160 Chapter 3 Differentiation

160 Chapter 3 Differentiation
3.6 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
1. y œ x*Î% Ê dy
dx œ 9
4 x&Î% 2. y œ x$Î& Ê dy
dx œ 35 x)Î&
2"Î$ 5"Î%
3. y œ $È2x œ (2x)"Î$ Ê dy
dx œ "
3 (2x)#Î$ † 2 œ 3x#Î$
4. y œ %È5x œ (5x)"Î% Ê dy
dx œ "
4 (5x)$Î% † 5 œ 4x$Î%
5. y œ 7Èx 6 œ 7(x 6)"Î# Ê dy

dx œ 7
# (x 6)"Î# œ 7
2È x
6
6. y œ 2Èx 1 œ 2(x 1)"Î# Ê dy

œ 1(x 1)"Î# œ È "
dx x1
7. y œ (2x 5)"Î# Ê dy
dx œ "# (2x 5)$Î# † 2 œ (2x 5)$Î#
8. y œ (" 6x)#Î$ Ê dy
dx œ 2
3 (1 6x)"Î$ (6) œ 4(1 6x)"Î$
"Î# "Î# "Î# "Î# 2x#

1
9. y œ x ax# 1b Ê yw œ x † "# ax# 1b a#xb ax# 1b † " œ ax# 1b ax# x# "b œ È x#
1
"Î# $Î# "Î# $Î#

10. y œ x ax# 1b Ê yw œ x † ˆ "# ‰ax# 1b a#xb ax# 1b † " œ ax# 1b ax# x# "b œ "
ax#
1b$Î#
11. s œ (Èt# œ t#Î( Ê ds

dt œ 2 &Î(
7 t 12. r œ %È)$ œ )$Î% Ê dr
d) œ 43 )(Î%
13. y œ sin ˆ(2t 5)#Î$ ‰ Ê dy

dt œ cos ˆ(2t 5)#Î$ ‰ † ˆ 23 ‰ (2t 5)&Î$ † 2 œ 43 (2t 5)&Î$ cos ˆ(2t 5)#Î$ ‰
14. z œ cos ˆ(" 6t)#Î$ ‰ Ê dz

dt œ sin ˆ(" 6t)#Î$ ‰ † 23 (1 6t)"Î$ (') œ 4(1 6t)"Î$ sin ˆ(1 6t)#Î$ ‰
"Î#
15. f(x) œ É1 Èx œ ˆ1 x"Î# ‰ Ê f w (x) œ "
#
ˆ1 x"Î# ‰"Î# ˆ #" x"Î# ‰ œ "
œ "
4 ŠÉ1 Èx‹ Èx 4 É x ˆ1 È x ‰
"Î$ %Î$
16. g(x) œ 2 ˆ2x"Î# 1‰ Ê gw (x) œ 23 ˆ2x"Î# 1‰ † (1)x$Î# œ 2
3
ˆ2x"Î# 1‰%Î$ x$Î#
17. h()) œ $È1 cos (2)) œ (1 cos 2))"Î$ Ê hw ()) œ "

3 (1 cos 2))#Î$ † (sin 2)) † 2 œ 23 (sin 2))(1 cos 2))#Î$
18. k()) œ (sin () 5))&Î% Ê kw ()) œ 5

4 (sin () 5))"Î% † cos () 5) œ 5
4 cos () 5)(sin () 5))"Î%
19. x# y xy# œ 6:
Step 1: Šx # dy
dx y † 2x‹ Šx † 2y dy
dx y# † 1‹ œ 0
Step 2: x# dy
dx 2xy dy
dx œ 2xy y#
Step 3: dy
dx ax# 2xyb œ 2xy y#
2xyy#
Step 4: dy
dx œ x#
2xy
6y x#
20. x$ y$ œ 18xy Ê 3x# 3y# dy
dx œ 18y 18x dy
dx Ê a3y# 18xb dy
dx œ 18y 3x# Ê dy
dx œ y# 6x
21. 2xy y# œ x y:
Step 1: Š2x dy
dx 2y‹ 2y dy
dx œ1 dy
dx
Section 3.6 Implicit Differentiation 161
Step 2: 2x dy
dx 2y dy
dx dy
dx œ 1 2y
Step 3: dy
dx (2x 2y 1) œ " 2y
1 2y
Step 4: dy
dx œ 2x
2y 1
y 3x#
22. x$ xy y$ œ 1 Ê 3x# y x dy
dx 3y# dy
dx œ 0 Ê a3y# xb dy
dx œ y 3x# Ê dy
dx œ 3y# x
23. x# (x y)# œ x# y# :
Step 1: x# ’2(x y) Š1 dy
dx ‹“ (x y)# (2x) œ 2x 2y dy
dx
Step 2: 2x# (x y) dy
dx 2y dy
dx œ 2x 2x# (x y) 2x(x y)#
Step 3: dy
dx c2x# (x y) 2yd œ 2x c1 x(x y) (x y)# d
2x c1 x(x y) (x y)# d x c1 x(x y) (x y)# d x a1 x#
xy x#
2xy y# b
Step 4: dy
dx œ 2x# (x y)
2y œ y x# (x y) œ x# y x$
y
x 2x$
3x# y xy#
œ x# y x$
y
24. (3xy 7)# œ 6y Ê 2(3xy 7) † Š3x dy

dx 3y‹ œ 6 dy
dx Ê 2(3xy 7)(3x) dy
dx 6 dy
dx œ 6y(3xy 7)
#
y(3xy
7) 3xy
7y
Ê dy
dx [6x(3xy 7) 6] œ 6y(3xy 7) Ê dy
dx œ x(3xy
7) 1 œ 1 3x# y 7x
x" (x
1) (x 1) "
25. y# œ x
1 Ê 2y dy
dx œ (x
1)# œ 2
(x
1)# Ê dy
dx œ y(x
1)#
xy 1 3x# 2xy

