http://www.businessinsider.com/stressful-lives-of-older-

tech-workers-2015-11
Vocabulary

discrimination – diskriminacija struggle – boriti se
deadline – rok worship – obožavati
handful – šačica to be laid off – biti otpušten
layoff – otpuštanje, otkaz thrive – uspeti, uspevati
startup – nova firma, biznis inflict – naneti
ageism – starosna diskriminacija get rid of – otarasiti se
pink slip – rešenje o dobijenom otkazu leave out – izostaviti
Labour – rad, radna snaga
complaint – pritužba
lawsuit – tužba
racism – rasizam
literally – bukvalno -
infamously – sramno, šokantno
tremendous – ogroman
collectively – zajedno
youthful – mladalački, mladoliko
progressive – progresivan
ripe – zrelo, zreo
explicit – eksplicitno, direktno
alleged /allegedly – navodno
median – srednja vrednost, prosečno
Table 27.1

Synonyms

discrimination – bigotry, prejudice struggle – fight
deadline – time limit worship – to adore
handful of – a quantity that fills the hand to be laid off – to be fired, to be made
layoff – redundancy, dismissal, sacking redundant or sacked
startup – new business, company thrive – to succeed, to be successful at
ageism – discrimination against something, flourish, prosper
someone’s age inflict – to cause
pink slip – a notice of dismissal from get rid of – remove
employment leave out – to not include
labour – work, work force
complaint – protest, grievance
lawsuit – legal action, legal proceeding
racism – discrimination against
someone based on their skin colour

literally – actually, really -
infamously – shamefully, shockingly
tremendous – massive, huge, enormous
collectively – together with, jointly
youthful – looking young
progressive – innovative, thinking out of
the box
ripe – mature
explicit – straightforward
alleged/allegedly – supposed, so-called
median-the middle value
Table 27.2
Conclusion
• The people subjected to ageism in the tech sector explain the reasons why companies
discriminate against their age group. Tech companies are clearly in favour of young
and ambitious people. Ambitious people in their 20’s are in demand while older people
working in the tech sector are faced with many challenges. There are also examples
of reported speech in the article. Please note that when we introduce a reported
statement or a question in the past tense, each tense in the reported statement or
question goes one tense back in time.

Conditionals
Uvod
Kondicionalne ili uslovne rečenice se koriste da iskažu uslov za ostvarenje radnje u glavnoj
rečenici. Mogu da se podele na nulti kondicional (zero conditional), prvi kondicional (first
conditional), drugi kondicional (second conditional) i treći kondicional (third conditional).
Videćemo takođe koje su varijacije koje mogu da se koriste.
Kondicionali (uslovne rečenice) su zavisne rečenice koje se uvode veznikom if (ako). U

zavisnosti od toga kolika je mogućnost za ostvarenje radnje, svi kondicionali se dele na nulti,
prvi, drugi i treći kondicional.
Zero Conditional (nulti kondicional)
Nulti kondicional se koristi kada je uslov uvek tačan, kada je u pitanju neka opštepoznata
činjenica. Da bismo izrazili uslov i posledicu, koristimo prosto sadašnje vreme.
Model
If + prosto sadašnje vreme + prosto sadašnje vreme
Primeri:
If I am late for work, my boss gets angry.

If she misses the bus, she is late for work.
Plants die if they don’t get enough water.
If it rains, the grass gets wet.
Umesto if može da se koristi when:
Primeri:
When I get up late I miss my train.

When she is too tired she goes to sleep.
The First Conditional (prvi kondicional)
Prvi kondicional se još naziva i realni. Sam naziv kaže da postoji velika mogućnost za
ostvarenje radnje koja se uslovljava. Kao i u svakoj složenoj rečenici, razlikujemo
kondicionalnu (uslovnu) rečenicu i glavnu rečenicu.

Uslov se u prvom kondicionalu izražava u Present Simple Tenseu, dok se u
glavnoj rečenici javlja Future Simple (will + infinitiv bez to).
Primeri:
If you finish your homework on time, you will get a good mark. – Ako završiš domaći
zadatak na vreme, dobićeš dobru ocenu.
If she spends all the money, she will not go shopping. – Ako potroši sav novac, ona
neće ići u kupovinu.
Kao varijacije prvog kondicionala javljaju se sledeće izmene.
Umesto oblika will+infinitiv mogu se javiti ostali modalni glagoli sa infinitivom.
Primeri:
If you want to lose weight, you should/must eat less bread. – Ako želiš da oslabiš,
trebalo bi / moraš da jedeš manje hleba.
If everything is in order, you may/can leave at once. – Ako je sve u redu, možeš
odmah otići.
U glavnoj rečenici se može desiti da se takođe javi Present Simple Tense. To se dešava
kada govorimo o naučnim činjenicama ili drugim izvesnim radnjama.
Primeri:
If you heat ice it turns to water. – Ako zagrevaš led, pretvoriće se u vodu.
If there is an economic crisis prices go up. – Ako nastane ekonomska kriza, cene rastu.
Umesto Present Simple Tensea možemo upotrebiti Present Continuous Tense za sadašnju
radnju ili neki plan u budućnosti.
Primeri:
If you are looking for Marko (present action) you should better look in the cafe. –
Ako tražiš Marka, bolje ga potraži u kafiću.
If you are staying for another night (future arrangement) I'll ask the manager to
give you a better room. – Ako ćete ostati još jednu noć, pitaću upravnika da Vam da bolju
sobu.

