Designation: 04546 - 14 Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Swell or Collapse of Soils' Sse pio (hdc 1, Scope | This standard covers (wo Inhoratory test methods for measuring the magnitude of one-dimensional wetcing-induced sell or collapse oF unsaturated soils and one mthad for measuring load-induced compression subsequent « welting- induced deformation, LLL Test Method A is a procedure for measuring one: disensional weuting-induced swell or hydrocompression (col- lupse) of reconstituted specimens simulating field condition of compacted fills. The magnitude of swell pressuee (the mini sue) vertical stress required t> prevent sowelling), and free ‘swell (percent swell under a pressure of {kPa or 20 lif) can also be determined frum the results ot Test Method A, LL2 Test Method B is a procedure for measuring one: dimensional wetting-induced swell or collapse deformation of inmuct specimens obtained fom a mtural deposit or from an existing compacted fill. The magnitude of swell pressure and free swell can also be determined from the results of Test Method B. 1.13 ‘Test Method © is a procedure for measuring load: induced strains on a reconstituted or intact specimen alter the specimen his undergone westing-induced swell or collapse deformation, 1.2 Ia Test Method A. a series of recinstituled specimens duplicating compaction condition ofthe fine fraction ofthe soil in the letd (excluding the oversize panicles) are assembled in cousolidometer units. Diferent loads corresponding to dilfer- ent ill depths are applied to different specimens and each specimen is given aveoss to free water until the process of primary swell or collapse is completed (Fig. 1) under a Constant vertical total stwess (Fig. 2). The resulting swell or collapse deformations are measured. ‘This test method can be referred to as weating-after-loading tests on multiple econsti- tuted specimens. The data tron these lests can be used to estimate one-limensional ground surface heave or setlement that can occur due to full wetting alter fill construction, In sn Roo a ae di epi ol Subsite DISS Sigh a I saoAs 4 addition. the magnitude of swell pressure und the magajtude of free swell can be interpreted from the test rests. 1.3 Test Method B is commonly used for measuring one dimensional weiting-induced swell or hydrocompression of individual intact samples. This method can be referred to as single-point weitng-cfter loading test. The vertical pressure at welting forthe specimen is chosen equal to the vertical in-situ stress (overburden stress plus structural stress, if any) coree- sponding to the sampling depth, The test result indicates the amount of heave or hydrocompression that ean result when the soil ata given fill depth is welled from the current moisture condition to full inundation condition, IF intact speciinens from various depths are tested, the swell or collapse strain data can be used to estimate heave or settlement of the ground surface, I the objective of the test isto measuce swell pressure for an expansive sol, a series of intact specimens from a given depth zone can be wetted under a range of pressures (similar (Tost Method A) and the results interpreted to deteriae the magni tude of the swell pressure. 4 Test Method C is for measuring foad-induced strains wetting-induced swell oF collapse deformation has oc- cured. This method can be refered toa loaiing-afterswetting fest, The west can be performed on either intact ur reconstiuted specimens, and canbe on one spevimen or a series of specimens. The results would apply to situations where new fll. additional steuctural Toads, oF both, are applied t the ‘round that has previously gone through werting-indyced heave or settlement. The fist part of the testis the same as in ‘Test Mothod A o¢ B. After completion of the swell or ealapse under a given vertial load, additional vertical luad increments ate applied t the specimen in the same manner as in a ‘consolidation test (Test Methods 02495) and the load-induced strains are measured LS It shall be the responsibilty of the agency requesting this wst to speity the magnitude of each load foe Test Method ‘A and “Test Method B. Bor Test Method C, the agency requesting the test should specify the magnitude of the stress ‘under which the specimen is wetted, and the magnitudes of the additional sess increments subsequeat to weting 1.6 These test methuals do not adress the measurement of soil suction and suction-controlled swel-collapse tests. The Addition of suction-controlled wetting does not constitute unvonfoxmance to these test methods ‘1 Summary of Changes wction appears at the en of ths stator ar(Gp oasas —14 Besant 122 s8ee FIG. 1 Time-Swoll Curve 1.7 These test methods have a number of limitations and their results can be alested by one ofa eommbination of Factors including the effet uf significant amounts of aversive paticles (in Test Method A}, sampling disturbance (in Test Method B) and diferences between the degree of wetting in te laboratory lest specimens and in the fickd For details of these and other limitations, see Section 6. 