Food prep and preservation

Thermal processing

- Involves heating to kill bacteria and enzymatic activity

- Soil stuff, to maintain color and freshness

Cooling/ chilling

- Used for increasing shelf life without significantly changing taste and nutritional content

Freezing

- Solidification of water -> no bacterial growth

- Rivers or under the soil -> chilling during primitive time

Water activity reduction

- Adding solutes (sugar/salt, sometimes vinegar)

- Osmosis

Transportation (Philippines is archipelagic)

- 4 modes of transport: road, inland waterways/sea shipping, rail, air

PNR = government operated railway

MRT/LRT = privately funded railway

Communication

- Parallel significance and development in computer and communication technology

- Rise of information age
- Typewriting, handwriting, video, voice

Telecommunication

- Signals, signs, messages

Homing pigeons = primitive ways

Telegraph -> cables (disadvantage cannot reach far has limitations) -> device for signal transmission by
cables -> telephone -> telegraphy using Morse code -> television (television has moving image compared
to wire something) -> computing devices -> modern devices for communication