The Second Conditional (drugi kondicional)
Drugi kondicional nosi sa sobom manju verovatnoću da će se radnja ostvariti, iako to nije
potpuno nemoguće.
Uslov se izražava Past Simple Tenseom, dok se u glavnoj rečenici nalazi modalni
glagol would + infinitiv bez to.
Primeri:
If I had a map, I would lend it to you. – Kad bih imala mapu, posudila bih ti je.
If someone stole my car, I would call the police. – Kad bi mi neko ukrao auto, pozvala
bih policiju.
Prošli oblik glagola TO BE se često u drugom kondicionalu javlja samo kao WERE
za sva lica.
Primer:
If I were you, I wouldn`t do that. – Da sam ja na tvom mestu, ne bih to uradila.
Varijacije se takođe mogu javiti u obliku modalnih glagola koji zamenjuju would+infinitiv u
glavnoj rečenici.
Primeri:
If I knew his number, I could ring him up. – Kad bih znala njegov broj, mogla bih da
ga pozovem.
If you tried again, you might succeed. – Kad bi ponovo pokušao, možda bi uspeo.
Umesto Past Simple Tensea možemo upotrebiti Past Continuous Tense.
Primeri:
If we were going by boat I`d feel much safer. – Da idemo čamcem, osećala bih se
mnogo bezbednije.
If my car was working I could drive you to the station. – Da mi auto radi, mogla bih
da te odvezem do stanice.

The Third Conditional (treći kondicional)
Treći kondicional označava zamišljenu ili potpuno nerealnu situaciju. On nam daje do znanja
da više ne postoji mogućnost za ostvarenje radnje.
Uslov se izražava Past Perfect Tenseom, dok se u glavnoj rečenici nalazi modalni
glagol would + prošli infinitiv bez to.
Prošli infinitiv (Perfect Infinitive) je oblik infinitiva koji se gradi od glagola HAVE + PAST
PARTICIPLE glavnog glagola, npr. have been, have gone, have taken...
Primeri:
If I had seen him, I would have told him the news. – Da sam ga videla, rekla bih mu
vesti.
If someone had stolen my car, I would have called the police. – Da mi je neko ukrao
auto, pozvala bih policiju.
Varijacije se takođe mogu javiti u obliku različitih modalnih glagola koji zamenjuju would u
glavnoj rečenici.
Primeri:
If he had invited me, I might have come to the party. – Da me je pozvao, možda bih
i došla na zabavu.
If the police had come on time, they could have caught the burglar. – Da je policija
došla na vreme, možda bi uhvatili provalnika.
U uslovnoj rečenici se takođe mogu javiti neke varijacije. Umesto Past Perfect Tensea može
se javiti Past Perfect Continuous Tense.
Primer:
If we had been travelling by car, the accident might not have happened at all. –
Da smo putovali autom, možda do nesreće ne bi ni došlo.

Rezime
• Kondicionali se dele na nulti, prvi, drugi i treći kondicional. Kod nultog kondicionala je
uslov uvek tačan, kod prvog postoji velika mogućnost za ostvarenje radnje koja se
uslovljava, drugi kondicional nosi sa sobom manju verovatnoću da će se radnja
ostvariti, iako to nije potpuno nemoguće, dok treći kondicional označava zamišljenu ili
potpuno nerealnu situaciju. On nam daje do znanja da više ne postoji mogućnost za
ostvarenje radnje.
na gramatiku.

Life before smartphones: 'It was OK to be vague
about things'
Introduction
In the following text we are going to go back in time and remember life before smartphones.
One thing is sure, life was pretty much different and less stressful.
From underwater séances to scrabbling for 10ps for the payphone, readers share their
memories on how things have changed since the birth of the smartphone.
Picture 29.1.1 The “indestructible” WAP mobile phone passed the ‘eaten by a dog’ test in
2000 Photograph: Martin Godwin for the Guardian
Life before smartphones: the pub
I remember life being much more genial before smartphones. Conversation flowed much
more easily simply because it was OK to be vague about things, to gloss over something or
occasionally just to be plain wrong about it.
1
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/oct/16/life-before-smartphones-it-was-ok-
to-be-vague-about-things

As a result, you could go to the pub and talk fun, sociable, drunken nonsense about all
manner of topics with your friends and no-one would particularly care. The point was that
you were with your friends sharing stories, memories and opinions, and generally socialising.
Nowadays that’s changed for the worse. If you want to contribute to a conversation, no
matter how frivolous, then the smartphone police demand that absolutely everything that’s
uttered is cross-checked and factually correct. Conversation becomes painfully stilted now
as there’s always someone who’ll whip the damn thing out and try to verify anything said,
or find some fact to back it up.
I remember the first person I knew who owned a smartphone having it dunked in a pint of
lager after using it to correct someone. People seem so worshipful of them nowadays that I
doubt that’d happen, but I wish it would sometimes.
MotoringJourno, Cambridge
A New Way to Crush Young Hearts
I was 12 when my dad brought me back a Motorola phone he’d got in Afghanistan on duty.
I immediately brought it to middle school and the boy I had loved since I was 8 commented
on my phone. I jokingly asked what his number was, silently knowing this was the greatest
day of my life. I text “Hi!” it was all my nerves and butterflies could muster. Minutes passed
slowly in the classroom. “Did you get my text?” I asked, desperately trying to sound casual.
“Oh! No, I deleted it,” he replied. This was the first time a phone had crushed my soul without
even the capacity for Facebook.
Panic has replaced patience
2015: I am meeting my friend at one. It’s five past. I could give her longer, but I can also
just Whatsapp her to find out right now where she is, what’s the hold up, is she running late.
I reach into my bag and an involuntary wave of anxiety hits me. I’ve left my phone at home.
I start thinking: how long should I wait? What if she’s really late? What if she’s gone to the
wrong place? What if she’s here but we can’t see each other? What if she’s trying to cancel
RIGHT NOW? How can I start to get in touch with her? I don’t memorise mobile numbers
anymore. I need an Internet connection. Maybe I can get on Facebook and message her?
Where’s the nearest Apple store? Internet cafe? At ten past one she taps me on the shoulder
and makes me jump.
1996: I am meeting my friend at one. I sit outside the bus station reading a book, waiting
for her bus to get in. It’s five past. It doesn’t even occur to me to start wondering where she
is. I check my watch after a chapter. Twenty-five past. I figure she’s missed one bus and
will get the next. I calculate she’ll arrive at two latest - after that I’ll go to the payphone, put
in 10p and ring her mum’s house. I go back to my book. At ten past two she taps me on the
shoulder and makes me jump.
brambleberry
Lively arguments for hours
Just before smartphones were widely used and none of us had one out of the 7 or 8 of us.