1.8 Units—The values stated in ST units ave to be eegarded asthe standard, The values stated in inch-pound units are approximate equivalent values provided for information pus poses only and are not considered. standad, "Test resulis recorded in units other than SL shall aot be regarded as onconformance with this standard. Figures depicting the test results ean be cither in ST units or i inch-pound units 1.8.1 The converted inch-pound units use the gravitational system of unis n this system, the pound (ID represents a unit of Fore (weight) while the uit For mass is slugs. The slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma) calculations are involved 1.8.2 {tis common practice in the enginoering/constuction profession to concurrently use pounds 10 represent both a unit ‘9 mass (Ibm) and of Fore (bt). "This implicitly vombines two Separate systems of units that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system, Ii scientifically undesirable t combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single Sandawd, As sted. this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/peesent the slug unit For mass. However, the use uf balanees or sales rovoring ‘pounds of mass (bm) or recording density in Yonvft" shall not be regarded as nonconformanee with this standard 1.83 ‘The terms density and unit weight are often used interchangeably, Density is mass per unit volume whecexs unit weight is forve per unit volume, Tn this standatd density is given only in SI units. After the density has been determined, the unit weight is eaculated in ST or incb-pound units, ofboth, 1.9 All obsérved and calculated values shall eonform w the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026 19.1 The procedures used to specify how data are co ted secorded, or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In adltion, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce: dures used do not consider material variation, purpose Purpose 6 vbtaining the data, special purpose studies, ot any coma ation for the aser's ob increase ur rk «Lit 8 common paced 1 siguiticant digits of reputed data ie with thevecunsierations, Is bend these Uf this standard to consider significant digits use in anal ods for engineering design. 4 1.10 This standant does address al of i safery concerns, if ans, associated with its ase Tt te respemsiblity of the user of this stondand a1 purpor » establish ap i a med cond health practices and determine he appli bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Docum ts 2.1 ASTM Standards: C127 Test Method for Density, Relative Densi Gravity) and Absorption of Course Aggregate 2 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Seils Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and. Contained Fluids q D&S4 Test Methuds for Spevitic Gravity of Soil Sods Water Pyeoometer 1DIS87 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils fo Geutechnival Purposes 12216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wales (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass ui88 Test Methoxls for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading 102487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unifid Soil Classification System) 248K Practice for Description and [dentiliation oF Soi (Visual-Manual Procedure) 103550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Bare Daive Sampling of Soils 13740 Practice Lor Minimum Requitviments lor Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil anc! Rock us Used in Engineering Design and Construction 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transport samples 18 Test Methods for Liguid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Suits DAVIS Pracive for Correction of Unit Weight and Water Content for Soils Containing Oversize Particles 4752 Guide for Bvaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal ances and Standard Masses for Use i Soil, Rock, and Construction Materials Testing 16026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechalcal Data ‘D627 Practice fur Calibrating Linear Displacexnent ‘Trans duvers for Geotechnical Purposes (Withdrawn 2013)° 16913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Grate tion) of Soils Using Siove Analysis (Speci D: ss Soil b: onset AST¥ Coat Sere st svceBasimvg. Fr fet oot 9 ASHfly Dasas - 14 Swell Deformation Compression Wetting: Specimen 2 Vertical Stress Witting Specimen 3 jan hy ‘Specimen 4 FIG. 2 Deformation Versus Vertical tres, Test Method A 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of commod technical terms in this standard, refer 0 Terminology D6: 32 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standart 3.21 collapse or hydrocompression (L}—weiing-induced tof a soil element or test specimen, 322 collapse or hydrocompression strain—se-wetling- induced change in height divided by the height immediately prior to wetting, 3.23 compression (L}—decrease io height of a soil element tr test specimen duc to wetting (synonymous with bydrocom- pression or collapse) or due to increase in total stress 324 free swell, percent swell following absorption of water at the seating pressure of | KPa (20 IHC) 425 intact specimen—a test specimen obtained from a tural deposit or from an existing compacted fll or embank- ment using undisturbed sampling equipment 326 percent heave or setlement, ‘%—change in vertical hight divided by the height of a column of soil immediately before wetting 3.2.7 primary swell or collapse (L)—amnount of swell oF collapse characterized as being completed atthe intersection of the two tangents to the curve shown in Fig. 1 328 reconstituted specimen—a test specimen compacted ito & mo, 329 secondary swell or collapse (L)—long-term swell ot ‘collapse characterized asthe linear portion of the plot shown ia F following completion of primary swell or collapse. 