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Article history: This experimental investigation focuses on the optimization of passive cooling system using extruded
Received 28 March 2017 finned surfaces with phase change materials (PCMs) as the thermal conductivity enhancers (TCEs). The
Received in revised form 23 July 2017 study develops comparison between fins of circular and square cross-sectional area, made of aluminium.
Accepted 24 July 2017
Further classification is done in configuration in terms of staggered and inline arrays. The volume fraction
of fins is kept constant at 9% of total volume of heat sink. The purpose is to single out the better arrange-
ment with and without PCM. Six PCMs of varying phase change temperature and heat capacities, namely
Keywords:
Paraffin wax, RT-54, RT-44, RT-35HC, SP-31 and n-eicosane are selected for thermal conductivity
Phase change materials
Thermal conductivity enhancers
enhancement. The volume fraction of PCM is also constant at 90% of the heat sink volume, giving a
Staggered and inline arrays 10% volume for expansion after melting. Moreover, power levels are used in a range of 4–8 W with an
Circular and square cross-sectional pin–fin increment of 1 W. The analysis was carried out on graphical trends produced and explanations were
heat sinks given accordingly. The most effective PCMs were also discussed considering their enhancement time,
Enhancement time enhancement ratios and other material properties. Finally, the results were justified by the scientific
Enhancement ratios knowledge and found in compliance with the work of famous researchers as well.
Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.07.114
0017-9310/Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
252 M.J. Ashraf et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 115 (2017) 251–263
Nomenclature
power level in the range from 3 to 5 W. The obtained results sinks with four heat sinks of parallel fins arrangement, one with
showed that increasing number of fins, insertion of honey comb crossed fins and one with no fins were tested. A constant fin thick-
and inclusion of low melting temperature PCM at higher power ness of 1 mm and constant power level 4.84 W was used and it was
level had enhanced significantly the operation time of heat sink. concluded that the parallel and crossed fins arrangement both had
Fins had significant role in improving thermal performance of heat nearly comparable performance but performance of all fins heat
storage unit. Recent findings considered identifying optimum dis- sinks was superior to that without fins. Numerical study carried
tribution of these TCE (fins) in terms of dimensions and shape. Saha out by Levin et al. [9] explored the effect of fin’s length, height
et al. [4] carried out their research to investigate the effective way and number for the optimal PCM percentage to be considered in
of distributing fins in heat sinks i.e. to find the optimum volume designing latent heat thermal management system (LHTMS) for
fraction of TCE which maintains a low temperature of any compo- electronic devices. From the results, it was concluded that the opti-
nent. Using n-eicosane as PCM in aluminium made heat sinks. Two mal percentage of PCM is dependent on number and height of fins,
types of fins (plate-fin and pin-fin) were analysed in heat sinks with heat flux and the difference between liquidus and critical
base dimension of 42 42 mm2 and fins height of 25 mm. The case temperature.
of 8% TCE volume fraction of heat sink or base plate was reported Thomas et al. [10] carried out numerical study for the design of
to give best results. Regarding fin dimensions and shape it was PCM based heat sink for average dimensions of a smart phone.
