ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS WHO ARE 4P’S

BENEFICIARIES OF AYALA DISTRICT ZAMBOANGA CITY

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A Research Proposal
Presented to
The Faculty of the Graduate School
Western Mindanao State University
College of Teacher Education
Zamboanga City

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In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirements in Educational Research 200

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By
MARILYN A BAYHI
MAED GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
As the famous quotation of Malcolm X says, “Education is the passport to the future,
for tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for it”. Education is an important element in the
struggle of human rights because it helps our children and our people rediscover their identity
and prepare the best that they can be in the future. But how can they prepare for it when they
themselves cannot avail to have quality education? A large percentage of the Philippine
population has been affected by poverty for many years now (Reyes et al., 2014). Poverty is
the number 1 enemy of Education in all level. Poor Filipino family who are affected by poverty
with low-earnings might let their child stop schooling and instead help them earn a living.
Likewise, poor families are less likely to be able to afford proper nutrition and reduces a child’s
readiness for school because it leads to poor health and motor skills, diminishes a child’s ability
to concentrate and remember information, and reduces attentiveness, curiosity and
motivation. Students not only receive the worst Education, but they fall victim to lifestyle and
health issues that hinder their ability to learn and resulted in quitting schools due to
frustrations.

According to the 1987 constitution of the Republic Act of the Philippines-Article XIV

Sec. 1. The state shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all

levels, and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all. Anchored in

this act, the Republic of the Philippines is among one of the 195 Countries ratified the

international human rights treaty or so called Convention on the Rights of the Child. Therefore,

nations that ratifies this convention are bound to it by International Law and Compliance is

monitored by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child. With this as the ground, the

Philippine Government initiated a Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) program locally known as
Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program, or 4P’s that is being implemented by the Department of

Social Welfare and Development as the lead government agency working with the Department

of Health, The Department of Education and the National Economic and Development

Authority as partners.). As a Good Governance and Anti-Corruption (GCAC) of the Aquino

Administration, 4P’s invest in health and education of poor households, particularly of children

aged 0-18 years old, requiring compliance of certain conditionalities. The 4Ps serves dual

objectives: poverty alleviation and investment in human capital. It operates in 79 provinces covering

1484 municipalities, 143 cities in 17 regions with 4,090,667 registered households as of 25 June

2014. Many families have benefitted from the program since its launch (Catubig et al., 2015). The

Beneficiaries of this program are required to undergo trainings on responsible parenthood (Family

Development Session), have pregnant women and their children undergo check-ups, and parents

are required to send their children to public school to avail the cash grant (Montilla et al, 2015).

Health and Education are the two components of 4P’s. On Health component, each family-

beneficiaries receives a total of PHP 6, 000 anually for their health and nutrition expenses. On the

other hand, on Education Component, per child receives a total of PHP 3, 000. 00 (with a maximum

of three children per household) for their every school year’s educational expenses. To avail on the

said grant, children aged 3-5 years old must be enrolled in day care program or pre-school and

attend at least 85 % of the required number of school days. While children aged 6-18 old must be

enrolled in school and attend at least 85 % of the required school days. Indeed, this program is a

great help for the poor families and for their children to get a chance to quality education (Reyes

et.al, 2015).

Provided all this financial assistance to support the education of children, this study was

undertaken to assess whether 4P’s program has helped the student to perform well in schools.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This Study focuses on the performance of the pupils who are 4p’s beneficiaries in a Public

School of Ayala District, Zamboanga City. Specifically, this study answers the following questions:

1. What is the academic performance of the students who are 4P’s beneficiaries?

2. Is there a significant relationship between school attendance and academic performance

of the 4P’s student-recipients?

3. Is there a significant difference in the academic performance of the male and female 4P’s

student-recipients?

HYPOTHESIS

Ho: There is no significant relationship between school attendance and academic

performance of the 4P’s student-recipients.

Ho: There is no significant difference in the academic performance of the male and female

4P’s recipients

FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

The theoretical basis of this study are the Human Capital Theory, Social Capital Theory and the

Theory of Social Recostructionism by Theodore Brameld who believes that students are critical element in

bringing about social change. Human Capital Theory indicates the importance in Human Capital Theory

indicates the importance of investments in human capital of a country, while Social Capital Theory, which

explains social network where individuals work together to improve well-being. According to George Counts,

the social issues of the 1930’s involve racial discrimination, poverty, and unemployment which are similar

to present issues. That is why the Philippine Government initiated the conditional cash transfer to eradicate

poverty and help children to have the right to Education. Selective Material Gratification, refers to

beneficiaries feeling gratified by receiving cash transfer (Perova, 2010). The cash grant that the beneficiaries

will be receiving will help them in their expenses such as health and education. With that, the recipients will
feel more gratified towards the government. This will serve as an incentive to reciprocate the benefits that

they receive by participating in civic activities (Verba, et al, 1995). Children likewise will no longer be working

for their family, but instead they will be sent to school and are expected to do well in school especially with

their academic performance since they are provided with the things they need in their studies. In the theory

of Human Capital, it refers to the set of skills that an individual can contribute to productivity. There skills

are usually dependent on education, health, work ethic of an indvidial (LSE Economics, 2014). Moreover,

Schultz also established that education and productivity are factors that are positively established that

education and productivity are factors that are positively related (Kern, 2009). Hence, the human capital can

make an impact on an individual (Employment opportunities), organizational (Core Competencies and