3.2.10 settlement (1,}dlovecase in vertical heig umn oF sol ht of a col 42.11 swell (L)—inctease in thickness of a soil element oF 4\Sui specimen following absoxption of water 3.2.12 swell pressure (FL to prevent swolling the minimum stress requiged 4, Summary of Test Methods 4.1 Tn these test methods soil specimen is restrained laterally in a rigid mold and loaded vertically (axially) in Increments up to a load that depends on the purpose of the test Subsequent to reaching equilibrium under the applied load, the specimen is inundated with test water and the one-dimensional wetting-induced swell or collapse strain ig: measured. Test Method A is specie! for specimens thal are reconstituted using the fill material excluding the oversize fraction. Test Method B is for intact samples of a natural soil or an existing fill, In both cases, the measured strains are wetting-induced, rot load-induced.. Test Method C is used for measuring load-induced compression subsequent to welling swell or collapse induced 5. Significance and Use 5.1 The weuing-induced sweil/eollapse strains measured trom Test Methods A and B ean be used to develop estates a heave or settlement of a confined soil profile (Land 2). “They can also be used to estimate the magnitudes of the swell pressure and the free swell strain, The foad-induced! strains alter wetting from Test Method C can be used 0 est stress-induced settlement following wetting-induced tieave or settlement. Selection of test method, loading, and inundation Sequences should. as closely as possible, simulate field cond tions because relatively simall variations im density and water content, or sequence of loading and wetting can significantly alter the test results (3 and 4),{lp oasas— 14 Now 1—The quality of the seslt produced by this slondant is ependent on the competence of the personnel petfoning it and the Suitability of te equiptment and Facies use. Agencies tha meet the trier of Practice D370 ae generally cnsidered capable ol sompstent snl bjctivelesting, Users of stander are canted ha compliance ‘with Pratce 17H does aot in sell assure reliable fess, Rel "sls depends on evra factors: Practice 124740 proves a means of ‘valating some of these faci. 6, Limitations 6.1 When using data from these test methods, the Following Timitations should be considered: 6.1.1 Laboratory one-dimensional tests simulate vertical deformation with Full lateral restraint; they do not simulate lateral collapse or lateral swell, {6.12 Inundation of specimens in the laboratory represent un extreme case of welling and the results represent upper bounel values for swellicollapse strains, and the degrees of saturation typically rise to 90-95 % (not 100%. (1). The wetting Situation in the tie rarely produces inundation; swetting is offen caused by water percolation, In-situ water contents and degrees of saturation typically end up being somevhat lower than those caused by inundation in the laboratory. Consequently. the magnitudes of swelVcollapse strains in the field might be somewhat smaller than those measured in the laboratory, Partial wetting tests can be performed for estimt ing 1 partial wetting reduction factor for ase in conjunction with heave/setlement calculations (1, 2, and 5) 6.1.3 Because laboratory tests are usually performed in small molds. gravels and other granular inert particles (over size) are excluded from the specimen, ‘The specimen is reconstituted using water content and dry density of the fine fraction. Because of imitations on the accuracy of correction equations { and 2 (Practice D4718), ty molds would be necessary for soils that have mone ‘oversize particles larger than 4.75 mun (No. 4) sivas 6.14 Disturbance and variability ia composition specimens can affect ihe test results. The effect of dig can be particularly significant for soils of tow play have some cementation in their natural state (8) 6.1.5 Rates of swell or collapse as measured by I time tate curves are not always reliable indicators of of heave/settlement due to soil nonuniformity Rag localized permeable layers within the soil mass, vat percentage of oversize particles. and non-uniform Wilerent soucees uf water concuttent vertical du percolation and lateral pecolation from canyon sides, wetting anomalies due to leaking buried utility lings wetting episode 6.16 Secondary long-term swellicollapse inay be fant for some soils and estimates. of slow timede secondary heave/settlement can be added if necessary. bee done based on the slope of plot of sttain versus Lag line in Fig. 1 6.1.7 Any differences between the chemical content field water and the water used in the laboratory tests influence the amount of heave/setlement in the fed 6.1.8 For reliable test results, the stress path and the we sequence should as closely as possible