26. x# œ x
y Ê x$ x# y œ x y Ê 3x# 2xy x# yw œ 1 yw Ê ax# 1b yw œ 1 3x# 2xy Ê yw œ x#
1
"
27. x œ tan y Ê 1 œ asec# yb dy
dx Ê dy
dx œ sec# y œ cos# y
# # #
28. xy œ cot axyb Ê x dy
dx y œ csc (xy)Šx dx y‹ Ê x dx x csc (xy) dx œ y csc (xy) y
dy dy dy
y csc# (xy)
"‘
Ê dy
dx x x csc# (xy)‘ œ y csc# (xy) "‘ Ê dy
dx œ x"
csc# (xy)‘
œ yx
" y sec# (xy)

29. x tan (xy) œ ! Ê 1 csec# (xy)d Šy x dy
dx ‹ œ 0 Ê x sec# (xy) dy
dx œ 1 y sec# (xy) Ê dy
dx œ x sec# (xy)
1 cos# (xy) cos# (xy) y
œ x sec# (xy) y
x œ x y
x œ x
y1
30. x sin y œ xy Ê 1 (cos y) dy
dx œyx dy
dx Ê (cos y x) dy
dx œy1 Ê dy
dx œ cos y x
31. y sin Š "y ‹ œ 1 xy Ê y ’cos Š y" ‹ † (1) "

y# † dy
dx “ sin Š y" ‹ † dy
dx œ x dy
dx y Ê
y y #
dy
dx ’ "y cos Š "y ‹ sin Š y" ‹ x“ œ y Ê dy
dx œ "
œ
y cos Š "y ‹
sin Š "y ‹
x y sin Š "y ‹ cos Š "y ‹
xy
32. y# cos Š "y ‹ œ 2x 2y Ê y# ’sin Š y" ‹ † (1) "

y# † dy
dx “ cos Š y" ‹ † 2y dy
dx œ22 dy
dx Ê
dy
’sin Š y" ‹ 2y cos Š y" ‹ 2“ œ 2 Ê dy
œ 2
dx dx sin Š "y ‹
2y cos Š "y ‹ #
" 2È r Èr
33. )"Î# r"Î# œ 1 Ê # )"Î# "# r"Î# † dr
d) œ0 Ê dr
d)
"
’ #È “œ "
Ê dr
d) œ œÈ
r #È ) 2È ) )
34. r 2È) œ 3
# )#Î$ 43 )$Î% Ê dr
d) )"Î# œ )"Î$ )"Î% Ê dr
d) œ )"Î# )"Î$ )"Î%
" r cos (r))

35. sin (r)) œ # Ê [cos (r))] ˆr ) dr ‰
d) œ0 Ê dr
d) [) cos (r))] œ r cos (r)) Ê dr
d) œ ) cos (r)) œ )r ,
cos (r)) Á 0
#

csc )
36. cos r cot ) œ r) Ê (sin r) dr
d) csc# ) œ r ) dr
d) Ê dr
d) [sin r )] œ r csc# ) Ê dr
d) œ rsin r
)
d# y
37. x# y# œ 1 Ê 2x 2yyw œ 0 Ê 2yyw œ 2x Ê dy
dx œ yw œ xy ; now to find dx# , d
dx ayw b œ d
dx Š xy ‹
y(1)
xy y
x Š xy ‹ y x y a"y b "
Ê yww œ since yw œ xy Ê œ yww œ
w # # # # #
y #
œ y #
d y
dx #
y $
œ y $
œ y $
"Î$
38. x#Î$ y#Î$ œ 1 Ê x"Î$ 23 y"Î$ dy
œ0 Ê dy 23 y"Î$ ‘ œ 23 x"Î$ Ê yw œ dy
œ yx œ ˆ yx ‰
"Î$
2
3 dx dx dx "Î$
;
y"Î$
x "Î$
†ˆ 3 y " #Î$
‰ Œ
y
"Î$
ˆ3 x
" #Î$
‰
x "Î$
†ˆ 3 y
‰ y
y ˆ3 x "
‰#Î$ w "Î$ " #Î$
Differentiating again, yww œ

x"Î$
x
œ #Î$
x #Î$
d# y " " "Î$ %Î$ y"Î$ "

Ê dx# œ 3 x#Î$ y"Î$ 3 y x œ 3x %Î$ 3y"Î$ x#Î$
y (x
1)y y (x
1) Š x y 1 ‹
2x
2 x
1
39. y# œ x# 2x Ê 2yyw œ 2x 2 Ê yw œ ; then yww œ
w
2y œ y y #
œ y #
y (x
1)
œ yww œ
# # #
Ê d y
dx #
y $
"
40. y# 2x œ 1 2y Ê 2y † yw 2 œ 2yw Ê yw (2y 2) œ 2 Ê yw œ y
1 œ (y 1)" ; then yww œ (y 1)# † yw
d# y "
œ (y 1)# (y 1)" Ê dx# œ yww œ (y
1)$
" Èy
41. 2Èy œ x y Ê y"Î# yw œ 1 yw Ê yw ˆy"Î# 1‰ œ 1 Ê dy
dx œ yw œ y"Î#
1
œ Èy
1 ; we can
differentiate the equation yw ˆy"Î# 1‰ œ 1 again to find yww : yw ˆ "# y$Î# yw ‰ ˆy"Î# 1‰ yww œ 0
#
" " $Î#
# Œ y"Î# 1 y
" w # $Î# d# y " "
Ê ˆy"Î# 1‰ yww œ # cy d y Ê dx# œ yww œ ay"Î#
1b
œ $ œ $
2y$Î# ay"Î#
1b # ˆ1
È y ‰
y d# y
42. xy y# œ 1 Ê xyw y 2yyw œ 0 Ê xyw 2yyw œ y Ê yw (x 2y) œ y Ê yw œ (x
2y) ; dx# œ yww
y y "
(x
2y)y
y(1
2y )
w w (x
2y) ’ (x 2y) “
y ’1
2 Š (x 2y) ‹“ (x 2y) cy(x
2y)
y(x
2y) 2y d #
œ (x
2y) #
œ (x
2y) #
œ (x
2y) #
2y(x
2y) 2y# 2y#
2xy 2y(x
y)
œ (x
2y)$ œ (x
2y)$ œ (x
2y)$
#
43. x$ y$ œ 16 Ê 3x# 3y# yw œ 0 Ê 3y# yw œ 3x# Ê yw œ xy# ; we differentiate y# yw œ x# to find yww :
#
x# 2x%
2x 2y Š ‹ 2x
# ww w w # ww w # ww y# y$
y y y c2y † y d œ 2x Ê y y œ 2x 2y cy d Ê y œ y# œ y#
2xy$ 2x% d# y 32 32
œ y& Ê dx# ¹ (2ß2) œ 32 œ 2
y (x
2y) ay b (y) a1
2y b
44. xy y# œ 1 Ê xyw y 2yyw œ 0 Ê yw (x 2y) œ y Ê yw œ Ê yww œ
w w
(x
2y) (x
2y) #
;
(2) ˆ "# ‰ (1)(0)
since yw k (0 ß 1)
œ "# we obtain yww k (0 ß 1)
œ 4 œ 4"
45. y# x# œ y% 2x at (#ß ") and (#ß 1) Ê 2y dy