Competitiveness) and Societal (Socio-political development) level. Putting all the aforementioned insights

into perspective, it is intuitive that returns on human capital stem from the education and health invested

on children. For a given household, investments on children depend on the household income and number

of children in the household. For a given level of income, more investment is distributed on each child with

fewer children in the household. With this, countries with little human capital are usually characterized by

large family size and invest little on each child. On the contrary, those with abundant capital invest more on

fewer kids. Using the social capital theory as basis, the cash transfer program can be as a form of social

protection method in order to alleviate poverty and vulnerability through giving cash transfers. Hence, there

is a need to develop relationship between the government and community for a proper implementation of

the program (Ressler, 2008). Spillover effect is defined as the unintended impact of a certain program on

individuals that are nor targeted by the program (Jaffe, 1996). Spillovers can also be viewed as externalities,

which could be positive or negative depending on the private and social gains and costs incurred (helbling,

2010). As such, spillover effects may also be present in CCT programs. This is because the resources that the

beneficiaries use are the same resources used by non-beneficiaries (Angelucci et al., 2010). In addition, the

social interactions between beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries could have an influencing factor on the non-

beneficiaries. Overall, externalities can be attributed to CCT programs, especially with regard to schooling

(positive effect on school enrolment), economic (positive effects on inequality and food consumption), social

(positive effects on human and physical capital prospects) and health (positive effects on nutrition and
health consciousness) indicators (Lehman, 2010). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology

proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper “A Theory of Human Motivation” in Psychological Review.

Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of human innate curiosity. His theories

parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology, some of which focus on describing the

stages of growth in humans. Maslow used the terms “physiological”, “safety”, “belongingness”, and “love”,

“esteem”, “self-actualization”, and “self-transcendence” to describe the pattern that human motivations

generally move through.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The researcher believed that the result of this study will help the following assess the 4P’s program

and its effect to the performance of the students.

The Department of Social Welfare and Development. The researcher believes that the result of this

study will be of great importance to the department since they are the ones monitoring the 4P’s program.

May this study serve as the basis in the modification of the conditions in giving cash grants. Condition must

not only focus on the attendance of the students all throughout the school year but rather, the performance

of the students in school. The department should implement a maintaining grade for pupils under the

program so that parents will have a hands-on monitoring on the performance of their children in school.

With that as the basis, students will do well in school.

The Administrators. The result of this study would be the basis of constructing and implementing

new and innovative teaching aids to help teachers fully supervise and assess the students to achieve their

full potential, since children are financially supported in their studies by the government.

The Teachers. The result of this study may help the teacher in constructing and developing new

teaching strategies to help the students in their performance and be mindful that even if students are

provided and supported by the government, they still need equal guidance to perform well in school. The

factors affecting the performance of the students may also help the teacher as their basis in making daily

lessons.
 The Parents. The result of this study will inform the parents that their guidance is a big impact on

the performance of the students in school.

The Students. May the result of this research helps the student in understanding that coming to

school daily may be a guarantee that they will also have good academic performance. May the result give

them the overview of how government is supporting their studies and that they must do their part studying

well.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This study was attempt to find out the academic performance of the students who are 4P’s

beneficiaries enrolled in Ayala District-Secondary Schools, Sinunuc, Baluno, Recodo, Ayala and Tulungatung.

DIFINITION OF TERMS

To facilitate the understanding of the terms used, the following are defined:

Academic Performance. It is the outcome of education-the extent to which a student, teacher or institution

has achieved their educational goals. It is the measurement of student achievement across various academic

subjects. Teachers and Education officials typically measure achievement using classroom performance,

graduation rated and results from standardized tests.

CCT or Cash Conditional Cash Transfer. This is a program that transfer cash, generally to poor households, on

the condition that those households make prespecified investments in the human capital of their children.

Health and Nutrition conditions generally require periodic check-ups, growth monitoring and vaccinations

for children less than 5 years of age; prenatal care for mothers and attendance by mothers at periodic health

information talks. Education conditions usually include school enrolment, attendance on 80-85 % percent

of school days, and occasionally some measure of performance (Fiszbein et al.).

PANTAWID PAMILYANG PILIPINO PROGRAM (4P’s). Refer to the national poverty reduction strategy that

provides conditional cash transfer to extremely poor households to improve their health, nutrition and

education particularly of children aged 0-18 years old.

4P’s BENEFICIARIES. Refer to poor households with pregnant women and/or with children 0-18-year-old

selected by the Department of Social Welfare and Development to be a part of the program through National

Household targeting System for Poverty Reduction (NHTSPR).

Social Recostructionism. An educational theory that advocates change, improvement and the reforming of

the school and society. Believes that students are the critical element in bringing about social change.

According to Paulo Freire, a person must learn to overcome oppression and to not be a victim. Rather than

“teaching as banking” Freire thought that teaching and learning was the way for a child to invent and

reinvent the world.

Human Capital Theory. N. Bontis, N. C. Dragonetti, K. Jacobsen a G. Roos defined the human capital as the

human factor in the organization; the combined intelligence, skills and expertise that gives the organization

its distinctive character. The human elements of the organization are those that are capable of learning,

changing, innovating and providing the creative thrust which if properly motivated can ensure the long-run

survival of the organization (1999).