We were on a beach in Bournemouth at night, discussing the stars and other celestial bodies.
A friend, doing a science degree might I add, thought the stars were a different thing
altogether from the Sun, which was very special as it was the only one in the universe like
it. All stars were exploding Suns that nearly became fully fledged stars.
Our friend was extremely stubborn, and refused to take into account anyone else’s opinions,
resulting in a debate that took a good 2 hours. It had to be finally settled when we got home
a few hours later using a laptop.
Now, this argument would be settled in four or five seconds. Sad in a way.
joebalinas
Text adopted and edited from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/oct/16/life-

before-smartphones-it-was-ok-to-be-vague-about-things
Vocabulary
séance – seansa flow – teći

scrabble – igra slaganja reči gloss over something – samo preći preko
ps – britanska funta, funta sterling (pound nečeg, zanemariti bitno
sterling) whip something out – izvući brzo
payphone – javna govornica back up – podržati
WAP – skraćenica od Wireless Application dunk – umočiti, ubaciti
Protocol muster – sakupiti
manner – ponašanje
crosscheck – provera
pint – pinta
lager – vrsta piva
hold-up – zastoj
wave – talas
chapter – poglavlje
argument – rasprava, diskusija

genial – srdačan, ljubazan

vague – nejasan, maglovit, neodređen
plain – običan, jednostavan
drunken – pijan
frivolous – površan, neozbiljan
utter – potpun, ekstreman
stilted – naduven, pompezan
worshipful – dostojan poštovanja
jokingly – šaljivo, u šali
involuntary – nehotičan, neplaniran
lively – živ, žustar
widely – široko, sveobuhvatno

celestial – nebeski; božanski
altogether – svi, zajedno, potpuno, uopšte
fully fledged – u potpunosti razvijen, zreo
settled – rešen
Table 29.1.
Synonyms
payphone – pay telephone, call box, coin flow – circulate, continue, proceed
telephone, public telephone, telephone box gloss over something – to treat something in
manner – person’s behaviour, conduct, a way that fails to recognize its importance
appearance, aspect or its faults
crosscheck – quality control, cross-check whip something out – make, compose, form,
lager – beer generate
hold-up – delay back up – support
chapter – section of the book dunk – dip in liquid, immerse
argument – debate, dispute muster – gather, come together

genial – extremely nice, cheerful, easygoing, -

sociable
vague – not definite, not clear, uncertain,
unsure, unclear
plain – clear, obvious
drunken – drunk
frivolous – trivial, silly, foolish
utter – absolute
stilted – pompous
worshipful – adoring, devoted
jokingly – humorously
involuntary – spontaneous
lively – cheerful, enjoyable
widely – generally, broadly
celestial – spiritual, heavenly
altogether – en masse, all
fully fledged – completely developed
settled – decided, resolved
Table 29.2.

Conclusion
• We were definitely happier in the past, we didn’t have to worry so much, life was better
and people were more sociable. The text also helps you improve your understanding
of conditionals.
Kako biste što bolje usvojili gradivo, uz ovu lekciju dostupni su testovi koji se odnose na
razumevanje teksta i vokabulara iz ove nastavne jedinice.

Idioms
Uvod
Idiomi postoje u svakom jeziku, pa tako i u engleskom. Idiomi su reči, fraze ili izrazi koji se
ne prevode ili shvataju bukvalno. Drugim rečima, kada se koriste u svakodnevnom govoru,
idiomi imaju značenje koje je različito od osnovnog značenja reči od kojih su sastavljeni.
Idiomi predstavljaju osobenost i naročiti vid jezičkog izražavanja. U našem jeziku izrazi kao
što su „skresati u brk” (reći nekome nešto neposredno i bez uvijanja) ili „obrati bostan”
(nadrljati) udaljeni su od prvobitnih značenja. Isto tako, engleski izrazi kao što su „bee’s
knees” (najbolji, glavni) ili „pinch pennies” (biti oprezan po pitanju trošenja novca) imaju
preneseno značenje i koriste se samo u određenim situacijama.
Opšti idiomi
Drop/give/throw a hint
Staviti diskretno do znanja; dati mig.
Primer:
A small black cloud gave a hint of a coming storm.
Take a/the hint
Shvatiti mig/nagoveštaj/aluziju.
Primer:
I kept looking at my watch, but she can’t take a hint, and it was midnight before
she left.
Hit-and-run
1. (driver) Odbegli vozač s mesta saobraćajne nesreće.
Primer:
The old man was knocked down by a hit-and-run driver last week.

2. Udri/napadni i beži (gerilsko ratovanje/bande itd).
Primer:
Methods of guerrilla warfare are hit-and-run attacks one day, avoiding battles the
next, temporary accommodations with the enemy the day after etc...
Hit or miss
Ofrlje; kud pukne da pukne.
Hit the hay/sack
Ići u krpe; ići u krevet, na spavanje.
Primer:
The man hit the hay early, in order to be out hunting at dawn.
Hit the road/trail
Krenuti na put/putovanje; dići sidro.
Hobnob with sb
Slizati se / biti previše prisan s nekim; naturati se; prilepiti se kao čičak/pijavica.
Primer:
At any social gathering where he was present you were sure to find him
hobnobbing with the rich and influential.
Go the whole hog
Kad je bal, nek’ je bal; ići do kraja; izvesti nešto do kraja; obaviti nešto temeljno i bezobzirno.
Primer:
Having started to criticize the house, aunt Mary decided to go the whole hog and
tell them all what she thought of them.
Are you with me?
Pratiš li me (naročito često upotrebljavana u toku isprekidane komunikacije).