dx 2x œ 4y$ dy
dx 2 Ê 2y dy
dx 4y$ dy
dx œ 2 2x
x
"
Ê dy
dx a2y 4y$ b œ 2 2x Ê dy
dx œ #y $ y Ê dy
dx ¹ (2ß1) œ 1 and dy
dx ¹ (2ß1) œ1
#
46. ax# y# b œ (x y)# at("ß !) and ("ß 1) Ê 2 ax# y# b Š2x 2y dy
dx ‹ œ 2(x y) Š1 dy
dx ‹
2x ax#
y# b
(x y)
Ê dy
dx c2y ax# y# b (x y)d œ 2x ax# y# b (x y) Ê dy
dx œ 2y ax#
y# b
(x y) Ê dy
dx ¹ (1ß0) œ 1
and dy
dx ¹ (1ß1) œ1
2x
y
47. x# xy y# œ 1 Ê 2x y xyw 2yyw œ 0 Ê (x 2y)yw œ 2x y Ê yw œ 2y x ;
"
(a) the slope of the tangent line m œ yw k (2 3) œ ß
7
4 Ê the tangent line is y 3 œ 7
4 (x 2) Ê y œ 7
4 x #
(b) the normal line is y 3 œ 47 (x 2) Ê y œ 47 x 29
7
48. x# y# œ 25 Ê 2x 2yyw œ 0 Ê yw œ xy ;
(a) the slope of the tangent line m œ yw k (3 ß 4)
œ xy ¹ œ 3
4 (x 3)
(3ß4)
Ê yœ 3
4 x 25
4
(b) the normal line is y 4 œ 43 (x 3) Ê y œ 43 x
49. x# y# œ 9 Ê 2xy# 2x# yyw œ 0 Ê x# yyw œ xy# Ê yw œ yx ;

(a) the slope of the tangent line m œ yw k ( 1 3) œ yx ¸ ( 1 3) œ 3 Ê the tangent line is y 3 œ 3(x 1)
ß ß
Ê y œ 3x 6
(b) the normal line is y 3 œ "3 (x 1) Ê y œ 3" x 8
3
"
50. y# 2x 4y " œ ! Ê 2yyw 2 4yw œ 0 Ê 2(y 2)yw œ 2 Ê yw œ y# ;
w
(a) the slope of the tangent line m œ y k ( 2 1)
ß
œ 1 Ê the tangent line is y 1 œ 1(x 2) Ê y œ x 1
(b) the normal line is y 1 œ 1(x 2) Ê y œ x 3
51. 6x# 3xy 2y# 17y 6 œ 0 Ê 12x 3y 3xyw 4yyw 17yw œ 0 Ê yw (3x 4y 17) œ 12x 3y
Ê yw œ 3x
12x 3y
4y
17 ;
"2x 3y
(a) the slope of the tangent line m œ yw k ( 1 0)
ß
œ 3x
4y
17 ¹ (1ß0) œ 6
7 (x 1)
Ê yœ 6
7 x 6
7
(b) the normal line is y 0 œ 76 (x 1) Ê y œ 76 x 7
6
È3y 2x
52. x# È3xy 2y# œ 5 Ê 2x È3xyw È3y 4yyw œ 0 Ê yw Š4y È3x‹ œ È3y 2x Ê yw œ 4y È3x
;
È3y 2x
(a) the slope of the tangent line m œ yw k ŠÈ3 2‹ œ ß
¹
4y È3x ŠÈ3ß2‹
œ 0 Ê the tangent line is y œ 2
(b) the normal line is x œ È3
2y
53. 2xy 1 sin y œ 21 Ê 2xyw 2y 1(cos y)yw œ 0 Ê yw (2x 1 cos y) œ 2y Ê yw œ 2x
1 cos y ;
2y
(a) the slope of the tangent line m œ yw k ˆ1 12 ‰ œ ß 2x
1 cos y ¹ ˆ1ß 1 ‰ œ 1# Ê the tangent line is
2
1
y # œ 1# (x 1) Ê y œ 1# x 1
1 1
(b) the normal line is y # œ 2
1 (x 1) Ê y œ 2
1 x 2
1 #
54. x sin 2y œ y cos 2x Ê x(cos 2y)2yw sin 2y œ 2y sin 2x yw cos 2x Ê yw (2x cos 2y cos 2x)
sin 2y
2y sin 2x
œ sin 2y 2y sin 2x Ê yw œ cos 2x 2x cos 2y ;
sin 2y
2y sin 2x 1
(a) the slope of the tangent line m œ yw k ˆ 14 ß
1‰ œ cos 2x 2x cos 2y ¹ ˆ 1 ß 1 ‰ œ 1 œ 2 Ê the tangent line is
2 #
4 2
1
y # œ 2 ˆx 14 ‰ Ê y œ 2x
1
(b) the normal line is y # œ "# ˆx 14 ‰ Ê y œ "# x 51
8
55. y œ 2 sin (1x y) Ê yw œ 2 [cos (1x y)] † a1 yw b Ê yw [1 2 cos (1x y)] œ 21 cos (1x y)
21 cos (1x y)
Ê yw œ 1
# cos (1x y) ;
21 cos (1x y)
(a) the slope of the tangent line m œ yw k (1 0) œ ß
1
2 cos (1x y) ¹(1ß0) œ 21 Ê the tangent line is
y 0 œ 21(x 1) Ê y œ 21x 21
(b) the normal line is y 0 œ #"1 (x 1) Ê y œ 2x1 "
#1
56. x# cos# y sin y œ 0 Ê x# (2 cos y)(sin y)yw 2x cos# y yw cos y œ 0 Ê yw c2x# cos y sin y cos yd
2x cos# y
œ 2x cos# y Ê yw œ 2x# cos y sin y
cos y ;
2x cos# y
(a) the slope of the tangent line m œ yw k (0 1) œ ß 2x# cos y sin y
cos y ¹ (0ß1) œ 0 Ê the tangent line is y œ 1
(b) the normal line is x œ 0
57. Solving x# xy y# œ 7 and y œ 0 Ê x# œ 7 Ê x œ „ È7 Ê ŠÈ7ß !‹ and ŠÈ7ß !‹ are the points where the
curve crosses the x-axis. Now x# xy y# œ 7 Ê 2x y xyw 2yyw œ 0 Ê (x 2y)yw œ 2x y