simulate field ions. Because the shape of the wetting-induced stein vertical stress curves (Figs. 3-5) depend on the stress pa the wetsing sequence (1, 3, and 4), loading-after-weti swell (+) Vertical strain, Se calls (-) =e oe ‘oso cag mm Vertel Stress, kPa FIG, 3 Stross Versus Wetting Induced SweilCollapse Strain, Test Method Afly vasas - 14 Deformation Swell Compression FIG, 4 Deformation Versus Vertical Stress, Single-Point Test Method & Deformation FIG, § Deformation Vereus Vertical Stress, Loading-ater Wetting Test Method © na single specimen (Test Method C) should not be expected Ho give resulls applicable to wetting-after-loading cases (Test Methods 4 and B) 7. Apparatus 1.1 Consolidometer—A suitable device for applying axial Toads wo the specimen. The device shall be capable of main- luining the specified loads for long periods vf time with a revision of 0.5 % of the applied load. TLL Specimen Ring—The consolidation cing holding the Specimen shall be fabricated to a tolerance of at least 0-1 % The ring shall be stiff enough to prevent significant lateral deformation of the specimen throughout the test. The rigidity ofthe ring shall be such that, under hyelrostaic stress cond tions in the specimen, the change in diameter of the ring will ot exceed 0,04 % of the diameter under the greatest toad pplied. The ring shall be made of a material that is noncor sive in relation ( the soil or pore uid, The inner surface shall be high material 1.2 Mininain Specimen Diameter—The minimury speci ‘men diameter or inside diameter of the specimen ring shall be 50mm (2.00 in). 7.13 Minimum Specimen Height—The minimum initial specimen height shall be 20 min (0.8 in.) but shall be not less than six tim polished or shall be coated with a low-Frietion the maximum particle diameter in the soil Vertical Stress Vertical Stress 7.14 Minimum Specimen Diameter-to-Height Ratio—The minimum specimen diameter-to-height ratio shall be 2.5 2 Porous Disks—The porous disks shall be of silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, or other material of similar stiffness that is not corroded by the specimen or pore fluid. The disks shall be fine enough that the soit will not penetrate into theie pores, but have sullicient hydraulic conductivity so as not to impede the low of water from the specimen, Porous disks shall be smooth ground and fiae enough to minimize intrusion of soil into the disk if filter paper is not used, and shall reduce false displacements caused by seating of the specimen against the surface of porous disk. Errors duc to such false displacements may be signiticant, especially if displacements and applied vertical pressures are small fe poe sine is 10 uni Hier paper is not used 7.2.1 Porous disks shall be air-dried, New porous Uisks should be boiled in water tor about airslrying to ambient temperatures. Inunediately after each tse. clean the porous disks with a aon-abrasive beush and wash 10 minutes. before ‘oF boil to remove any Soil particles. 7.2.2 Porous disks to avoid extrusion or punching of th Fit close to the consolidometerr oil specimen uader high vertical pressures. Suitable porous disk dimensions are de serihed in Test Methods D2fly Dasa6 - 14 2.3 IF filter paper is used with porous disks. the paper should be included when the system is being calibrated in both try and wet conditions (See Section 9). is wt recommends because of its high com sibility after we. 73 Plastic Wrap. Aluminum Foil, or Moist Filter Paper & Joose fitting cover to eneluse the specimen, ring, and porous stones prior to inundating the specimen, used to minimize evaporation from the specimen. 74 Micrometer or Other Suitable Device—To measure the inside diameter of the mold and the height of the specimen to the nearest 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) 75 Deformation Indicator—To measure the axial deforma- tio of the specimen with a resolution of 0.0025 mm (0.0001 in) or better, Practice D6027 provides details on the evaluation of displ ement transducers 76 Balances—The balance(s) shall be suitable for deter tnining the mass of the specimen plus the containment ring and for making the water content measurements. The balance(s) shall be selected as discussed in Guide D753. The mass of specimens shall be determined to atleast four significant digits. 7.7 Drying Oven, in apcordance with Test Methods 2216. 7.8 Water Content Containers, Methods D216, in accordance with Test 79 Envivvament—Unless otherwise specified by the r- questing agency. the standard test temperature shall be in the range of 22 # 5°C. In addition, the temperature of the ‘consolidometer, test specimen, and submersion reservoir shall hot vary more than 22°C throughout the duration of the test. ‘Normally, this control is accomplished by performing the test ia room witha relatively constant temperature If such a fom, is not available, the apparatus shall be placed in an insulated tchamber or other device that maintains the temperature within tho tolerance specified above. The apparatus shoul be located, in an area that does aot have direct exposure to sunlight. 7.10 Test Water—Water used to inundate the specimens shall be simiar in composition to the water that is the main source of wetting in the field. Inthe absence of the field water, the test should he performed with potable tap water. 