Skeleton in the closet
Označava neku bruku, neku brižljivo čuvanu (obično porodičnu) tajnu.
Primer:
Almost everybody has a skeleton in the closet.
Save your breath
Ne troši reči badava.
Primer:
I don’t know why I am even talking to you! I should save my breath.
By the book
Strogo po propisu.
Primer:
The new boss wanted to check that everything’s strictly done by the book.
Bee’s knees
Najbolji, bog bogova, glavni. The bee’s knees ukazuje na vrhunski kvalitet nečega ili nekoga,
zato što pčele nose polen u košnicu na kesicama koje se nalaze na njihovim kolenima. Aluzija
je jasna, najveća koncentracija kvaliteta nalazi se na kolenima pčele.
Primer:
Have you seen the new café? It’s the bee’s knees!
The cat’s pyjamas
Ovo je maltene sinonim za bee’s knees i ima značenje nekog ko je jako dobar u svom poslu.
Izraz se takođe koristi da se opiše osoba koja je zabavna i sa kojom nikad nije dosadno u
društvu. Izraz je počeo da se popularizuje 20-ih godina prošlog veka, a potiče još od E. B.
Katza, krojača iz 18. veka, koji se bavio šivenjem pidžama, najfinijih svilenih pidžama, koje
su pravljene za plemiće, kraljevsku porodicu. Nothing like a cat nap & Katz pyjamas (Ništa
kao dremka u Kacovoj pidžami) – izraz, dakle, nema nikakve veze sa mačkama.

Big brother (is watching you)
Svemoć, sveprisutnost osobe/organizacije sklone diktaturi. Veliki brat te posmatra! Ovaj

idiom je postao popularan posle „1984“, knjige Džordža Orvela, koja predstavlja kritiku
totalitarnih i diktatorskih režima. U knjizi je Veliki brat diktator koji sve vidi i sve čuje, ništa
mu ne može promaći. Kasnije je napravljen reallity TV show nazvan po Velikom bratu, koji je
postao izuzetno popularan svuda u svetu, tako da se fraza odomaćila u mnogim zemljama.
A wet blanket
Osoba koja kvari atmosferu, raspoloženje – „partibrejker“.
Primer:
I would really like to go to that party, but with this mood of mine I’d just be a wet
blanket.
Taste blood
Biti stimulisan uspehom. Zato što krvoločne životinje kao što su vuk ili ajkula kada osete krv,
ne mogu da se zaustave i nastavljaju da grizu. Tako je za ovaj izraz savršen primer fudbalska
utakmica. Npr. jedan tim je u prvoj utakmici u gostima izgubio 3:1, a u drugoj je rezultat do
15 minuta pred kraj bio 0:0. Napokon, u 80. minutu, domaćin daje gol i fali im još jedan gol
za prolaz u sledeće kolo. They have tasted blood – i narednih 10 minuta će gristi.
Couldn’t say „boo“ to a goose
Ne zna ni dve poštene da sastavi, kukavica, plaši se sopstvene senke. U engleskom se

upotrebljava izraz koji, ako bukvalno prevodimo, znači – ne sme ni guski da kaže iš! Ne sme
ni gusku da uplaši. U Engleskoj seoskoj tradiciji, za plašenje guski su uglavnom zadužene
male devojčice, tako da kad znamo ovo, jasna nam je i ova fraza.
Primer:
She is a very sweet, nice girl who wouldn’t say boo to a goose.
Carry coals to Newcastle
Sipati pesak u more. Činiti nešto suvišno, bespotrebno. Presipati iz šupljeg u prazno. Njukasl
je poznat kao veliko nalazište uglja. Tako da bi moglo da se prevede i kao: Prodavati sneg
Eskimima. Ili, ako bi se pravio pandan našem jeziku, moglo bi da se kaže: Nositi so u Tuzlu:
Exporting pine to Scandinavia is a bit like carrying coals to Newcastle.1
Go bananas
Pobesneti, poblesaviti, poludeti, pošašaviti. Budući da znamo da majmuni jedu banane, izraz
kod nas bi mogao biti preveden i kao majmunisanje. Go bananas bi se doslovno moglo
prevesti: Otišao je po banane (poludeo, pošandrcao).
1
http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/Carry+coals+to+Newcastle

Primer:
When she heard the new she went bananas!
A bull in a China shop
Slon u staklarskoj radnji. Nespretan, nezgrapan, grub. China shop, jer je poznato da Kinezi
imaju tradiciju lako lomljivog, nežnog porcelana, tako da je ovaj izraz jako sličan našem
Ponaša se kao slon u staklarskoj radnji, samo što su oni upotrebili imenicu bik umesto slon:
We told her it was a delicate situation but she went into the meeting like a bull in a
china shop.2
Bought the farm
Nema nikakve veze sa kupovinom nekretnine, već se odnosi na umiranje. Idiom može takođe
da se odnosi i na dijalekt ili žargon, ili grupu ljudi u određenom regionu, ili grupu koja deli
zajedničko interesovanje, kao u muzici, umetnosti ili poslu.
Primer:
Did you hear that old Walt bought the farm? What a shame—at least he got to
spend 92 years on this earth.
A chip on your shoulder
Neprijateljski raspoložen, rđavog stava: She’s not going to make any friends if she walks
around with a chip on her shoulder like that.3
High as a kite
Znači da ste pijani ili pod dejstvom narkotika: I was as high as a kite when I heard I'd
got the job.4
Sick as a dog
Znači da vam je jako loše: I was sick as a dog after the birthday party.
2
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/like-a-bull-in-a-china-
shop?q=A+bull+in+a+China+shop
3
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/a-chip-on-your-
shoulder?q=A+chip+on+your+shoulder
4
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/be-as-high-as-a-
kite?q=High+as+a+kite