y 2x
y 2 È 7
Ê yw œ 2x È È
x
2y Ê m œ x
2y Ê the slope at Š 7ß !‹ is m œ È7 œ 2 and the slope at Š 7ß !‹ is
È
m œ 2È77 œ 2. Since the slope is 2 in each case, the corresponding tangents must be parallel.
2x y x
2y
58. x# xy y# œ 7 Ê 2x y x dy
dx 2y dy
dx œ 0 Ê (x 2y) dy
dx œ 2x y Ê dy
dx œ x
2y and dx
dy œ 2x y ;
(a) Solving dy
dx œ 0 Ê 2x y œ 0 Ê y œ 2x and substitution into the original equation gives
x# x(2x) (2x)# œ 7 Ê 3x# œ 7 Ê x œ „ É 73 and y œ … 2É 73 when the tangents are parallel to the
x-axis.
# 3x#
(b) Solving dx
dy œ 0 Ê x 2y œ 0 Ê y œ x# and substitution gives x# x ˆ x# ‰ ˆ x# ‰ œ 7 Ê 4 œ7
Ê x œ „ 2É 73 and y œ … É 73 when the tangents are parallel to the y-axis.
59. y% œ y# x# Ê 4y$ yw œ 2yyw 2x Ê 2 a2y$ yb yw œ 2x Ê yw œ y x2y$ ; the slope of the tangent line at
È È
È3 " È
Š 43 ß #3 ‹ is y x2y$ ¹ È3 È3 œ È3 4 6È3 œ " 4 3 œ # " 3 œ 1; the slope of the tangent line at Š 43 ß #" ‹
# 4 Œ 4 ß
2 # 8
È3
2È 3
is x
y2y$ ¹ È3 œ "
4
28
œ 42 œ È3
Œ 4 ß
1
2 #
y#
3x#
60. y# (2 x) œ x$ Ê 2yyw (2 x) y# (1) œ 3x# Ê yw œ 2y(2 x) ; the slope of the tangent line is
# #
y
3x
mœ 2y(2 x) ¹ (1ß1) œ 4
# œ 2 Ê the tangent line is y 1 œ 2(x 1) Ê y œ 2x 1; the normal line is
y 1 œ "# (x 1) Ê y œ "# x 3
#
4x$ 18x 2x$ 9x

