MTH101A, Mid-Sem. Exam. 16.09.

2015, Tentative marking scheme

√ √
√ √ √ √
1. (a) Determine the supremum of the infinite set { 2, 2 2, 2 2 2, · · · }. [4]
(b) Let f : [0, 2] → R be a continuous function and f (0) = f (2). Show that there
exist real numbers x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 ∈ [0, 2] such that x2 − x1 = 1, y2 − y1 = 12 ,
f (x2 ) = f (x1 ) and f (y1 ) = f (y2 ). [8]
Marking scheme:
√ √
(a) Let x1 = 2 and xn+1 = 2xn for n = 1, 2, ....
If xn > xn−1 , then x2n+1 − x2n = 2(xn − xn−1 ) > 0. Hence (xn ) is increasing. [2]
√
If xn < 2, then xn+1 = 2xn < 2. Hence (xn ) is bounded. [1]
If limit of (xn ) is L, then L = 2 which is the required supremum. [1]
(b) Let g(x) = f (x + 1) − f (x), x ∈ [0, 1]. [2]
Then g(1) = f (2) − f (1) = f (0) − f (1) = −g(0). [1]
By IVP, there exists x0 ∈ [0, 1] such that f (x0 + 1) = f (x0 ). [1]
Take x1 = x0 and x2 = x0 + 1.
Let h(x) = f (x + x1 + 12 ) − f (x + x1 ) on [0, 12 ]. [2]
Then h( 12 ) = f (x2 ) − f (x1 + 12 ) = f (x1 ) − f (x1 + 12 ) = −h(0). [2]
By IVP there exists y0 ∈ [0, 21 ] such that f (y0 + x1 + 12 ) = f (y0 + x1 ).
∑∞ (sin n)n
2. (a) Test the convergence/divergence of the series n=1 en
. [4]
(b) Let f : (−1, 2) → R be thrice differentiable. Suppose f ( n1 ) = f (1 − n1 ) = 0 for
all n ∈ N. Show that there exists c ∈ (0, 1) such that f ′′′ (c) = 0. [8]
Marking Scheme:

(a) Note that | n sin

en
n
|≤
n
en
. [2]
n
Let an = en and bn = n12 . [1]
Note that limn→∞ abnn = 0. [1]
∑
By LCT ∞ n=1 an converges and hence the given series converges.
(b) Note that f (1/5) = f (1/4) = f (1/3) = f (1/2) = 0.
By Rolle’s theorem, there exist
c1 ∈ (1/5, 1/4), c2 ∈ (1/4, 1/3), c3 ∈ (1/3, 1/2)
such that f ′ (c1 ) = f ′ (c2 ) = f ′ (c3 ) = 0 [4]
By Role’s theorem there exist
d1 ∈ (c1 , c2 ), d2 ∈ (c2 , c3 ) such that f ′′ (d1 ) = f ′′ (d2 ) = 0 [2]
Again by Rolle’s theorem there exist e ∈ (d1 , d2 ) such that f ′′′ (e) = 0. [2]
 OR
By continuity of f , f ( n1 ) → f (0) = 0. [1]
1
f( n )−f (0)
Note that f ′ (0) = limn→0 1 = 0. [1]
n

By Rolle’s Theorem, there exists cn ∈ (0, n1 ) such that f ′ (cn ) = 0 ∀ n. [1]

f ′ (c )−f ′ (0)
Then f ′′ (0) = limn→∞ n
cn
= 0. [1]
Similarly f ′′ (1) = 0. [2]
By Rolle’s Theorem, there exists c ∈ (0, 1) such that f ′′′ (c) = 0. [2]

3. (a) Let f (x) = ex , x ∈ [0, 1]. Using Riemann criterion show that f is integrable
on [0, 1] . [4]
(b) Let f : [0, 1] → R and an = f ( n1 ) − f ( n+1
1
), n = 1, 2, .... Show that if f is
∑∞
continuous, then n=1 an converges and, if f is differentiable and |f ′ (x)| < 21
∑ √
for all x ∈ [0, 1], then ∞
n=1 an (cos n) n converges [8]
Marking Scheme:

(a) Let Pn = {0, n1 , n2 , ..., nn }. [2]

Then U (Pn , f ) − L(Pn , f ) = (f (1) − f (0)) n1 = (e − 1) n1 . [2]
Since U (Pn , f ) − L(Pn , f ) → 0, by Riemann crtiterion, f is integrable.
∑
(b) The partial sum Sn of an is f (1) − f ( n1 ). [2]
∑
Since Sn → f (1) − f (0), an converges [1]
By MVT, |an | < 12 | n1 − n+1
1
|. [2]
√ √
Hence |an cos n n| < 2n(n+1) n
. [2]
∑ √ ∑ √
By CT, |an cos n n| converges and hence an cos n n converges. [1]