Rub someone the wrong way
Znači uznemiravati ili smetati: He was known as an arrogant player who rubbed his
teammates the wrong way.5
Jump the gun
Znači raditi nešto preuranjeno: When we took the test, Tom jumped the gun and started
early.6
Pay the piper
Znači da treba da se suočite sa posledicama vaših postupaka: They have mismanaged the
company for years, and now they have to pay the piper.
The blues
Može da se odnosi na vrstu muzike ili na osećanje tuge i potištenosti: I don’t know why,
but I always have the blues on Sunday.
Once in a blue moon
Ako se nešto dešava retko, kaže se da se dešava once in a blue moon.
Primer:
Is he always romantic? No, once in a blue moon.
Out of the blue
Znači da se dešava nešto neočekivano: One day, out of the blue, she said that she was
going to live alone.
It’s raining cats and dogs
Lije kao iz kabla: It was raining cats and dogs. I couldn’t leave the house all day!
Beat around the bush
Kao kiša oko Kragujevca: Don't beat around the bush - get to the point.7
5
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/rub-someone-the-wrong-
way?q=Rub+someone+the+wrong+way
6
http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/Jump+the+gun
7
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/beat-around-the-bush

Idiomi sa DO
do wonders for: biti od velike koristi, biti od pomoći
Primer:
Many people would agree that the military service does wonders for character
building. – Mnogi bi se složili da je vojska vrlo korisna za izgradnju ličnosti.
do someone a favour/a good turn: pomoći nekom, učiniti nekom uslugu
Primer:
Could you do me a favour? I need someone to pick up a parcel from the Post
Office. – Da li bi mogao da mi pomogneš? Potreban mi je neko da mi podigne paket
u pošti.
do the donkey work: besmislen, naporan i dosadan rad
Primer:
I am sick and tired of doing the donkey work. – Umoran sam od dosadnog i
besmislenog posla.
do a lot of harm: škoditi
Primer:
I believe that the austerity measures introduced by the new government will
do a lot of harm. – Ja mislim da će mere štednje koje je uvela nova vlada zapravo
biti jako štetne.
do good: činiti dobro
Primer:
You should do more exercise. It will do you good. – Treba više da vežbaš. To je
veoma zdravo.

do something up: renovirati, promeniti
Primer:
The apartment was in a mess. We had to do it up. – Stan je bio u neredu. Morali
smo da ga renoviramo.
do something with your eyes closed: raditi nešto što je za nas lako, raditi nešto rutinski
Primer:
Running a company is not too difficult for me. It’s what I do with my eyes
closed now. – Vođenje kompanije mi ne predstavlja teškoću. To je sada za mene
rutinski posao.
do time: biti u zatvoru neko vreme
Primer:
He did his time in prison for theft. – Odslužio je svoje vreme u zatvoru zbog krađe.
Idiomi sa COME
come up with something: doći do ideje
Primer:
After deliberating for several hours, he finally came up with a solution to the
problem. – Posle višečasovnog razmišljanja, konačno je pronašao rešenje za problem.
come down with something: prehladiti se
Primer:
Soon after our arrival at the holiday resort we all came down with a flu. –
Odmah po dolasku na letovanje, svi smo se prehladili.

come to terms with something: pomiriti se sa činjenicama
Primer:
He found it difficult to come to terms with his wife’s death. – Bilo mu je vrlo
teško da se pomiri sa smrću svoje žene.
come round to something/an idea: promeniti mišljenje
Primer:
My parents don’t want me to move in with my boyfriend but i believe they will
eventually come round. – Moji roditelji ne žele da se preselim kod svog dečka, ali
verujem da će u jednom trenutku prihvatiti moju odluku.
come down on somebody: kritikovati nekog, kazniti nekog
Primer:
The new law will come down on those driving with no proper insurance. –
Novim zakonom će biti pooštrene mere protiv svih onih koji voze bez odgovarajućeg
osiguranja.
come to the point: preći na stvar
Primer:
Although, he is a very entertaining speaker, he has a trouble coming to the

point sometimes. – Iako je on veoma zabavan govornik, ponekad ima problem da
bude koncizniji.
come in for something: biti izložen nečemu neprijatnom
Primer:
The new government has come in for a lot of criticism over new health care
policy. – Nova vlada je bila izložena velikim kritikama zbog novih zakona o
zdravstvenoj zaštiti.

come round: osvestiti se, povratiti svest
Primer:
After the accident, he was unconscious for a few hours but luckily he
eventually came round. – Posle nesreće je bio u nesvesti nekoliko sati, ali se kasnije,
srećom, konačno osvestio.
Rezime:
• Idiomi igraju jako veliku ulogu u engleskom jeziku. Upotreba idioma je od ključne
važnosti kako u govoru, tako i u pisanju i čitanju. Poznavanje gramatike i vokabulara
se stiče vremenom, ali bez idioma govor će biti čudan i uobičajen.
na gramatiku.

The Road to Success
Introduction
In the following text we are going to introduce you to English idioms. Please note that you
can’t possibly know the meanings of all of these phrases unless you have heard and learnt
them before. The text also gives you an insight into the secret of success in today’s society.
It may not be easy to succeed but there are certainly tips and hints which can help you to get
there. Enjoy your reading!
The road to success is paved with failures. That's a hard truth, but one that needs to be
faced when considering how you are going to make a go of it in life. It's really quite simple,
to come out ahead we need to find careers that we can do with all our heart and soul, but
that also allow us to come out ahead at the end of the day. Unfortunately, we can't live off
the fat of the land although indigenous people did so for thousands of years. We now live
in an era that is highly structured and requires us all to make sacrifices as we jockey for
position in life.
Picture 31.11
Let's call a spade a spade: It's dog eat dog out there in the real world!
There are so many stumbling blocks for young adults these days. From high unemployment
to the high price of higher education - not to mention all the red tape we have to deal with
- it's hard to succeed! However, with dedication it's possible to succeed in the long run. In
fact, with dedication we can find something that really appeals to us. Once we find our
special talent, we can carry the torch of the tradition we have chosen.
This might be in education, health care, having your own business, or even in politics! Each
of us is capable of doing something that takes everyone's breath away if only for a moment.
Getting there might mean that we have to fly by the seat of our pants from time to time,
but, as they say necessity is the mother of invention. Along the way, we'll need to figure
out how to foot the bill, but on the horizon we'll have the hope of doing something more
purposeful with our time.
1
http://capitalistcreations.com/top-10-entrepreneurs-under-30