61. y% 4y# œ x% 9x# Ê 4y$ yw 8yyw œ 4x$ 18x Ê yw a4y$ 8yb œ 4x$ 18x Ê yw œ 4y$ 8y œ 2y$ 4y
x a2x# 9b (3)(18 9)
œ y a2y# 4b œ m; (3ß 2): m œ 2(8 4) œ 27
8 ; ($ß #): m œ
27
8 ; (3ß #): m œ 27
8 ; (3ß #): m œ 27
8
9y 3x# 3y x#
62. x$ y$ 9xy œ 0 Ê 3x# 3y# yw 9xyw 9y œ 0 Ê yw a3y# 9xb œ 9y 3x# Ê yw œ 3y# 9x œ y# 3x
(a) yw k (4 2) œ
ß
5
4 and yw k (2 4) œ ß
4
5 ;
# $
3y x x# # #
(b) yw œ 0 Ê y# 3x œ 0 Ê 3y x# œ 0 Ê y œ 3 Ê x$ Š x3 ‹ 9x Š x3 ‹ œ 0 Ê x' 54x$ œ 0
Ê x$ ax$ 54b œ 0 Ê x œ 0 or x œ $È54 œ 3 $È2 Ê there is a horizontal tangent at x œ 3 $È2 . To find the
corresponding y-value, we will use part (c).
$
y# 3x
(c) dx
dy œ0 Ê 3y x# œ 0 Ê y# 3x œ 0 Ê y œ „ È3x ; y œ È3x Ê x$ ŠÈ3x‹ 9xÈ3x œ 0
Ê x$ 6È3 x$Î# œ 0 Ê x$Î# Šx$Î# 6È3‹ œ 0 Ê x$Î# œ 0 or x$Î# œ 6È3 Ê x œ 0 or x œ $È108 œ 3 $È4 .
Since the equation x$ y$ 9xy œ 0 is symmetric in x and y, the graph is symmetric about the line y œ x.
That is, if (aß b) is a point on the folium, then so is (bß a). Moreover, if yw k (a b) œ m, then yw k (b a) œ m" . ß ß
Thus, if the folium has a horizontal tangent at (aß b), it has a vertical tangent at (bß a) so one might expect
that with a horizontal tangent at x œ $È54 and a vertical tangent at x œ 3 $È4, the points of tangency are
Š $È54ß 3 $È4‹ and Š3 $È4ß $È54‹, respectively. One can check that these points do satisfy the equation
x$ y$ 9xy œ 0.
2x4t x2t
63. x# 2tx 2t# œ 4 Ê 2x dx
dt 2x 2t dx
dt 4t œ 0 Ê (2x 2t) dx
dt œ 2x 4t Ê dx
dt œ 2x2t œ x t ;
Š yt# ‹ t(xt)
2y$ 3t# œ 4 Ê 6y# dy
dt 6t œ 0 Ê dy
dt œ 6t
6y# œ t
y# ; thus dy
dx œ dy/dt
dx/dt œ ˆ xx2tt ‰ œ y# (x2t) ;tœ2
Ê x 2(2)x 2(2) œ 4 Ê x 4x 4 œ 0 Ê (x 2) œ 0 Ê x œ 2; t œ 2 Ê 2y$ 3(2)# œ 4
# # # #
2(2 2)
Ê 2y$ œ 16 Ê y$ œ 8 Ê y œ 2; therefore dy
dx ¹ tœ2 œ (2)# (2 2(2)) œ0
" "Î#
64. x œ É5 Èt Ê dx
dt œ #
ˆ5 Èt‰ ˆ "# t"Î# ‰ œ "
; y(t 1) œ Èt Ê y (t 1) dy " "Î#
dt œ # t
4È t É 5 È t
" È
" #y t
" Èt y
# " #y È t
dy
È È
#t t 2 t " #yÈt 4Èt É5 Èt
Ê at 1b dy
œ y Ê dy
œ œ ; thus dy
œ dt
œ œ †
dt #È t dt at 1 b #tÈt 2Èt dx dx "
#Ètat" b "
4È t É 5 È t
dt
#ˆ" #yÈt‰É& Èt
œ "t ; t œ 4 Ê x œ É5 È4 œ È3; t œ 4 Ê y(3) œ È4 œ 2
2Š" 2a2bÈ4‹É& È4
therefore, dy
dx ¹ tœ4 œ "4 œ 14
3
2t
1
65. x 2x$Î# œ t# t Ê dx
dt 3x"Î# dx
dt œ 2t 1 Ê ˆ1 3x"Î# ‰ dx
dt œ 2t 1 Ê dx
dt œ 1
3x"Î#
; yÈt 1 2tÈy œ 4
Ê dy Èt 1 y ˆ " ‰ (t 1)"Î# 2Èy 2t ˆ " y"Î# ‰ dy
œ0 Ê dy Èt 1 y
2Èy Š Èt y ‹ dy
œ0
dt # # dt dt 2È t
1 dt
Š 2Èct yb 1 2Èy‹ yÈy 4yÈt 1

y
Ê ŠÈ t 1 t dy
Èy ‹ dt œ 2Èy Ê dy
œ œ ; thus
2Èt
1 dt ŠÈt 1 Èy ‹ t 2Èy (t 1) 2tÈt 1
cyÈy c 4yÈt b 1
Œ 2Èy (t b 1) b 2tÈt b 1
dy
dx œ dy/dt
dx/dt œ 2t b 1
; t œ 0 Ê x 2x$Î# œ 0 Ê x ˆ1 2x"Î# ‰ œ 0 Ê x œ 0; t œ 0
Š ‹
1 b 3x"Î#
4 È4 4(4)È0 1
Œ 2È4(0 1) 2(0)È0 1
Ê yÈ0 1 2(0)Èy œ 4 Ê y œ 4; therefore dy
dx ¹ tœ0 œ 2(0) 1
œ 6
Œ 1 3(0)"Î#
1 x cos t
66. x sin t 2x œ t Ê dx
dt sin t x cos t 2 dx
dt œ 1 Ê (sin t 2) dx
dt œ 1 x cos t Ê dx
dt œ sin t
2 ;
sin t t cos t 2
t sin t 2t œ y Ê sin t t cos t 2 œ dy
dt ; thus dy
dx œ c x cos t ‰
ˆ 1sin ; t œ 1 Ê x sin 1 2x œ 1
tb2
1 sin 1
1 cos 1 2 41 8
Ê xœ # ; therefore dy
dx ¹ tœ1 œ œ 2
1 œ 4
1 Š1
# ‹ cos 1
– sin 1 2 —
67. (a) if f(x) œ 3 #Î$

# x 3, then f w (x) œ x"Î$ and f ww (x) œ "3 x%Î$ so the claim f ww (x) œ x"Î$ is false
9 &Î$
(b) if f(x) œ 10 x 7, then f w (x) œ 3# x#Î$ and f ww (x) œ x"Î$ is true
(c) f ww (x) œ x"Î$ Ê f www (x) œ "3 x%Î$ is true
(d) if f w (x) œ #3 x#Î$ 6, then f ww (x) œ x"Î$ is true
68. 2x# 3y# œ 5 Ê 4x 6yyw œ 0 Ê yw œ 2x w