7.1 Miscellaneous Equipment—Iocluding timing device, spatulas, knives, and wire saves, used in preparing the speci men, Including devices for evacuating the water surrounding the mold atthe end of the test before the specimen is unloaded and removed for weighing and aven-drying 8, Sampling and Storage of Naturally Occurring Soil 8.1 Disturbance of the intact samples can greatly inffuence results and should be minimized, Practice D1587 and Practice 13550 cover procedures and apparatus that may be used 10 obtain satisfactory intact samples. Practices 4220 covers ‘procedures for preserving and transporting soil samples. 8.2 Storage in sampling tubes is not recommended for ‘swelling soils even though sts relief may be minimal. ‘The influence of rust and penetration of deiling Muid or free water {nto the sample may adver ly influence laboratory test results, 8.3 IC samples are to be stored prior to testing, thay be thoroughly sealed to minimize stress relief and mug pale op teneetateperereteretersfe Gltmance If the sample cannot be exuded For fl itil, ey Sou behaved nd spre ll Tce wit Paes D4220, Group D. Sailing with ling fil sould be avoided pl aay tango uml's war conten ad ey 1.5 Coninen foc storage of exuled mpl fl ther cate aed abs ape (iy gees in ameter and #0 fo 30m (13 storia eng han be bangle W be sae 3.6 Sei sale sor in containers sou be cal le a ocean oe en ae 33 97 wove toe melas pol wet apted eat an hol wl peneuat bre en il open fissures, A small amount of wax about 12.7-man (0 thickness should be placed in the bottom of the containey allowed to partly congeal. The sample should subsequent placed in the container, completely immersed and covered molten wax, and thea allowed t cool before moving ‘Nun: 4A good ax for sealing expansive soils consis of «1 rmixure of para and siererystaline wax or 100 % beeswax, 8.7 Examine and test samples as soon as possible a receipt; however, samples required to be stored should be in a humidity controlled room and may require re-waxing relabeling before storage. Samples encased in wax or samp tubes may be cut using a band-saw. The soil specimen shill be adequately supported while trimming to size using si clean instruments. The specimen may be extruded tim section of sampling tube and «rimmed in one contin ‘operation to minimize sampling disturbance. 9, Specimen Prepar 9.1 Reconstituted oF iniaet specimens may be used testing, The specimens shall have & minimum diameter of mm (20 in) and & minimum height of 20 mm (03 in) height of specimen and diameter of mold shall be measure the nearest 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) or better (7.4). The heist the specimen shall be at least 6 times greater than the particle size within the spocimen, Variations in length tiameter shall not exceed $ %. Compute the initial and (i specimen volumes 1 the nearest 0.001 ein" or 0.001 if 9.1.1 Reconstituted specimens should be prepared using soil's fing fraction (excluding the oversize) and should dug cate field conditions in terms of water content, dry density method of compaction (kneading, moist-tamping, or st ‘The desired density can be obtained by mass and volull control, Measured masses of soil can be placed in layers compacted to a pre-determined volume for each layer. TH4 pasas - 14 shall have a minimum of two layers and a maxima Faxness of 15 mm (0.6 in), "The surface of the soil Hach layer should he searified before the ext layer is find compacted. Ba Becatse laboratory moll are typically small in size Pr sil faction finer than 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve or 2.00 fe 10) sieve is used for specimen preparation. ‘The Yrsctivn excluded is termed “oversize.” IF the perventage sire paticles is significant (more than 5 4% course than Han) oversize correction, Eq { and 2 ean be used to pute water contat and dry density of the fine fraction that in specimen prepacation (see Practice D4718). @ a water content of fine fraction used in reconstituted specimens, expressed as a decimal (nearest 0.0001), = Water content of total material, expressed as a decimal (nearest 0.04101, = water content of oversize fraction, if any, not used in Taboratory specimen, expressed as a decimal (nearest 001), fraction of oversize materials by dry mass, expressed asa decimal (nearest 0.0001). = diy density of fine fraction, gfem? or Mg/m® (nearest 0.001), + dry density of total material, glem* or Mg/mn® (nearest 0001), = density of water at 20°C, gfem’ or Mg/m? (nearest 0001); and = bulk Specific gravity of oversize fraction, saturated- surface-dry condition (nearest 0.001) 11.1.2 The percentage of oversize fraction, P., in the above ations ig the ratio of dry mass of oversize fraction t0 total fy nas, Itcan be determined as described in Practice D4718, 9.1.13 Measure and record the specific gravity of oversize tion, Gy, (Test Methods D854 and C127) for use in Eq 2 11.4 Using w,and py, calculate the bulk (wet) density of fine fraction P= By (140) o 9.1.15 Multiple specimens should be reconstituted (com- feted into mold) at a water content equal to w;-and a bulk ily equal 0 Py 9.1.6 Measute and record the initial specimen mass, o the rest 0.01 g. in the consolidometer ring by measuring the ss ofthe ring with specimen and subtracting the mass of the ing. 5.1.7 Medsure and record the initial height of the Hoszimen, fh, «0 the nearest 0.01 mm (0.001 in.) by taking the Average of at least four evenly spaced medsurements over the lup surface ofthe specimen using a dial indicator, displacement anslucer or similar measuring device (7.4). 