Young and Free: Prerequisite for Success
Let's face it: In today's business world you need to be young and free of attachments to
strike it rich. It's a dog eat dog world out there and you're going to have to work quite a
lot. Of course, not only will you have to work quite a lot, you'll need to be flexible and ready
to take advantage of anything. That's where the "free" part comes in.
I've got a young friend, he's only 25, but he fits the bill perfectly. He's single and he's
hungry. He's willing to start from scratch and, best of all, he isn't afraid of putting his nose
to the grindstone for those 80 hour weeks. He decided to take the bull by the horns by
starting up his own business. He found a software developer who knew the internet inside
out.
This young man was also very ambitious. He left his safe job at the drop of a hat. They
were both reaching for pie in the sky, and they were ready.
They also were lucky. They founded a startup and got into the whole social networking
business in 2002. In other words, they were early birds and they were willing to sink or
swim. Probably the most important ingredient in their success, was that they were willing
to play things by ear. They kept their ears to the ground, moved full steam ahead and drove
hard bargains. Soon, their business was growing by leaps and bounds. Of course, they had
some stumbling blocks along the way. Who doesn't? Still, they got the jump on the
competition and by the year 2008 they were multi-millionaires. This sort of success for the
young and free now has copycats around the world.
http://esl.about.com/od/businessreading/a/Young-And-Free-Prerequisite-For-Success.htm
Vocabulary

attachments – veze, vezivanja
Adjectives and adverbs (pridevi i Idioms (idiomi):

prilozi):
purposeful – smisleno by the seat of one's pants – improvizovati u
indigenous – autohton, domorodački nepoznatoj situaciji
call a spade a spade – nazvati nešto pravim
imenom
carry the torch – nastaviti sa tradicijom,
voleti nekog bezuslovno
come out ahead – profitirati naposletku
dog eat dog – takmičarski nastrojeno
fit in – ukolopiti se
foot the bill – platiti
in nothing flat – vrlo brzo
in the long run – na duže staze
jockey for position – doći do prednosti

live off the fat of the land – živeti od
prirodnog bogatstva
make a go of it – uspeti u nečemu
on the horizon – u bližoj budućnosti
red tape – birokratija
stumbling block – problem, prepreka
take someone's breath away – očarati nekog
lepotom
with all one's heart and soul – s
posvećenošću
at the drop of a hat – odmah
by leaps and bounds – vrlo brzo
copycat – neko ko kopira druge
drive a hard bargain – ugovoriti profitabilan
biznis
early bird – ranoranilac; neko ko stiže pre
ostalih
fit the bill – odgovarati opisu
full steam ahead – sa punom posvećenošću
get the jump on someone – preduhitriti
nekog
have one's ears to the ground – dobro
načuljiti uši, biti dobro obavešten
know something inside out – biti ekspert u
nečemu
pie in the sky – pusta želja
play something by ear – odigrati iskusno
put one's nose to the grindstone – raditi
naporno
sink or swim – uspeti ili propasti
start from scratch – početi ispočetka
startup – mala kompanija koja počinje sa
radom ili biznis
strike it rich – obogatiti se zahvaljujući
dobroj ideji ili proizvodu
take the bull by the horns – suočiti se sa
problemom
Table 31.1

Synonyms
attachment – connection, link
Adjectives and adverbs (pridevi i prilozi): Idioms (idiomi):

purposeful – meaningful by the seat of one's pants – improvising,
indigenous – native handling something as it happens
call a spade a spade – to tell the truth
about something, even if it is difficult to
accept
carry the torch – continue a tradition, to
be in love with someone
come out ahead – be profitable or
advantageous in the end
dog eat dog – extremely competitive
fit in – do something that helps your belong
to something
foot the bill – pay for something
in nothing flat – very quickly
in the long run – over a long period of time
jockey for position – try to get into an
advantageous position
live off the fat of the land – survive based
on what nature provides
make a go of it – succeed
on the horizon – coming in the not too
distant future
red tape – official forms that you need to
take care of to do something
stumbling block – a problem or obstacle
that blocks your way
take someone's breath away – surprise
someone with beauty
with all one's heart and soul – with
complete commitment and dedication
at the drop of a hat – immediately
by leaps and bounds – very quickly (used
with improvement)
copycat – someone or a company who tries
to do things like another person or company
drive a hard bargain – to make a business
deal that is very advantageous for you
early bird – someone who takes early
advantage of a situation

fit the bill – to have the right
characteristics for something
full steam ahead – to continue with full
commitment
get the jump on someone – to get the
advantage over someone by starting early
have one's ears to the ground – to pay
attention to rumours, news, and industry
insiders
know something inside out – to have
expert knowledge about something
pie in the sky – something very hard to
achieve, a dream
play something by ear – to improvise in a
situation, react to a situation as it occurs
put one's nose to the grindstone – to
work hard and put in many hours
sink or swim – succeed or fail
start from scratch – to start from the
beginning
startup – a small company that begins to
do business, usually in technology
strike it rich – to become rich, often by
creating a new product or service
successfully
stumbling block – a difficulty or hurdle
that stands in the way of success
take the bull by the horns – to confront a
problem and deal with it
Table 31.2.
Conclusion
• As you have noticed, the focus has been on English idioms – phrases which can be
very useful. There is an abundance of idioms in the English language. While some
idioms can have a more archaic meaning and therefore are used less, there are idioms
which are used in everyday speech. If you as a non-native speaker of English use
idioms and idiomatic expressions in your everyday speech and writing in English,
congratulations! It’s a very good sign that your English is at a satisfactory level
because the use of idioms speaks volumes about your language competence.