3y Ê y k (1 1) œ 3y ¹
2x
ß
œ 23 and yw k (1 ß 1)
œ 2x
3y ¹ œ 2
3 ;
(1ß1) (1ß1)
3x# 3x# 3x#

also, y# œ x$ Ê 2yyw œ 3x# Ê yw œ 2y Ê yw k (1 1) œ
ß 2y ¹ (1ß1) œ 3
# and yw k (1 ß 1)
œ 2y ¹ (1ß1) œ #3 . Therefore
the tangents to the curves are perpendicular at (1ß 1) and (1ß 1) (i.e., the curves are orthogonal at these two
points of intersection).
x
y
69. x# 2xy 3y# œ 0 Ê 2x 2xyw 2y 6yyw œ 0 Ê yw (2x 6y) œ 2x 2y Ê yw œ 3y x Ê the slope of the
x
y
tangent line m œ yw k (1 1) œ ß 3y x ¹ (1ß1) œ 1 Ê the equation of the normal line at (1ß 1) is y 1 œ 1(x 1)
Ê y œ x 2. To find where the normal line intersects the curve we substitute into its equation:
x# 2x(2 x) 3(2 x)# œ 0 Ê x# 4x 2x# 3 a4 4x x# b œ 0 Ê 4x# 16x 12 œ 0
Ê x# 4x 3 œ 0 Ê (x 3)(x 1) œ 0 Ê x œ 3 and y œ x 2 œ 1. Therefore, the normal to the curve
at (1ß 1) intersects the curve at the point (3ß 1). Note that it also intersects the curve at (1ß 1).
y
2
70. xy 2x y œ 0 Ê x dy
dx y2 dy
dx œ0 Ê dy
dx œ 1x ; the slope of the line 2x y œ 0 is 2. In order to be
parallel, the normal lines must also have slope of 2. Since a normal is perpendicular to a tangent, the slope of
the tangent is "# . Therefore, y1
"
x œ # Ê 2y 4 œ 1 x Ê x œ 3 2y. Substituting in the original equation,
2
y(3 2y) 2(3 2y) y œ 0 Ê y# 4y 3 œ 0 Ê y œ 3 or y œ 1. If y œ 3, then x œ 3 and

y 3 œ 2(x 3) Ê y œ 2x 3. If y œ 1, then x œ 1 and y 1 œ 2(x 1) Ê y œ 2x 3.
" y" 0
71. y# œ x Ê dy
dx œ #y . If a normal is drawn from (aß 0) to (x" ß y" ) on the curve its slope satisfies x" a œ 2y"
Ê y" œ 2y" (x" a) or a œ x" "# . Since x" 0 on the curve, we must have that a "# . By symmetry, the
two points on the parabola are ˆx" ß Èx" ‰ and ˆx" ß Èx" ‰ . For the normal to be perpendicular,
Èx Èx " # "
" "
Š x " a ‹ Š a x " ‹ œ 1 Ê x"
(a x" )# œ 1 Ê x" œ (a x" )# Ê x" œ ˆx" # x" ‰ Ê x" œ 4 and y" œ „ #" .
Therefore, ˆ "4 ß „ #" ‰ and a œ 3
4 .
72. Ex. 6b.) y œ x"Î# has no derivative at x œ 0 because the slope of the graph becomes vertical at x œ 0.
"Î%
Ex. 7a.) y œ a1 x# b has a derivative only on ("ß ") because the function is defined only on ["ß "] and
the slope of the tangent becomes vertical at both x œ 1 and x œ 1.
y$ 2xy
73. xy$ x# y œ 6 Ê x Š3y# dy
dx ‹ y$ x# dy
dx 2xy œ 0 Ê dy
dx a3xy# x# b œ y$ 2xy Ê dy
dx œ 3xy#
x#
$
y
2xy $ # # $
œ 3xy #
x# ; also, xy x y œ 6 Ê x a3y b y
dx
dy x# y Š2x dx
dy ‹ œ0 Ê dx
dy ay$ 2xyb œ 3xy# x#
# #

x "
Ê dx
dy œ 3xy
y$
2xy ; thus
dx
dy appears to equal dy . The two different treatments view the graphs as functions
dx
symmetric across the line y œ x, so their slopes are reciprocals of one another at the corresponding points
(aß b) and (bß a).
3x#
74. x$ y# œ sin# y Ê 3x# 2y dy
dx œ (2 sin y)(cos y) dy
dx Ê dy
dx (2y 2 sin y cos y) œ 3x# Ê dy
dx œ 2y 2 sin y cos y
3x# 2 sin y cos y 2y
œ 2 sin y cos y 2y ; also, x$ y# œ sin# y Ê 3x# dx
dy 2y œ 2 sin y cos y Ê dx
dy œ 3x# ; thus dx
dy
"
appears to equal dy . The two different treatments view the graphs as functions symmetric across the line
dx
y œ x so their slopes are reciprocals of one another at the corresponding points (aß b) and (bß a).
75. x% 4y# œ 1: (b)

%
(a) y œ 14x
#
Ê yœ „ "# È1 x%
% "Î# „x $
Ê dy
dx œ „ "4 a1 x b a4x$ b œ "Î# ;
a1 x % b
differentiating implicitly, we find, 4x$ 8y dy dx œ0

4x$ 4x$ „x $
Ê dx œ 8y œ
dy
œ "Î# .
8 Š„ "# È1 x% ‹ a1 x % b
76. (x 2)# y# œ 4: (b)