concluded that the large number of small cross-sectional area pin Analysis were performed using ANSYS FLUENT 14.0 by providing
fins performed better. constant heat flux to the base of heat sink with power input rang-
Baby and Balaji [5] experimentally investigated three different ing from 4 to 6 w. Eicosane was selected as PCM for designed heat
geometries of heat sinks employing different no of TCE. All heat sink. High performance was obtained when PCM fraction had
sinks were made of aluminium employing 33, 72,120 number of reached to its maximum. Selection of thermal performance
pin-fins of corresponding volume fractions were 4%, 9%, and 15% enhancement method has a vital role in thermal management of
respectively. The effectivity of volume fractions of TCE was exam- components. Nagose et al. [11] used combined genetic and conven-
ined at power level 4–8 w using n-eicosane with varying volume tional simulation to get optimized configuration of heat sink which
fractions of 0.3, 0.6 and 1. For SPT of 43 C and 8 W power, the kept the temperature of microprocessor in acceptable limits. The
highest enhancement factor of 21 was obtained for heat sink with designed heat sink consisted of fin array with depth equal to heat
72 number of fins. Also, the performance was seen to be strongly sink and a heat spreader inside the heat sink. From the results
dependent on PCM volume fractions instead of TCE volume frac- obtained with the assumption of constant heat flux from electronic
tions. The effect of orientation on thermal performance of porous device correlations were proposed relating heat sink operational
matrix filled heat sink was investigated by Srikanth et al. [6]. time to the PCM fraction, heat sink depth and heat spreader thick-
Tracking system was employed to change the orientation of copper ness. It was found that the optimal spreader thickness was 2.5% of
metal foam matrix embedded Al-heat sink filled with n-eicosane. heat sink depth.
The experimental results obtained in terms of enhancement ratios Hatakeyama et al. [12] conducted their experimental and ana-
showed that the heat transfer enhancement was only comparable lytical research on PCM based transient cooling module employing
and effect of orientation has no significant impact on the men- pin fins. The setup used by them consisted of test module, heat
tioned heat sink. spreader, chamber, substrate, power source, Data logger, three heat
Experimental work performed by Fan et al. [7] determined the sinks with round fins of different number and diameter. The paraf-
effect of internal fins and melting temperatures on performance fin volume fraction used, was 81% of total space. Thermal network
of PCM based heat sinks under pulsating heat loads. Two organic model of module was developed capable of predicting temperature
PCMs (n-eicosane and 1-hexadecanol) having different melting transients. This model was reported to be effective design tool for
temperature were tested in prototype heat sinks at different power thermal management of electronic devices. The research by Hassan
levels and it was concluded that the PCM with higher melting tem- et al. [13] investigated and compared the performance of three dif-
perature had resulted in improved thermal performance of elec- ferent types of PCMs namely salt hydrate, paraffin wax and milk fat
tronic devises comparatively. Six heat sinks designs were tested in PCM based finned heat sink system. Experiments were con-
by Mahrous [8] to investigate the effect of fins arrangement and ducted on finned heat sink at power input ranging from 4 W to
fin number, on thermal performance. Identical plate finned heat 10 W. The conjugate heat transfer model was developed for each
M.J. Ashraf et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 115 (2017) 251–263 253
PCM system that had predicted the effect of thermal conductivity, the base of heat sink. Table 1 shows power levels used in experi-
density, melting range of each PCM on heat sink performance. ment and their respective input heat fluxes of are achieved at the
From the results obtained milk fat PCM was reported to have lower contact surface of heater and heat sink. To control power, a manual
performance comparatively. Increased thermal conductivity and switch is also introduced for safety purposes.
density of PCMs had resulted in increased thermal performance
but was found to decrease for wider melting range. Fok et al.
2.2. Heat sinks configuration
[14] performed experimental study on the application of phase
change material (PCM) as coolant in portable hand-held electronic
In this study, circular pin fins of diameter 3 mm and square pin
devices at power levels ranging from 3 W to 5 W, for extensive or
light working conditions. The results summed up that TCE pin fins fins of dimensions 2 2 mm2 are selected. The total number of fins
with PCM was feasible option for cooling hand-held electronic for circular and square cross sections are 42 and 72 respectively for
devices and enhanced the usage duration. But the success was both in-line and staggered arrays. The heat sinks are designed with
dependent upon factors like the number of fins, the amount of overall dimensions of 71 70 25 mm3 with wall thickness of 7
PCM used, the power rating of the incoming heat concluding that mm around the boundary and 5 mm from base is also maintained.
the higher heat flux lead to higher temperatures and shorter oper- An optimum 9% volume fraction of fins is used in this system, as
ating time, and affected the usage mode of the device. Lastly, suit- established by [15,16]. To calculate the number of fins, the follow-
able PCM for a device was also dependent on the ambient ing equation is used:
temperature.
