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Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 101 (2013) 394 – 403

AicQoL2013Langkawi
AMER International Conference on Quality of Life
Holiday Villa Beach Resort & Spa, Langkawi, Malaysia, 6-8 April 2013
"Quality of Life in the Built and Natural Environment"

Comparative Analysis of Choosing to Live in Gated

Communities: A case study of Bandung metropolitan area
Alia Widyarini Hapsariniaty*, Boedi Darma Sidi, Allis Nurdini
School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development,
Bandung Institute of Technology, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia

Abstract

Nowadays, most of the new housing developments in Bandung metropolitan area are gated communities. These gated
communities usually built on a relatively small plot of land with the size of the development smaller than 2 hectares,
with a small number of housing un
urban and suburban areas of Bandung. This paper is a part of an ongoing thesis research which will describe the first
phase of the research, which is qualitative exploration. The findings show there are differences between preferences
of housing dwellers in urban and suburban location.

© 2013
© 2013TheTheAuthors.
Authors. Published
Published Ltd. Open
by Elsevier
by Elsevier Ltd.access under CC
Selection BY-NC-ND
and license.under responsibility of the Association of
peer-review
Selection
Malaysian and/or peer-review under responsibility
Environment-Behaviour of the Association
Researchers, AMER (ABRA of Malaysian Environment-Behavior Researchers,
Malaysia).
AMER (ABRA malaysia).
Keywords: Gated communities; housing preferences; Bandung metropolitan area

1. Introduction

Gated communities are term given to gated residential developments with limited access and
boundaries surrounding the area. It is a global phenomenon that happens in many countries, such as
United States, South America, Europe and Asia. The rise of gated communities occurs due to security and
safety issues, and the poor condition of environment quality in urban areas. This phenomenon has given
many problems physically and socially in urban areas such as exclusion which is lead to fragmentation
and segmentation (Blakely and Snyder, 1997). The rise of gated communities in Indonesia started to
occur in 1997. KebayoranBaru (then known as Pondok Indah) was the first place for development of

*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-22-250-4692 (ext. 3441); fax: +62-22-253-0705.
E-mail address: alia.widyarini@students.itb.ac.id.

1877-0428 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the Association of Malaysian Environment-Behavior Researchers, AMER (ABRA malaysia).
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.213
 Alia Widyarini Hapsariniaty et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 101 (2013) 394 – 403 395

residential area in scale of the township. In late 1980s, several new residential developments in the area
continuing these developments, such as BumiSerpongDamai and LippoKarawaci (Winarso, 2005). In
In
because of the income gap leading to increased demands of security. (Leisch, 2002). These developments
of gated communities are affecting other cities in Indonesia, included Bandung Metropolitan Area, which
has growing rapidly in the recent years due to the construction of Purbaleunyi toll road in 2005.
Nowadays, most of the new housing developments in Bandung metropolitan area are gated
communities. The new housing developments have several characteristics: developers build housing
developments on a relatively small plot of land with the size smaller than 2 hectares; the housing
developments have small numbers of the dwelling unit; the size of dwelling and the facilities provided are
extremely limited, and the housing developments tend to support the form of a small nuclear family. The
housing developments with characteristics above usually associated with the middle class households
growing in Indonesia. According to the World Bank, the number of the middle class in Indonesia has
reached around 60% of the total population. Therefore, there are questions arise regarding the
phenomenon, why the housing development with those characteristics happened? And why households
choose to live in the gated communities with characteristics mentioned in the previous paragraph?
Studies of housing choice and preferences in various areas of Indonesia tend to discuss locational
housing choice (Harmanto, 2003; Shinta, 2001; Ehwan, 2004; Febby, 2010) and compare housing
preferences based on socioeconomic conditions (Shinta, 2001 and Nurhadi, 2004). There are also
researches based on economical approach (Kusumawardhani, 2004; Tambunan, 2009; and Handayani,
2009). The number of researches discussing gated communities in Indonesia also still consider being rare.
Most of the studies are discussing the origin of gated communities, why they are happening in a certain
area, and about general reason why households move to gated communities (Leisch, 2004; Kerr, 2008;
Handoko, 2011; Sueca; 2012). Plaut (2011) has studied housing choice of households to live in gated
communities with United States as a case study. The study focuses on characteristics of the households
and compares them with households who live in non-gated environments and analyze factors affecting
their housing choice. The studies mentioned above mostly focus only on sociological issues and not
related with architecture of gated communities, whereas gated communities itself have unique
architectural settings. Besides that, none of previous studies discussed the housing choice and preferences
and the gated communities in Bandung.
The scarcity of information on gated communities in Bandung is regrettable. There is urgency in
studying these housing developments because they have growing uncontrollably. They also give many