(a) y œ „ È4 (x 2)#
" # "Î#
Ê dx œ „ # a4 (x 2) b
dy
(2(x 2))
„(x 2)
œ ; differentiating implicitly,
c4 (x 2)# d"Î#
2(x 2)
2(x 2) 2y dy dx œ 0 Ê dx œ
dy
2y
(x 2) (x 2) „(x 2)
œ y œ œ .
„c4 (x 2)# d "Î# c4 (x #)# d "Î#
77-84. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
q1 := x^3-x*y+y^3 = 7;
pt := [x=2,y=1];
p1 := implicitplot( q1, x=-3..3, y=-3..3 ):
p1;
eval( q1, pt );
q2 := implicitdiff( q1, y, x );
m := eval( q2, pt );
tan_line := y = 1 + m*(x-2);
p2 := implicitplot( tan_line, x=-5..5, y=-5..5, color=green ):
p3 := pointplot( eval([x,y],pt), color=blue ):
display( [p1,p2,p3], ="Section 3.6 #77(c)" );
Mathematica: (functions and x0 may vary):
Note use of double equal sign (logic statement) in definition of eqn and tanline.
<<Graphics`ImplicitPlot`
Clear[x, y]
{x0, y0}={1, 1/4};
eqn=x + Tan[y/x]==2;
ImplicitPlot[eqn,{ x, x0 3, x0 3},{y, y0 3, y0 3}]
eqn/.{x Ä x0, y Ä y0}
eqn/.{ y Ä y[x]}
D[%, x]
Solve[%, y'[x]]
slope=y'[x]/.First[%]
m=slope/.{x Ä x0, y[x] Ä y0}
tanline=y==y0 m (x x0)
ImplicitPlot[{eqn, tanline}, {x, x0 3, x0 3},{y, y0 3, y0 + 3}]
3.7 RELATED RATES
1. A œ 1r# Ê dA
dt œ 21r dr
dt
2. S œ 41r# Ê dS
dt œ 81r dr
dt
3. (a) V œ 1r# h Ê dV
dt œ 1 r# dh
dt (b) V œ 1r# h Ê dV
dt œ 21rh dr
dt
(c) V œ 1r# h Ê dV
dt œ # dh
1r dt 21rh dr
dt
4. (a) V œ "3 1r# h Ê dt œ

dV " # dh
3 1r dt (b) V œ "3 1r# h Ê dV
dt œ 32 1rh dr
dt
" # dh
(c) dV
dt œ 3 1r dt 3 1rh
2 dr
dt
"
5. (a) dV
dt œ 1 volt/sec dt œ 3 amp/sec
(b) dI
" ˆ dV " ˆ dV
(c) dV
dt œ R ˆ dI
dt I dt
‰ ˆ dR ‰ Ê dR
dt œ I dt R dt
dI ‰
Ê dRdt œ I dt I dt
V dI ‰
(d) dR
dt œ "# 1 12 ˆ " ‰‘ œ ˆ #" ‰ (3) œ 3# ohms/sec, R is increasing
# 3
6. (a) P œ RI# Ê dP
dt œ I# dR
dt 2RI dI
dt
2 ˆ PI ‰ dI
(b) P œ RI# Ê 0 œ dP
dt œ I# dR
dt 2RI dI
dt Ê dR
dt œ 2RI
I#
dI
dt œ I# dt œ 2P
I$
dI
dt
"Î#
7. (a) s œ Èx# y# œ ax# y# b Ê ds
dt œ x dx
Èx#
y# dt
"Î#
(b) s œ Èx# y# œ ax# y# b Ê ds
dt œ x dx
Èx#
y# dt y dy
Èx#
y# dt
(c) s œ Èx# y# Ê s# œ x# y# Ê 2s ds
dt œ 2x dx
dt 2y dy
dt Ê 2s † 0 œ 2x dx
dt 2y dy
dt Ê dx
dt œ yx dy
dt
8. (a) s œ Èx# y# z# Ê s# œ x# y# z# Ê 2s ds
dt œ 2x dx
dt 2y dy
dt 2z dz
dt
Section 3.7 Related Rates 169
Ê ds
dt œ x dx
Èx#
y#
z# dt y dy
Èx#
y#
z# dt z dz
Èx#
y#
z# dt
(b) From part (a) with dx

dt œ0 Ê ds
dt œ y dy
Èx#
y#
z# dt z dz
Èx#
y#
z# dt
(c) From part (a) with ds

dt œ 0 Ê 0 œ 2x dx
dt 2y dy
dt 2z dz
dt Ê dx
dt y dy
x dt z dz
x dt œ0
" " d) " " d)

9. (a) A œ # ab sin ) Ê dA
dt œ # ab cos ) dt (b) A œ # ab sin ) Ê dA
dt œ # ab cos ) dt "# b sin ) da
dt
" " d)
(c) A œ # ab sin ) Ê dA
dt œ # ab cos ) dt "# b sin ) da
dt "# a sin ) db
dt
" ‰
10. Given A œ 1r# , dr
dt œ 0.01 cm/sec, and r œ 50 cm. Since dA
dt œ 21r dr
dt , then dA ¸
dt r=50 œ 21(50) ˆ 100
œ 1 cm# /min.
dj
11. Given dt œ 2 cm/sec,
dt œ 2 cm/sec, j œ 12 cm and w œ 5 cm.
dw
dj #
(a) A œ jw Ê œ j dw
dt w dt Ê dt œ 12(2) 5(2) œ 14 cm /sec, increasing
dA
dt
dA
dj
(b) P œ 2j 2w Ê dt œ 2 dt 2 dt œ 2(2) 2(2) œ 0 cm/sec, constant
dP dw
dj
"Î# " # "Î# ˆ dj ‰ dt
j dt
w dw
(c) D œ Èw# j# œ aw# j# b Ê dD #
dt œ # aw j b dt 2j dt
2w dw Ê dD
dt œ Èw#
j#
(5)(2)
(12)(2)
œ È25
144 œ 14
13 cm/sec, decreasing
12. (a) V œ xyz Ê dV