VS
PCM based heat sinks are becoming more and more attractive in Nf ¼ 0:9 ð1Þ
thermal management of electronics in recent years. They can vf
absorb and release large amount of heat during their melting and Aluminium (6061-T6) is used for heat sink manufacturing using
solidification process thus keeping the system at constant temper- CNC machining. Its thermo-physical properties are shown in
ature nearly minimizing the occurrence of overheating or other Table 2. A sectioned view representation of PCM base heat sink
damages. The present study aims at investigating and comparing assembly is shown in Fig. 3 and dimensions of its components
the effect of two basic types of fins arrangement, inline and stag- are given in Table 3. The orthogonal projections of square inline
gered on the thermal performance of PCM based heat sink. Addi- are shown in Fig. 4.1. The isometric view of the four pin fin heat
tionally, the influence of two types of fin geometries, round and sinks under study are also shown in Fig. 4.2.
square shape on the thermal performance of PCM based heat sinks.
Six different PCMs of wider range of melting temperature and
latent heat values are used to determine the most suitable material 2.3. Types of PCMs under investigation
relevant to the specific fins arrangement and geometry.
Several PCMs are analysed in this experiment. wPCM is kept con-
stant at 90% and is calculated using Eq. (2) which is the ratio of the
2. Experimental setup
PCM volume to the difference of V S and V f :
Fig. 4.1. Orthogonal views of square inline Heat Sink under study.
Table 4
Thermo-physical properties of PCMs.
Material kPCM (W=m K) CPCM (kJ/kg K) kPCM (kJ/kg) TPCM (°C) qPCM (kg/m3)
Paraffin wax 0.167(L) 2.8 173.6 56–58 790(L)
0.212(S) 880(S)
n-Eicosane 0.160(L) 2.2(L) 237.4 36.5 780(L)
0.40(S) 1.9(S) 820(S)
RT-54 0.2 2 200 54 800(L)
850(S)
RT-44 0.2 2 250 44 700(L)
800(S)
RT-35HC 0.2 3 240 35 770(L)
880(S)
SP-31 0.6 2 210 31 1300(L)
1350(S)
For a power level 8 W, Fig. 9a and b show the results for both
square and circular geometries. Generally, the trend followed by
PCM heat sinks under this power value depict the same result as
Fig. 5. Position of thermocouples across heat sink.
that at 5 W i.e. inline is the better arrangement in case of both
square and circular cross sections. The results are explained as fol-
lows for square geometry:
3.2. The Pin-fin configuration comparison (with PCM)
RT-44 and n-eicosane show a fluctuating difference in their
After completion of analysis on heat sinks without PCM, differ- square inline and staggered trend lines but the dominance of
ent PCM are introduced in the four pin fin heat sinks both for inline square inline is apparent.
and staggered fins arrangement. Results are shown in Fig. 8a as a Paraffin Wax and SP-31 allow a gradual increase till 45th min-
comparison between inline and staggered pin fin configurations ute where it follows a constant trend.
of square geometry at 5 W. Similar comparison for circular cross- RT-35HC shows staggered array losing more heat from base
section at 5 W is shown in Fig. 8b. Further, comparison between until 40th minute where its heat transfer is overcome by its
inline and staggered pin fin configurations of square and circular inline counterpart.
cross-sections is shown in Fig. 9a and b respectively. As it is evi- The temperature distribution of RT-54 for square staggered is
dent from the Figs. 8 and 9, graphical trends suggest that inline slightly better till 45th minute, after which it attains similar
is a better array geometry to consider. This is seen to be true for trend with inline up to 70th minute, from where sensible heat-
both square and circular pin-fin heat sinks. Here more temperature ing is seen to occur.
