Darlington pair

This is two transistors connected together so that the current

amplified by the first is amplified further by the second transistor.
The overall current gain is equal to the two individual gains
multiplied together:

Darlington pair current gain, hFE = hFE1 ! hFE2

(h FE1 and hFE2 are the gains of the individual transistors)

This gives the Darlington pair a very high current gain, such as
10000, so that only a tiny base current is required to make the
pair switch on.

A Darlington pair behaves like a single transistor with a very

high current gain. It has three leads (B, C and E) which are
equivalent to the leads of a standard individual transistor. To turn
on there must be 0.7V across both the base-emitter junctions
which are connected in series inside the Darlington pair,
therefore it requires 1.4V to turn on.

Darlington pairs are available as complete packages but you can

make up your own from two transistors; TR1 can be a low power
type, but normally TR2 will need to be high power. The maximum
collector current Ic(max) for the pair is the same as Ic(max) for
TR2.
Touch switch circuit
A Darlington pair is sufficiently sensitive to respond to the small current passed by your skin and
it can be used to make a touch-switch as shown in the diagram. For this circuit which just
lights an LED the two transistors can be any general purpose low power transistors. The 100k
resistor protects the transistors if the contacts are linked with a piece of wire.