9.1.18 Measure and record the diameter of the ring to the earest 0.01 mim (0.001 in.) by taking the average of at least thee measurements 120° apart along the inside of the ring. 4.2. Test Method B is performed on intact specimens. 9.2.1 Determine and record the mass, height, and diamgges as deseribed in 9.1.1.6 9.1.1.8 Take at least two water content measurements from the bulk samples cetrieved from the field, (rimmings adjacent 10 the specimen, or both, 192.3 ‘the height of the mold should be at least six times zreater than the largest particle size within the intact specimen. ‘This requirement may necessitate the use of large molds. I after completion ofthe est itis found that oversize particles are present, that information should be indicated on the test data sheet If itis decided to reconstitute the fine fraction of the intact specimen excluding the oversize particles as deseribedn — 9.1.1, test details including the size and the percentage of the ‘oversize particles should be recorded on the data sheets. 9.2.4 Sample disturbance can affect the results of Test Method B paticularly for porous soils of low plasticity (3) The initial load-uaload-reload cycle prior to wetting provides some indication oft relative degree of disturbance. 10, Calibration 10.1 Calibrate the consolidation machine in accordance ‘with Test Methoxs 2435, except tha if filter papers are to be used during the test, compression of filer paper should be calibrated in both dry condition and inundation-after-loading ‘condition, Because the amount of filter paper compression depends on the loading and wetting sequence, calibration is needed for all loads that will be used in the tes 1, Soil Index Property Determination HLL The determination of index properties is an important adjunct to, but not a requirement of the swell/ollapse tests ‘These determinations when specified by the requesting agency shall be made on the most representative material possible When testing uniform materials, the index tesis may be performed on adjacent trimmings collected from around the specimen that have been stored in a sealed container. When samples are heterogeneous or trimmings are in short supply. index tests should be performed on material from the test specimen obained after test completion, plus the representa tive trimmings collected, 11.2 Soil index properties should be measured in accor- ‘dane with applicable ASTM test procedures. Measure initial and final water contents in accordance with Test Methods D246, dry densities in accordance with Test Methods D245, specific gravity in accordance with Test Methods D854, plasticity properties in accordance with Test Methods D4318, paaticle size distribution in accordance with Test Methods 'D6913, oF both, and oversize correction with Practice 12, Procedures 12.1 Test Method A 12.1.1 Assemble four or more identically prepared speci- mens in the consolidometer units; use dry filler paper or a0 filter paper, and air dry porous disks, Enclose the space around the specimen ring with a luose-fiting plastic wrap or foil to ‘minimize change in specimen water content. [rany moist paperfly oasa6 - 14 around the ri with the porous stones. 12.1.2 Apply a seating kPa (20 it’ including the mass of the top porous stone and load plate, 10 or any other device to zevo for the initial reading the paper should not come in contact each specimen and set the dial indivator deformation-measuring 12.1.3 Apply loads in increments to build up different stress fevels on the four or more identical specimens as depicted in Fig. 2. For example, the stress applied to Specimen may be 1 kPa (20 [bit tw Specimen 2, 20 kPa (400 If), wo Specimen 3, 50 KPa (1000 Ib#"), to Specimen 4, 100 kPa (204 Ib), and so forth, The stess values should be selected to cover the range of vertical pressure representing the entie fil depth. The vertical pressure al a given fill depth is the overburden pressure, plus stresses due to structural loads. if any. Bui! up the stress un each specimen in inevements over S to 10-min intervals, with total loading time not exceeding one hour to avoid drying of specimens. Alter recording the amount 2Feompression of each specimen, A, (Fig, 2), imunelate each specimen with the test water and take deformation readings at time intervals of 0.5 min, 1 min. 2 min, 4 min, 8 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1h, 2h. 4, 8h, 24 h, and so on (typically 24 to 72 1) until primary swell or collapse volume change is completed, ‘and changes in deformation reading for secondary swell/ collapse phase is small. Depending on the stress level on each specimen, the effect of inundation might be swell, collapse. slight swell and then collapse, or slight collapse and then swell. Record the final amount of wetting-induced swell or collapse deformation, ash (Fig. 2), before taking the specimen out 