gain means less heat transfer as less heat is being dissipated. The
reason why inline has less temperature gain is because it uniformly Similarly, the plots for circular configurations illustrate the
distributes temperature in the PCMs. This allows maximum heat following:
transfer by PCM. Further, individual results for all six PCMs prove
this finding. Let’s consider results at 5 W for instance: RT-44 and paraffin wax show visible constant difference in the
respective inline and staggered pin-fin formations used in this
It is evident that there is visible constant difference between experiment after 15th minute where inline is again dominant.
inline and staggered plots of square and circular cross section N-eicosane has no significant change in its trends as both curves
for RT-44 and RT-54 in both Fig. 8 (a) and (b). overlap each other.
For n-eicosane the temperature difference in both configuration SP-31 shows very minor change until 55th minute from where
increases gradually in case of square whereas circular pin-fin variation increases and then follows a constant difference
shows gradual increase in change of temperature followed by between two temperature plots establishing inline pin-fin array
abrupt increase between 50th and 90th mins. again in leading position.
For RT-35HC in case of square, temperature difference is main- RT-35HC has fluctuating temperature distribution along the
tained in both array pattern until 45th minute where slope of span of 90 min. Still inline is better than the staggered pin fin
square staggered heat sink increases rapidly followed by similar arrangement.
M.J. Ashraf et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 115 (2017) 251–263 257
From above results it is known that inline fin arrangement is a formance of heat transfer rate in case of circular pin-fins in compar-
better choice in both circular and square pin-fins heat sinks. To ison of square pin-fins is because of optimum fin distribution and
establish better of the two, a comparison for square inline and arrangement as well the number of fins. Despite of this, total sur-
circular inline is illustrated in Fig. 10(a) and (b). It is clearly face area of pin-fins is not a limiting factor, in case of square pin-
shown that circular inline heat sink is better for all PCMs with fins, to increase or decrease the heat transfer rate, however, higher
exception of n-eicosane. For n-eicosane square inline directs as the number of fins even with optimum fins distribution and
more effective choice until at the end where circular inline takes arrangement cause the rapid increase of heat transfer rate through
over. Moreover, at 8 W n-eicosane and paraffin wax also deviate the PCMs which resulting the increases the phase transition rate of
from the behaviour shown by all other PCMs. Conclusively, circu- PCMs [21,22]. To sum up, uniform temperature distribution at
lar inline pin-fins arrangement surpasses the square inline pin-fins every segment of the circular fin leads to better heat transfer.
for all PCMs.
It is evident that circular inline pin-fins are better because they 3.3. Comparison of different PCMs
enhance heat transfer effectively. Visualizing heat flowing in the
centre of the fin, for a circular fin when heat flows from the base As circular inline is established in this study as the dominant
to the tip, at every part it can take whether a half diameter or half and most effective arrangement for a PCM based heat sink, so it’s
edge as a route out of the fin. Since half edge is shorter, it prefers it. experimental reading will be considered in this section to study
This means that at every point across the radius of a circular fin PCM behaviour relative to their properties and effect on overall
edge, temperature is evenly distributed. The reason of better per- performance of heat sink.