Phrasal verbs
Uvod
Frazalni glagoli se često koriste u engleskom jeziku. Teško ih je zapamtiti ako se uče napamet.
Najbolje je da se vezuju za neke interesantne priče, da se uče iz pesama (Then you come
around again = come around; COME AROUND znači posetiti nečiju kuću), ili iz filmova (Get
off my plane.; Then a bunch of weird creatures came out. COME OUT ima značenje pojaviti
se).
Frazalni glagoli su glagoli koji se sastoje od glagola i još jedne ili više reči (priloga ili predloga).
Ove kombinacije nekada služe da bi se naglasilo značenje glagola:
Primeri:
Drink your milk! – Popij mleko!

Drink up your milk! – Ispij mleko do kraja!
Često se osnovno značenje glagola u potpunosti menja kada se on upotrebi sa predlogom ili
prilogom.
U zavisnosti od toga da li je reč koja se dodaje glagolu prilog ili predlog, glagol je prelazan ili
neprelazan. Ako je ta reč predlog, glagol je prelazan (traži objekat), a ako je ta reč prilog,
glagol je neprelazan (dolazi bez objekta.)
Look for je kombinacija glagol + predlog, pa je prema tome prelazna (traži objekat):
Primer:
Would you look for my umbrella? – Da li bi potražio moj kišobran?
Look out je kombinacija glagol + prilog i zato je neprelazna:
Primer:
Look out! There's a car coming. – Pazi! Dolazi automobil.

Moguće je da neke kombinacije imaju više značenja, te mogu biti i prelazni i neprelazni.
Take off – skinuti (prelazan):
Primer:
She took off her coat and sat. – Ona je skinula svoj kaput i sela.
Take off – poleteti, za avion (neprelazan):
Primer:
The plane took off at 6. – Avion je poleteo u 6.
U većem broju slučajeva objekat dolazi iza čitave fraze, dok kod nekih može doći i odmah iza
glagola.
Primeri:
I am looking for Jane. – Tražim Džejn.
He took off his shoes. – On je izuo svoje cipele.
He took his shoes off. – On je izuo svoje cipele.
Kada je objekat zamenica, obično dolazi odmah iza glagola:
Primer:
He took them off. – Skinuo ih je.
Evo značenja nekih frazalnih glagola:
Primeri:
blow up – dići u vazduh, eksplodirati, uvećati (sliku)

bring about – izazvati
bring back – vratiti
bring up – vaspitavati/odgajati decu
call off – otkazati
catch up with – (su)stići (ali ne i prestići)
clear up – dovesti u red (zbrku i nered)
cut out – iseći, izrezati (iz komada papira, štofa itd.)

do away with – ukinuti, poništiti, rešiti se nečega ili nekoga
drop off – odbaciti nekoga
face up to – suočiti se sa
fall behind – zaostajati
fall out with – posvađati se sa
fall through – ne ostvariti se, propasti
fill in – ispuniti, popuniti (formular i sl), uneti u, staviti ono što nedostaje
fill out – popuniti (formular i sl.)
get away – pobeći, umaći, izvući se
get away with – izvući se nekažnjeno
get back – vratiti, vratiti se
get on – nastaviti
get on with – slagati se, živeti, itd. (biti u dobrim ili lošim odnosima) sa nekim
give back – vratiti (neku stvar) vlasniku
give up – predati se
go down with – razboleti se
go in for – baviti se nečim, posvetiti se nečemu
go off – eksplodirati, opaliti (o municiji ili oružju)
go over – ispitati, proučiti, pregledati pažljivo
hold back – zadržati
join in – pridružiti se
look after – starati se, voditi brigu o
look for – tražiti
look into – istražiti
look up to – diviti se, ugledati se na
make up for – nadoknaditi
pick up – uzeti (podići) neku osobu ili stvar (naročito prstima)
– uzeti (pokupiti) neku osobu ili stvar i povesti sa sobom (obično kolima)
pull down – srušiti
put off – odložiti neku radnju ili posetu
run out of – ostati bez
sit down – sesti
stand up to – odole(va)ti, braniti se od (neke osobe ili sile)
turn down – odbiti, odbaciti (neku ponudu ili molbu)
wear off – postepeno nestati, iznositi
Jedan frazal može da ima više značenja:
BELIEVE IN
1. Kada verujete da neko ili nešto postoji:
Primeri:
Do you believe in God? – Da li verujete u Boga?
My daughter still believes in fairies. – Moja ćerka još uvek veruje da vile postoje.

2. Kada verujete da je nešto dobro ili loše.
Primer:
They don’t believe in death penalty. – Oni ne veruju u smrtnu kaznu.
3. Kada verujete u nekog, imate poverenja u neku osobu.
Primer:
Don’t worry about the exams. We believe in you! You worked very hard all summer. – Ne
brini zbog ispita. Verujemo u tebe! Vredno si radio celog leta.
GET UP
1. Probuditi se i ustati iz kreveta
Primeri:
She wants to get up early tomorrow. – Želi da ustane rano sutra.
I get up at 6.30 every day. – Ustajem u pola 7 svakog dana.
2. GET UP takođe znači ustati
Primer:
Get up off the floor! – Ustani s poda.
Rezime
• Frazalni glagoli se koriste i u pisanom i u govornom engleskom. Najbolje ih je naučiti

putem pesama, filmova, zanimljivih priča. Jedan frazal može da ima više značenja (call
off: They called off the tennis match because of the rain; They called off the wedding).
na gramatiku.