12.4 Record the swell or collapse deformations to the est 0.01 ram (0,001 in.) or better 11s A st, measure the final mass and ‘water content for each specimen when it comes to equilibrium after wetting, Precautions need to be taken to avoid absosption of free test water in the process of removing the specimen from the testing apparatus, Before load is taken off, remove the test ‘water frot the consolidemeter using a suction device. Using filter paper, remove free test water that may be on top of the the end of the Foal plate, the edges ark! sides of the consolidometer ring, and the bottom of the container holding the ring. Then remove the vertical lvad olf the specimen rapidly. take the sp and wipe out free test water on Lop and bottom of the specimen Using a filter paper before weighing and oven-drying the specitnen, iamen out 12.2 Test Method 6: . 12.2.1 Assemble the intact specimen in a consolidometer ‘andl apply a seating pressure of 1 kPa (20 IbI/C), including the mass of the top porous disk and oad plate. Set the dial {indicator or any other deformation measuring device to zero For the initial reading. 12.2.2 In order to specimen, load the specimen in increments up to a vertical stress equal t the in-situ vertical stress at sampling depth. Use three oF more load increments with total time not exceeding aluate the degree of disturbance of the fone hour. Depending on the degree of sampling disturbance nificant amount af compression Then unload the specimen and reload it again in increments, The dilference between the there may be a sinall oF si 1 loadin turing this sta magnitude of compression in the fist and the seg load application is indicative of sample distubangy 12.2.3 Subsequent to reapplying. the stress eq in-situ vertical stress, allow the specimen to stati period of 30-60 minuies while taking a nusnber of verify the equilibrium condition 24 Tnundate the specimen and measure the swell or hydrocompression strains over tine inte ri, | min, 2 min. 4 min, 8 min, LS min, 30 min, Lf h. 8h, 24 and so on (typically, 24 to 72). Measure \wetting-induced swell oF hydrocompression defoemall fore taking the specimen out. 12.25 In order to measure the final mass ad wate of the specimen when it comes to equilibrium aftr precautions need to be taken t avoid absorption of i water in the process of removing the specimen fig cconsolidomerer. Follow the steps described in Section 12.266 Test Method B ean also be used for measifil swell pressure ala given depth zone vf a natural depusl existing fill. serie of Four or more intact specimens a from the same depth zone and having similar composi be tested under different pressures. The range of pug should be selected such that the wetling-induced strains include both swell and hydrocompression. The results i plotted simitar to that shown ia Fig, 3. and the swell pd ‘comesponding to zero strain ean be determines, 123 Test Method C 12.3.1 The procedure fr the first phase uf this test ll js the same as Test Method A or Test Method B, and the phase of this test method is similar to the consolidatl (Test Methods D2: rium under a desi vertical in-situ stress (Test Method B), inundate the D245). The initial loading, inundating, and the subsed loading sequence are depicted in natural scale in Fig. 5 13. Caleulations 13.1 Calculations are ony shown in SU units. Inch each system is if LS for independently dhroughout the calculations. tinal comments on the use of ineh-pound units e permissible provided th 132 From the measured specimen height, diameter. ‘water content, andl specific gravity of solids, compute the i 00. G0 GPa Pa where: IM = specimen mass, g (nearest 0.01), V- = specimen volume, em* (nearest 0.00){Gy oases -14 ik or wet density. gfem’ or Myfm (nites 0.001), i satan. garest O01) ity of water at 20°C. gfem’ or Mg/m' (nearest et 001), and Heine erwvity of solids of reconstituted or intact Spovimens (nearest 0.001). Using the corrected deformation readings, for each nen compute the following quantities: hahah a ya hth, forswell ® ga hy Blhz for ollapse o 29) ay ital height of specimen, mm (nearest 0.025) ot in (oarest 0.001), = specimen compression after stwss application and immediately prior to wetting, ram (nearest 0.0025). specimen height immediately prior to wetting. mm {nearest 0025), change in specimen height: swell or collapse caused by wetting, min (nearest 0.025). = final specimen height aller wetting, mm (nearest 0.025), . final dry density, g/em® or Mg/m’? (nearest 0.001). final degree of saturation, % (nearest 0.01), specific gravity of solids of teconsttuted or intact specimens (nearest 0.001), and final water content expressed as a decimal (nearest (0.0001). 133.1 Typically, degrees of saturation will be tess than 9% because inundation in the laboratory does not produce % saturation of an unsaturated soil (1,2). 134 Compute swellcollapse strains to the nearest 0.1 % well stain, &, shown as positive (nearest 0.1 %), anc ‘ollapse stain, %, shown as negative (nearest 0.1 %). 135 For Test Method A, plot wetting-induced swell and collapse straing versus vertical sress as shown in Fig. 3 136 From the swellfeolapse strain plot (Fig. 3) read the fee ell valuo, the swell stain corresponding to a vertical stess of { kPa (20 Ibi), and the swell pressure, the stress Corresponding to zero strain, Record these values to the neatest 10KPa or 100 Te 14. Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s) 14.1 The methedology used to specily how data are 1e= corded on the test data sheet(sform(s), as given bglow, is covered in 1.9 and Practice D6026. 142 Recon as a minimum the following tion (data): 14.2.1 Sample identification information including Project No., Boring No., Sample No... Depth. 14.2.2. Test number, testing date(s), apparatus identification and feclanician’s initials 14.2.3 Test method (A, B. oF C). 142.4 Description and classification of the soil in accor- ance with Practices D2488 or D2487. Specific gravity of solids, including the oversize particles. if any, Atterberg Toms, ‘and grain-size distribution should also be recorded when available, plus the source of such information if other than ‘measurements abiained on the test specimen, Also note occur rence and approximate size of isolated large particles. 14.25 Preparation process, such as removal of oversize particles, if any, for reconstituted specimens 14.2.6 Method! of preparation of reconstituted specimens. including the number of layers and method of compaction 14.2.7 Visual evidence, if any, of disturbance of intact specimens. 14.2.8 Source and type of (est water used to inundate specimens, general informa 14.3 Record ay a minimum the following test specimen data: 14.3.1 Initial eight, , height after dry loading, fh. and final height, fa, for each specimen tested. 14.3.2 Initial mass and final mass for each specimen tested 14.3.3 Initial anc the final water contents, dry densities and grees of saturation for each specimen tested, 14.3.4 The dates, times, stress values, the st inundation, and the strain values throughout the te 143.5 From a smooth curve flued tothe test data. similar to Fig. 4, determine and record the magnitudes of swell pressure (to the nearest 1 KPa or 10 Ib), and the magnitude of the free swell stain (00 0.1 %). 14.3.6 The water content, dry density, and bulk (wet) density of the fine fraction, ss value al 144 Graphical Presentations: Plot the test results in figures similar to Fig. 3, Fig. 4, of Fig. 5, depending on the type ofthe test. Figures can be presented in either ST units or inch-pound nits, Plotting the resuls is necessary for interpretation of the ‘values of swell pressure and free swell itis optional for other purposes fest data on precision is not presented! due to the nature of the soil materials tested by this standard, 1 is cither not Feasible of too costly at this time to have fen oF more laboratories participate in a round-robin testing program. Also, it is either not Feasible or too costly to produce multiple specimens that have uniform physical properties. Any variation(flr vasa6 - 14 observed in the data is just as likely t0 2 due to specimen tion as to operator oF laboratory testing variation. 15.1.1 Subcommittee D18.05 is seeking any data From users af the test method thal might be used to make a fimited statement un prevision. 15.2 Bias —There is no accepted reference value for this test method, therefore, bias cannot be determined. REFERENCES (2 Noorany, in Stale. “Setlement of Compact Fills Cause by Wetting.” Pre, Vertical snl Morton Deformations of Fenn tions and. Embuntments, ASCE. Vol 2, ASCE. Setleivent "94 Conference, College Station, TX. June 194, pp. 1516-1530. (2) Noorany, 1, and Houston, SL, "fet of Oversize Paticles un Swell an! Conipression of Compacied Unsaturated Soil,” Georecica! : Special Publication Ne, 56, Static and Dynamic Properties of Gr tly Sil. ASCE, New York, NY, 1995, pp. 107-121, (2) Justo, Ly Dega, A, and La, 1, The nuence of Sires-Pah 16, Keywords 16.1 collapse: compression; expansive soi: heave; hydrocompression; laboratory tests; setleme swell pressure ’ in the Colagse-Sweling of Soils atthe Laboratory.” Pr Cont. on Expansive Sets, Adlai, 984. pp. 61-71 (4 Nooranys 1, "Stess Ratio Elects on Collapse of Compas Sand,” Discusion, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, AS 118, No, 9, September 1992. Houston, $. Land Houston, W.N. "Collapsible Sole Eng Geotechnical Special Publication No, 68, Onaturaed Sr ing Practice, ASCE, New York, NY, 1997, pp. 199-252 ! SUMMARY OF CHANGES: Committee DIS has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (4546 ~ 08) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved March 1, 2014.) 1) Revised ttle of standard by deleting the word “cohesive! because the standard applies to all types of soi (2) Modified units of measurement and all equations to SI with inch-pound equivalents throughout, (3) Designated Method A for reconstituted. specimens Method B for intact specimens. (4) Revised standard throughout AST rtmatona kes no poston respecing ht vly of any patent ips ass n conection wth ay it mene ini etnaard Use o ie tadard we expres aed nal eteminaton of vay 0 ay such pao ahs, nde rsk ; ‘rising of such gh are enely a own respons is sardarssubjc orev at ary tine by he response tecnica commie cd ms be reviewed very ive oa an ireatrenbe. oer oaorovedorothan Your comments arene ae fo eso os standard rf ada stance ‘Tnlurout be ectossodo ASTM on! 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