choice based on geographical conditions needs to be studied to know the difference of their preferences,
so it can be applicable for urban planning and housing provisions. This study attempted to contribute to
the knowledge base by exploring households preferences choosing to live in gated communities with
characteristics mentioned in previous paragraphs. Location is one of factors which differentiate each of
gated communities (Grant and Mittelsteadt, 2004) and topographic condition of location is the factor
influencing locational choice of the household (Ahmadi, 2005). Therefore, this study trying to produce

conditions, the urban and the suburban areas of Bandung metropolitan area. The study focuses on actual
behavior of the households or revealed preferences.
396 Alia Widyarini Hapsariniaty et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 101 (2013) 394 – 403

2. Literature review for this study

2.1. The background of gated communities in Bandung metropolitan area

Gated community in Indonesia often called as housing cluster and cul-de-sac, whereas Kerr (2008)
called gated community as kompleksperumahan. The gated communities in South East Asia are copying
existing development in United States of America. They occurred due to the income gap and low level of
public security. The rise of this development occurs due to the need to avoid social inconvenient (Dick
and Rimmer, 1998). In Indonesia, gated communities occurred because of a growing number of middle-
class society, cultural diversity and increased crime rate. (Leisch, 2002) Bandung as one of the large cities
in Indonesia has growing rapidly in recent years due to opened Purbaleunyi toll road in 2005. The toll
road connects Bandung with Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia. Increasing migration rate occurs
because of easy access, and at the end it is leading to increased housing needs. Property developers build
new housing developments in the suburban area of Bandung, in the area like Kota BaruParahyangan due
to lack of land available in Bandung and the high price they embedded. Property developer in the north
area of Bandung is developing high-class new housing developments in the urban area of Bandung. The
product sold at a high price for upper-class households consumers.
Property developer produces most of the new housing development, designed for middle-class
households in the urban and the suburban area. These housing developments mostly built as gated
communities with several characteristics: built on a relatively small plot of land smaller than 2 hectares;
have relatively small numbers of units; the size of dwelling and facilities provided are extremely limited,
and the development tends to support form of a small nuclear family. The development of these kinds of
housing projects occurs because of the property developer involved in these projects have a small
investment capital, and they tried to reduce cost with self-sustainable construction. (Aris, 2003) Other
than that, these developers try to have the land by doing scattered land acquisition because of the inability
to purchase large land plots; bullish property market condition; and lack of control and regulation made
by the government (Rudiawan, 2008).

Fig. 1. (a) Entrance area of gated communities; (b) Neighborhood area of gated communities
 Alia Widyarini Hapsariniaty et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 101 (2013) 394 – 403 397

2.2. The factors affecting housing choice

Housing choice is actual behaviour of individual or household and sometimes cannot be separated
from preferences concept refers to relative attractiveness to an object. (Jansen et al, 2011). In household
level, there are two factors affecting housing choice: the internal factors (push factors) come from inside
the household and the external factors (pull factors) come from outside the household (Berry and Horton,
1978 in Ahmadi, 2005). The internal factors related to the characteristics of the household, such as
socioeconomic, demographic, and cultural factor. The external factors related to the housing
characteristics, include of three spatial form factors composing housing characteristic in environmental
scale: the location, the neighbourhood, and the dwelling.
According to Turner (1972), there is a relationship between housing needs and income levels of
households. The orders of priority of housing needs for the lowest- -
sector, and the upper-middle or upper-income sector are remarkably different. For middle class
households, security is their main priorities because there is a guarantee of the house and land ownership.
Opportunity is less significant because transportation cost is not problem anymore, thus access for social
needs, and proximity to the working place is also less significant. Identity or social recognition is also
important for middle-class households. There is a relationship between housing choice and households
affordability because the higher household affordability, the lower constraint in housing choice (Bell et al,
1996). It is coherent with Short (1978) who suggested that cost is one of main criteria in explaining