Phrasal verbs in the news
Introduction
In the following story we are going to read about hacking into the phone system. The story is
full of phrasal verbs. Without the appropriate knowledge of phrasal, it would be impossible to
understand the story.
With more details coming out and the story showing no signs of dying down, Tim Bowen
looks at phrasal verbs in the news – in particular, the News of the World phone-hacking
scandal.
In recent weeks, one story has dominated the British media – the newspaper phone-hacking
story.
Allegedly, private investigators, paid for their services by journalists at a leading Sunday
newspaper, hacked into the mobile phones of politicians, celebrities and victims of crime.
Having gained access to the voicemail of their victims, the hackers spied on them by
listening in on their private conversations.
Picture 33.1.1 World Hacking
As more and more details leaked out, some journalists have complained that they were
constantly leaned on by editors to come up with exclusive stories for the paper and this, in
turn, forced them to resort to illegal methods to come by such stories.
1
http://www.problogginghq.com/2016/08/this-site-maybe-hacked-and-hacked-content-
detected/

As the scandal grew, the debate about the freedom of the press and personal privacy started
to hot up. It soon became clear that the newspaper in question had also attempted to cover
up certain evidence of wrongdoing. In order to fend off further criticism, the management
of the newspaper decided to close it down and lay off its 200 employees.
The furore over the behaviour of certain individuals shows no sign of dying down and, as
ever more lurid details come out on an almost daily basis, no-one can say with any certainty
what the investigation into the affair is going to turn up next.
Article taken from: http://www.onestopenglish.com/community/your-english/phrasal-

verbs/your-english-phrasal-verbs-in-the-news/551473.article
Vocabulary
hacking – hakovanje come out – pojaviti se

investigator – islednik, istraživač die down – stišati se
voicemail – govorna pošta hack into – upasti u neki sistem ilegalno
wrongdoing – zločin spy on – špijunirati
furore – bes listen in on – prisluškivati u tajnosti
affair – događaj leak out – procureti (npr. vesti)
lean on – biti pod pritiskom
come up with – smisliti
resort to – pribeći nečemu
come by – dobiti, obezbediti
hot up – intenzivirati
cover up – sakriti, zataškati
fend off – odvratiti, odbraniti
close down – obustaviti rad
lay off – otpustiti
come out – pojaviti se
turn up – pojaviti se
gain access – dobiti pristup
idiom: in turn – redom; potom; zatim; samo

allegedly – navodno -
lurid – jeziv, grozan
in particular – naročito
in question – sumnjiv
Table 33.1.

Synonyms
hacking – to use someone else's phone come out – emerge

system without permission, especially to die down – subside
listen to their spoken messages hack into – connect illegally to
investigator – detective, inspector spy on – observe secretly
voicemail – telephone message system listen in on – secretly listen to
wrongdoing – crime, misconduct, leak out – become known
malpractice lean on – pressurize
furore – anger, displeasure come up with – think of
affair – case, project, event resort to – do something extreme in order to
deal with an unpleasant situation
come by – obtain
hot up – intensify
cover up – hide
fend off – deflect
close down – shut down, stop
lay off – discharge, dismiss, fire
turn up – discover
gain access – access, get at

allegedly – supposedly, by allegation -

lurid – shocking, gruesome, grim, horrifying
in particular – especially
Table 33.2.
Conclusion
• Hacking has been made because of a great pressure by editors. More and more
information is needed every day regardless of the consequences. Also, the text is full
of phrasal verbs. The article is not long but it would be difficult to comprehend it
without the knowledge of phrasal verbs.

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Present Tenses

The Present Simple Tense (sadašnje prosto vreme)

Za fiksne rasporede (fixed timetables) u budućnosti:

School starts on Monday. – Škola počinje u ponedeljak.

Johnathan scores a goal. – Džonatan daje gol.

I name this ship Rebecca. – Ovom brodu dajem ime Rebeka.

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We do want to help you. – Mi želimo da ti pomognemo. (Mi zaista želimo da ti

Maria does work hard. – Marija radi naporno.

Ova vrsta prezenta se koristi u novinskim naslovima.

Cell Phones Affect Memory. – Mobilni telefoni utiču na pamćenje.

Present Simple se koristi posle Since when da ukaže na sumnju i sarkazam:

Radnja u filmu ili knjizi je generalno u Present Simple vremenu:

The Present Continuous Tense (sadašnje trajno vreme)

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She is always complaining. – Ona se uvek žali.

Milan is always coming late. – Milan stalno kasni.

One of the students is constantly interrupting the teacher. – Jedan od učenika

Present Continuous u kombinaciji sa vremenskim izrazom može da se upotrebi za ugovorene

Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous

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Mary has bought a new car. – Meri je kupila novi auto.

I have broken my leg. – Slomila sam nogu.

Have you ever been to Japan? – Da li si ikad bio u Japanu?

I have never been to China. – Nikad nisam bio u Kini.

They have lived here since 2000. – Žive ovde od 2000.

They haven’t seen him before. – Nisu ga videli ranije.

Have you seen her lately? – Da li si je video u poslednje vreme?

I haven’t talked to him recently. – Nisam skoro pričao s njim.

Have you seen her yet? – Da li si je već video?

How long have you known him? – Koliko dugo ga poznaješ?

I have just finished lunch. – Upravo sam ručala.

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How many cakes have you made? – Koliko kolača si napravila?

How much sugar have you bought? – Koliko šećera si kupio?

Razliku ćemo videti i u primerima:

U prvoj rečenici radnja je kompletirana, dok u drugoj nije.

I've been living in London since 1997. – Živim u Londonu od 1997.

I've lived in London since 1997. – Živim u Londonu od 1997.

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• Sadašnja vremena u engleskom jeziku su Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present

Napomena za testove napredovanja

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Facebook, in retrospect, can be addictive -- not in the "society is addicted to Facebook"

Hi, I'm Zack, and I'm a Facebook addict.

Picture 2.1. Facebook Addiction1

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1. You become paranoid: "Why hasn't this person messaged me back?"

2. You spend more than an hour or five on the site.

Excessive use of anything is all-relative. I, personally, have a massive oxygen addiction.

3. A confusion of the divergence of real life and Facebook

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4. Excessive friend building and Wall posts

5. Depression sets in during downtime, and other withdrawal symptoms

Article taken from: http://www.zdnet.com/article/five-serious-symptoms-of-facebook-

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Nouns (imenice): Verbs (glagoli):

broadband connection – širokopojasni Idiom: in retrospect – sa ove distance,

Adjectives and adverbs Prepositions and conjunctions

hardcore – ekstreman, posvećen, though – iako, mada, premda

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Nouns (imenice): Verbs (glagoli):

knitting – weaving grip – hold tightly, grasp