M.J. Ashraf et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 115 (2017) 251–263 259
3.3.1. Effect of melting temperature and latent heat of PCM higher heat flux the corresponding temperature at base is also
Melting temperature is one of the key aspects considered when high. So, the PCM which is initially in the solid phase, absorbs heat
choosing a PCM as a heat storage medium for passive cooling. with rise in base temperature. The temperature of thermocouple
Melting temperature affects the spectrum of PCM application placed at H1 and H2 will reflect the external temperature until
ranges and the performance of the heat sinks integrated along with the PCM reaches its melting point. After the temperature ranges
PCM. This experimentation focuses on PCM’s with a wide range of the melting point of the PCM, it starts to change phase and thus liq-
melting temperature from 31 C to 57 C. All PCM melting temper- uefies. As this liquefaction process occurs, the PCM absorbs in
atures and corresponding latent heats are listed in Table 3. Consid- bulks of heat with almost no temperature variation. During this
ering circular inline, the effects of melting temperature are studied span, cooling effect is centred through the PCM. That span or
at 5 W and 8 W as it provides enough heat flux to melt all PCMs. amount of time the PCM usually provides a cooling effect is known
As it is evident in Fig. 11, the point where all PCMs trends as the latent heat of fusion. The enthalpy varies depending on the
become less steep is the melting point of that PCM. These points PCM material itself. In case of this experiment, the enthalpy is clas-
are shown with a black encircled point. The changes in curve can sically measured in kJ/kg. For higher number of kilo Joules per kilo-
also be observed at these points. But how does the melting point gram, the PCM will provide a cooling effect will be for a longer
affect the system’s performance? The answer to this lies in the fact time. The PCM, which is now in molten phase, it releases the
that it depends upon the heat flux generated in the system. For a absorbed heat. The cycle reverses as soon as the base temperature
260 M.J. Ashraf et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 115 (2017) 251–263
a: At 5W
b: At 8 W
Fig. 10. Square inline and Circular Inline comparison.
cools. The PCM, now liquefied, releases the heat absorbed as the out even melting. But Fig. 11(b) shows that after surpassing its
base temperature decreases. During this period, the PCM solidifies melting point at 20th minute, it starts to gain sensible heat by
and generates a heating effect. the 60th minute. So, its gradient becomes steeper.
Fig. 11a and b illustrate the PCMs with lower melting tempera- RT-35HC shows good heat transfer properties at 5 W tempera-
tures work best with lower power levels like 5 W and similarly ture plots in Fig. 11(a), but changes this behaviour at 8 W.
PCM’s with higher melting points are considered for 8 W. N-eicosane melts around the 35th minute but also advances to
sensible heating by 80th minute. At 8 W, it shows similar char-
Paraffin wax doesn’t reach its melting point in both 5 W and acter as that of RT-35HC i.e. moves towards sensible heating
8 W systems. Additionally, its latent heat is the lowest among with sharp gradient. Both n-eicosane and RT-35HC have approx-
the six PCMs. imately similar melting temperatures and latent heats.
RT-54 like paraffin wax does not reach its melting point at 5 W SP-31 shows most heat absorption/dissipation in Fig. 11a and b.
but it does melt on the 35th minute at 8 W. Its latent heat is also It has the lowest melting point among its all PCMs studied but
low compared to other PCM’s used. also has lower latent heat than RT-44, n-eicosane and RT-35HC.
RT-44 has highest latent heat amongst all. At 5 W, it provides a The property allowing it the most heat absorption is its density
constant behaviour for most of its time and transfers heat with- which is 1300 kg=m3 in liquid phase, almost double the amount
M.J. Ashraf et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 115 (2017) 251–263 261
of all other PCMs. It is so because a lot of energy is required to those having lower melting temperatures whilst second with rela-
overcome the strong bonds in the PCM. But it would also tively higher melting temperatures. The first group consists of SP-
require a similar time span to cool the material as it was taken 31, n-eicosane and RT-35HC and the second one has paraffin wax,
whilst heat absorption. So, based on its density its discharging RT-54 and RT-44. They are divided with respect to critical SPT.
time can be predicted as high as its charging phase. The critical SPT is defined as the maximum working temperature
that an electronic device withstands without halt.
Although sensible heat is not studied in this experiment but the From Fig. 12, it is apparent that for all PCMs the operation time
comparison of sensible heat and latent heat storage systems decreases whilst the power input increases. It’s obvious that:
involving PCMs suggest that the latter has higher thermal energy
storage density and so requires reduced material amounts in terms SP-31 takes the most time to reach the critical SPT of 45 °C in
of masses and volumes. The sensible heat phase can be observed rest of all other PCMs.
above the melting points in Fig. 11. n-eicosane and RT-35HC stand at close competition at all power
levels but the latter ensures more heat transfer, showing much
3.3.2. The effect of varying power level and enhancement in operation higher difference in enhancement time by 52 min at 5 W as
time shown in Fig. 12a.