The internal factors include individual and household characteristics below (Montgomery and Curtis,
2006; Kusumawardhani, 2004; Ahmadi, 2005; Pratikto, 2008; Nurhadi, 2004; Plaut, 2011):
Socio-demographic: gender, age, marital status, household size, household type, length of occupancy,
education level, ethnicity, travel behavior, family/social contacts, religion.
Economic: household employment structure, salary, household income from all sources, indicator of
household wealth, household expenses, life style.
The external factors include housing characteristics below (Montgomery and Curtis, 2006;
Kusumawardhani, 2004; Ahmadi, 2005; Pratikto, 2008; Nurhadi, 2004; Plaut, 2011):
Location: proximity to shopping services, green areas, apartment buildings, commercial services,
working place, toll way; topographic condition.
Neighborhood: physical and social quality/character, safety and security, silence, healthy environment,
privacy.
Dwelling: housing tenure, the value of unit, type of building, the level of property taxes, physical
features of unit, dwelling condition and form, method of payment.

3. Methodology

The site of this study was the capital city of West Java province, Bandung, and the surrounding area or
known as Bandung metropolitan area with a population of 7.889.047 People. This study is a part of
ongoing thesis research which is using two phases, sequential mixed methods study, and this paper will
describe the first phase that is qualitative exploration. This study use snowball sampling for easier data
gathering and time consideration. 22 respondents interviewed with 11 are living in gated community, in
the urban area, and 11 are living in gated community, in the suburban area.
Of these respondents, 13 are female, and 9 are male. The age of respondents mostly below 50 with the
average age in the urban area 37.7 and the suburban area 45.8. Based on their education level, more than
half of the respondent graduated from university, 45.5% in the urban area and 54.5% in the suburban area.
The employments of respondents are private employee, government employee, entrepreneur, and
398 Alia Widyarini Hapsariniaty et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 101 (2013) 394 – 403

Javanese and Minang. Of the households, 72.7% has 1 or 2 children in both areas with the average
number of children in the urban area 1.73 and the suburban area 2. In terms of length of occupancy, most
of the respondents in the urban area have been living 6-8 years (54.5%) while most of the respondents in
the suburban area has been living, not more than 5 years (72.7%). In average, respondents in the urban
area have been living 4.3 years, while in the suburban area 3.6 years.
Collecting data is using a semi-structured interview containing questions regarding the main factors
tion related to their
housing motivation and aspirations, perception of safety and security, perception of physical and social
conditions, and so on. In this study, we also conduct direct observation to the case study location to
gather factual information such as the condition of the housing development, the condition of the house,
an environment of the housing development. The head of community (RT/RW), marketing division of
residential development, and real estate practitioners are interviewed to get an overview about the housing

preference choosing to live in gated communities. Questionnaire for the second phase that is quantitative
analysis will consists of the variables from the analysis result.

4. Analysis results

4.1. Preferences of household choosing to live in gated communities in both locations

There are three variables affecting respondent in the urban and the suburban area: the
location, the neighborhood, and the dwelling. This is consistent with findings by Berry and Horton (1978)
in Ahmadi (2005) and Jansen et al (2011). The finding suggests that external factors (housing
characteristics) affecting housing choice at household level arethe location, the neighborhood, and the
dwelling.Based on these variables, the most dominant attribute is listed below:
The location variable: the proximity to neighborhood amenities
The neighborhood variable: livability
The dwelling variable: price
There are two groups dividing the variables: physical and non-physical characteristics. Non-physical
characteristics plays a vital part for households when choosing to live in gated communities. Physical
characteristics comes second. The most dominant attributes affecting housing choice in both locations are
livability, neighborhood services, security, scenic/environmentally attractive area, and price/affordability.
As mentioned earlier, developer with small capital builds most of the housing in the area. That is why
the ability to acquire land depended on the available land in the market. The physical quality of housing
buildings are usually poor, due to their limited capital.After the developer had acquired the land, they
surround the area using fence for security reason. After that, they built basic utilities and services such as
road, drainage system and other utilities. Most of the small property developer in the area just started to
built their first project. As the developer lacking experience and proper planning, landslides and flood
occurs often.