4. (a) Let f : [a, b] → R and n be a fixed non-negative integer. Suppose f (n+1) exists
on [a, b] and f (n+1) (x) = 0 for all x ∈ [a, b]. Show that f is a polynomial of
degree less than or equal to n. [4]
2
(b) Sketch the graph of the function f (x) = 3x +2
x2 +1
after finding the intervals of
decreasing/increasing, intervals of concavity/convexity, points of local min-
ima/maxima, points of inflection and asymptotes. [8]
Marking Scheme:

(a) Let x > a. By Taylor’s theorem, there exists c ∈ (a, x) such that
′′ (a)(x−a)2 (n) (a)(x−a)n n+1 (c)(x−a)n+1
f (x) = f (a) + f ′ (a)(x − a) + f 2!
+···+ f n!
+f (n+1)!
. [3]
Since f (n+1) ≡ 0, f (x) is a polynomial of degree less than or equal to n. [1]
(b) Note that f (x) = 3 − 1
x2 +1
and hence y = 3 is an asymptote; [1]
since f ′ (x) = 2x
(x2 +1)2
, f is decreasing on (−∞, 0) and increasing on (0, ∞). [1]
 Moreover, x = 0 is a point of local minimum. [1]
2)
Since f ′′ (x) = 2(1−3x
(x +1)3
2 , f is concave on (−∞, − √13 and ( √13 , ∞) [1]
and convex on (− √3 , √13 ).
1
[1]
The points of inflections are − √13 and √1 .
3
[1]
Graph. [2]
∫∞
5. (a) Test the convergence/divergence of the improper integrals 1 sin xxcos x dx and
∫ ∞ sin x cos x
1
| x |dx. [6]
∫1
(b) Let f : [0, 1] → R be continuous and 0 f (t)dt = 1. Show that there exists
c ∈ (0, 1) such that f (c) = 1. Further, show that there exist two distinct
numbers c1 , c2 ∈ (0, 1) such that f (c1 ) + f (c2 ) = 2. [6]
Marking Scheme:
∫∞ ∫∞
(a) Note that 1 sin xxcos x dx = 1 sin2x2x dx. [1]
∫x
Since 1 sin(2t)dt ≤ 1 for all x > 1, [1]
∫∞ ∫∞
by Dirichlet test 1 sin(2x)
2x
dx conv. and hence 1 sin x cos x
x
dx converges. [1]
sin2 (2x)
Observe that | sin(2x)
2x
| ≥ 2x = 1−cos(4x) . [2]
∫ ∞ cos4x ∫ ∞ 4x ∫ ∞
Since 1 4x dx converges and 1 4x 1
dx diverges, 1 | sin(2x)
2x
|dx diverges. [1]
∫x
(b) For x ∈ [0, 1], let F (x) = 0 f (t)dt. [1]
Since F (0) = 0 and F (1) = 1, by MVT, there exists c ∈ (0, 1) such that
F (1) − F (0) = F ′ (c)(1 − 0), i.e., f (c) = 1. [2]
By MVT, there exist c1 ∈ (0, 12 ) such that F ( 12 ) − F (0) = f (c1 ) 12
and there exists c2 ∈ ( 12 , 1) such that F (1) − F ( 12 ) = f (c2 ) 21 . [2]
Therefore f (c1 ) + f (c2 ) = 1. [1]

6. (a) Find the number of real roots of the equation

x18 + e−x + 5x2 − 2 cos x = 0. [4]
(b) Let f : R → R be differentiable and |f ′ (x)| < 12 for all x ∈ R. Let a1 ∈ R and
an+1 = f (an ) for all n ∈ N. Show that (an ) satisfies the Cauchy criterion. [4]
∑
(c) Determine the values of x for which the series ∞ xn
n=2 n ln n converges. [4]
Marking Scheme:

(a) Let f (x) = x18 + e−x + 5x2 − 2 cos x.

Since f ′′ (x) > 0 for all x, by Rolle’s theorem f (x) = 0 has at most two real
roots. [2]
Since f (0) < 0, f (2) > 0 and f (−2) > 0, by IVP, f (x) = 0 has at least two
real roots. [2]
Therefore f (x) = 0 has exactly two real roots.
(b) Note that |an+2 − an+1 | = |f (an+1 ) − f (an )|.
By MVT, there exists cn between an and an+1 such that
|f (an+1 ) − f (an )| = |f ′ (cn )||an+1 − an |. [2]
′
Since |f (x)| < 1
2
for all x, |an+2 − an+1 | < 1
|a
2 n+1
− an |. [2]
Therefore (an ) satisfies the Cauchy criterion.
xn
(c) For n > 1, let an = n ln n
.
Since | an+1
an
| → |x|, the series converges for |x| < 1. [2]
∑
The series ∞ 1
n=2 n ln n diverges. [1]
∑
The series ∞ (−1)n
n=2 n ln n converges. [1]
The domain of convergence is [−1, 1).