In this section the enhancement in operation time is studied RT-44 dominates at SPT of 60 °C at 5 W but its operation time
with respect to varying power levels, identifying the best PCM to decreases rendering it least suitable for 7 W and 8 W.
use at a certain power level. This is depicted in terms of the time RT-54 has least operational time qualification for 5 W and 6 W
required to reach critical SPTs of 45 C and 60 C, and is shown in but it proves to be more useful at higher power levels.
Fig. 12a and b. Here PCMs are divided into two groups, one with
Fig. 12. Time to reach critical SPT at different Power levels for various PCMs.
262 M.J. Ashraf et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 115 (2017) 251–263
Paraffin wax shows consistency in its enhancement in opera- array is found to be the most effective heat sink of all four
tional time throughout all the power levels. geometries without PCMs.
2. The second discussion was the pin-fin configuration comparison
3.3.3. Enhancement ratio with PCMs. The studies of six PCMs, two geometries and varying
Fig. 13a and b present the enhancement ratio at two critical power levels shows a unanimous result of inline as the domi-
SPTs of 45 C and 60 C. For SPT of 45 C, PCMs of low melting point nant configuration for both square and circular cross-sections.
namely SP-31, RT-35HC and n-eicosane are considered, whereas for 3. Further comparison between circular inline and square inline
the SPT of 60 C, PCMs of high melting point like RT-54, RT-44 and helped in establishing circular inline as the most efficient choice
paraffin wax are compared. The enhancement ratio, ePCM , is the SPT for a PCM based heat sink.
time ratio of heat sink with PCM to that of the same heat sink without 4. Using circular inline as dominant geometry, the effect of melt-
PCM, calculated using Eq. (4). ing point and latent heat was studied. Latent heat is found as
tcrwith PCM the major reason of more efficiency of PCMs heat transfer prop-
ePCM ¼ ð4Þ erties. RT-44, n-eicosane, SP-31 are dominant coolants at lower
tcrwithout PCM
power levels whilst RT-54 was best option at higher power
Here it becomes obvious that Sp-31 has the highest enhance- levels due to its mid-range thermal properties.
ment ratio for SPT of 45 °C. The enhancement ratio of RT-35HC is 5. The effect of varying power level and enhancement in operation
above n-eicosane at a power level of 5 W, but tends to become sim- time is also studied in terms of critical SPTs of 45 °C and 60 °C.
ilar at 6 W and 7 W. At 8 W n-eicosane has a slightly better The results suggested that SP-31 requires the most time to
enhancement ratio than RT-35HC. For critical SPT of 60 °C paraffin reach the critical SPT of 45 °C whilst paraffin wax is consistently
wax stands apart as best option whilst RT-44 is better for low better choice for SPT of 60 °C due to its high melting point.
power levels and RT-54 for higher power levels. 6. Finally, the enhancement ratio is considered as it becomes obvi-
So, this makes it obvious that higher enhancement ratios are ous that SP-31 has the highest enhancement ratio of 9.28 at 5 W
achieved on lower SPT of 45 C due to the higher time taken by followed by RT-35HC and n-eicosane.
PCM to complete its latent heat phase. This decline in the enhance- 7. For 8 W power level systems paraffin wax is the best PCM with
ment ratio at SPT of 60 °C as compared to SPT of 45 °C is caused by highest enhancement ratio.
the abrupt rise in temperature after completion of the melting
phase.
Successful experimental study is conducted to single out an effi- Authors declare no conflict of interests regarding this paper.
cient working setup by passive cooling using PCM based heat sinks.
Circular and square pin-fins are used for experimentation, with
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