4.1.1. Livability
The reason of the respondents choosing house and living in gated community mostly because of non-
physical characteristics as mentioned in the previous paragraph. All respondents living in the urban and
the suburban area often mention livability as their main reason to choose to live there. Livability can also
be interpreted astranquil and comfortable environment. This is in line with findings made by Kerr (2008)
who states that households choose to live in gated communities because of it has tranquil environment. A
 Alia Widyarini Hapsariniaty et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 101 (2013) 394 – 403 399

comfortable environment, in this case clean, neat, and tidy, will create better ambiance and safer feeling
(Atkinson and Blandy, 2005in Kerr, 2008).

4.1.2. Neighborhood services

The second attribute often mentioned by the respondent is the neighborhood amenities. This attribute
related closely with accessibility or ease of access to various facilities. Bourne in 1978 stated that
accessibility is a decisive factor for the customer when choosing housing location.

Dwelling orientation

Investment

Price/affordability

Similar background/age

Social contacts

Familiar with the area

Livability

Security

Green area

Boundaries/fences

24 hour guard

Restricted access

Scenic/enviromentally attractive area

Proximity to family/friends

Neighborhood amenities

Proximity to workplace

0 5 10 15 20 25

Fig. 2. Histogram shows frequency of attributes affecting respondents housing choice in both locations

4.1.3. Security
Last noteworthy attribute mentioned by respondents when asked about the main reason for choosing
house and living in gated communities are security. There is a fear of crime in either gated or non-gated
communities (Sakip et al, 2013). This is consistent with the findings of Leisch (2002), Kerr (2008) and
Sakip et al. (2012) which stated that security is the main reason for households to move to gated
communities. The fact is surprisingly different as most of the respondents do feel insecure as crime such
as stealing and terror in the form of blackmail and bullying often happened in the area. Based on the
interview result, crime does often occurred in the surrounding neighborhood after the gated communities
has finished developed. This shows that gated communities do not solve crime problems. What they do is
just moving criminal activity to other non-gated area.
One of the sub-attributes of security includes general safety of family members living in the
neighborhood. Respondents argue that the chose to live in gated communities because they expect to
400 Alia Widyarini Hapsariniaty et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 101 (2013) 394 – 403

provide a good environment for children. They expect their children to play freely in their housing area
and they feel safe leaving them in their gated communities. This attribute can also means that respondents
lifestyle mostly are family oriented.

4.1.4. Scenic/environmentally attractive area

Next attribute affecting respondents housing choice is the scenic/ environmentally attractive area. The
attribute related closely with natural condition of the environment such as air quality, temperature, view,
and other natural attributes.

4.1.5. Price of the house

Lastly, most dominant attribute mentioned by the respondent are price of the house. This attribute
related closely with their affordability. Priemus (1994) in Jansen et al (2011) states that the budget of the
household is one of the main factor limiting housing choice.

4.1.6. Other variables

Other variables that respondent mentioned are distance to workplace, family/social contacts, single
entry access, 24 hour security control, boundaries/fences, green area, familiar with the area, social
relationship, similar age and/or background, reinvestment value, and dwelling orientation.

4.2. Preferences of household choosing to live in gated communities: in the urban and the suburban area

Based on the interview result, housing choice of respondents in the urban area differ from their
counterpart in the suburban area. The main attribute considered for respondents in the urban area is the
location variable while for the respondents in the suburban area is the neighborhood variable. In term of
priority, these are three attributes affecting housing choice of respondents:
In the urban area: neighborhood services, security, and livability.
In the suburban area: livability, security, and scenic/ environmental attractiveness.
From here we can see that both respondents living in urban and suburban area mention two similar
attributes, although in different scale of importance: security and livability.
These findings are consistent with previous researches made by Leisch (2002) and Kerr (2008).
Household choose to live in gated communities because of security, and they seek good quality
environment for their housing situation since there are many urban problems in Indonesia. There is a
slight different result between respondents living in urban and suburban area.
Respondents in the urban area stated that their housing were more accessible and within easy reach of
public transportation. Respondents in the suburban area stated that livability is the most influential factor
for their housing choice. This finding related closely with geographical conditions of the suburban area.
Suburban area is green and less dense. The finding also suggested trade-off between proximity to the
inner-city and neighboorhood quality.
 Alia Widyarini Hapsariniaty et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 101 (2013) 394 – 403 401

Dwelling orientation

Investment

Price/affordability

Similar background/age

Social contacts

Familiar with the area

Livability

Security
Urban
Green area Suburban

Boundaries/fences

24 hour guard

Restricted access

Scenic/enviromentally attractive area

Proximity to family/friends

Neighborhood amenities

Proximity to workplace

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Fig. 3. Histogram shows frequency of atributtes affecting respondents housing choice in the urban and suburban area

5. Conclusion and recommendation

below:
1. aspirations regarding housing, that
is individual and household characteristics consisted of:
a. Sociodemographic: gender, age, marital status, household size, education level, religion, and
ethnicity.
b. Economic: employment and household income level.
2. External factors are related with characteristics of locations and environment in gated community,
physical and non-physical.
a. Neighborhood Characteristics
- Physical: inside of the neighborhood (physical characteristics of gated communities and
green areas) and outside of the neighborhood (proximity to neighborhood services;
proximity to working place; proximity to family/friends; scenic/environmentally attractive
area).
- Non-physical: in relation with socioeconomic value in gated community, such as security,
livability, social contact, propriety of user status, and familiar with the area.
b. Dwelling characteristics
402 Alia Widyarini Hapsariniaty et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 101 (2013) 394 – 403

- Physical: architecture style, type of housing, strong and safe structure, the quality of
material spesification, and dwelling orientation.
- Non-physical: price of the dwelling, house as invesment, tenure, method of payment, and
how to get the house.
The variables and attributes mentioned in paragraph above will be used in questionairre for the second
phase of the research using quantitative approach.
The findings show there is the difference between households housing choice in the urban and the
suburban location. For respondents in the urban area, access to neighborhood services is the most notable
attributes. For respondents in the suburban area, livability is the most notable attributes. Two variables
that mentioned by the respondents in both locations are security and livability or quiet and comfortable
environments, although they have different level of importance. They choose to live in the gated
communities because poor condition of the urban area. By living in gated communities, they hope to
improve their quality of life. Nevertheless, the respondents in the suburban area mentioned about similar
age and/or background, dwelling as means of investment, and dwelling orientation while the respondents
in the urban area never mentioned it. It shows that the respondents in the area choosing to live in that
location for their social and economic status and property investment. Respondents in the suburban gated
communities never mentioned attributes related with physical characteristics of gated communities, such
as 24 hour security control and boundaries/fences. Other attribute that never mentioned by the respondent
in the suburban are familiar with the area.
This paper describes only the first phase of sequential mixed methods research that is qualitative
exploration. For that reason, this study should be continued with the second phase that is quantitative
analysis using questionnaires. The findings of this stu
in choosing to live in gated communities, variables and attributes that affect housing choice, and it also
can
provide more findings about the difference of their preferences and household characteristics. The
quantitative analysis will provide factors included in the characteristics of gated communities that shape
ide overview about households characteristics in relation
with their housing choice.
The number of researches discussing gated communities in Indonesia still considered being rare. None
of the previous studies discussed the gated communities in Bandung. There is urgency for scholars to
study these developments as they grow rapidly and produce spatial problems. This phenomenon of gated
communities with characteristics studied in this paper maybe also happened in the neighboring country of
South East Asia. Therefore, the study can be replicated.

Acknowledgements

Thispaper is an initial publication for an ongoing theses research entitled

Golongan Menengah dalam Memilih Hunian dan Bermukim pada Gated Communities di Wilayah
Metropolitan Ban The
Directorate General of Higher Education (DGHE or DIKTI) with operational fund for public university
(BOPTN) are partly funding this research.
 Alia Widyarini Hapsariniaty et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 101 (2013) 394 – 403 403

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