dt œ yz dx
dt xz dy
dt xy dz
dt Ê dV ¸
dt (4ß3ß2) œ (3)(2)(1) (4)(2)(2) (4)(3)(1) œ 2 m$ /sec
(b) S œ 2xy 2xz 2yz Ê dS dt œ (2y 2z) dt (2x 2z)
dx dy
dt (2x 2y) dz
dt
Ê dS
dt
¸ œ (10)(1) (12)(2) (14)(1) œ 0 m# /sec
(4ß3ß2)
"Î# dj
(c) j œ Èx# y# z# œ ax# y# z# b Ê dt œ x dx
Èx#
y#
z# dt y dy
Èx#
y#
z# dt z dz
Èx#
y#
z# dt
dj ¸
Ê dt (4ß3ß2) œ Š È429 ‹ (1) Š È329 ‹ (2) Š È229 ‹ (1) œ 0 m/sec
13. Given: dx
dt œ 5 ft/sec, the ladder is 13 ft long, and x œ 12, y œ 5 at the instant of time
(a) Since x# y# œ 169 Ê dy
dt œ xy dx
dt œ ˆ 12
5 (5) œ 12 ft/sec, the ladder is sliding down the wall
‰
"
(b) The area of the triangle formed by the ladder and walls is A œ # xy Ê dA
dt œ ˆ "# ‰ Šx dy
dt y dx
dt ‹ . The area
" #
is changing at # [12(12) 5(5)] œ 119
# œ 59.5 ft /sec.
d) " d) "
(c) cos ) œ x
13 Ê sin ) dt œ 13 † dx
dt Ê dt œ 13 sin ) †
dx
dt œ ˆ 5" ‰ (5) œ 1 rad/sec
" "
14. s# œ y# x# Ê 2s ds
dt œ 2x dx
dt 2y dy
dt Ê ds
dt œ s Šx dx
dt y dy
dt ‹ Ê ds
dt œ È169 [5(442) 12(481)]
œ 614 knots
15. Let s represent the distance between the girl and the kite and x represents the horizontal distance between the
girl and kite Ê s# œ (300)# x# Ê ds
dt œ x dx
s dt œ 400(25)
500 œ 20 ft/sec.
" #
dt œ 3000 in/min. Also V œ 61r Ê
16. When the diameter is 3.8 in., the radius is 1.9 in. and dr œ 121r
dV dr
dt dt
Ê dV ˆ " ‰
dt œ 121(1.9) 3000 œ 0.00761. The volume is changing at about 0.0239 in /min.
$
" # " ˆ 4h ‰# 1 h$ 161h# dh

17. V œ 3 1r h, h œ 8 (2r) œ 4 Ê r œ 3 Ê V œ 3 1 3
3 3r 4h
h œ 1627 Ê dV
dt œ 9 dt
dt h=4 œ 1614# (10) œ 2561 ¸ 0.1119 m/sec œ 11.19 cm/sec

dh ¸ ˆ 9 ‰ 90
(a)
(b) r œ 4h3 Ê dt œ 3 dt œ 3 2561 œ 321 ¸ 0.1492 m/sec œ 14.92
dr 4 dh 4 ˆ 90 ‰ 15
cm/sec
" " # 751h$ 2251h# dh 4(50) 8

18. (a) V œ 3 1r# h and r œ 15h
# Ê Vœ 3 1 ˆ 15h
#
‰ hœ 4 Ê dV
dt œ 4 dt Ê dh ¸
dt h=5 œ 2251(5)# œ 2251
¸ 0.0113 m/min œ 1.13 cm/min
8 ‰ 4
(b) r œ 15h
# Ê dt œ # dt Ê dt h=5 œ #
dr 15 dh dr ¸ ˆ 15 ‰ ˆ 225 1 œ 151 ¸ 0.0849 m/sec œ 8.49 cm/sec
1 1 " dV
19. (a) V œ 3 y# (3R y) Ê dV
dt œ 3 c2y(3R y) y# (1)d dy
dt Ê dy
dt œ 13 a6Ry 3y# b‘ dt Ê at R œ 13 and
" "
y œ 8 we have dy
dt œ 1441 (6) œ 241 m/min
(b) The hemisphere is on the circle r (13 y)# œ 169 Ê r œ È26y y# m #
"Î# " "Î# 13 y 13 8

(c) r œ a26y y# b Ê dr
dt œ # a26y y# b (26 2y) dy
dt Ê dr
dt œ dy
È26y y# dt Ê dr ¸
dt y=8 œ È26†8 64
ˆ #"
41
‰
5
œ 2881 m/min
20. If V œ 4
3 1r$ , S œ 41r# , and dV
dt œ kS œ 4k1r# , then dV
dt œ 41r# dr
dt Ê 4k1r# œ 41r# dr
dt Ê dr
dt œ k, a constant.
Therefore, the radius is increasing at a constant rate.
$ $ # dr
21. If V œ 3 1r , r œ 5, and dt œ 1001 ft /min, then dt œ 41r dt Ê dt
4 dV dV dr
œ 1 ft/min. Then S œ 41r# Ê dS
dt
#
œ 81r dt œ 81(5)(1) œ 401 ft /min, the rate at which the surface area
dr
is increasing.
22. Let s represent the length of the rope and x the horizontal distance of the boat from the dock.
(a) We have s# œ x# 36 Ê dx dt œ x dt œ È #
s ds s ds
dt . Therefore, the boat is approaching the dock at
s 36
dx ¸
dt s=10 œ 10
È10# 36 (2) œ 2.5 ft/sec.
d) d)
(b) cos ) œ 6
r Ê sin ) dt œ r6# dr
dt Ê dt œ 6 dr
r# sin ) dt . Thus, r œ 10, x œ 8, and sin ) œ 8
10
d)
Ê dt œ 6
10# ˆ 10
8 ‰ † (2) œ 3
20 rad/sec
23. Let s represent the distance between the bicycle and balloon, h the height of the balloon and x the horizontal
distance between the balloon and the bicycle. The relationship between the variables is s# œ h# x#
" ˆ dh "
Ê dsdt œ s h dt x dt
dx ‰
Ê ds
dt œ 85 [68(1) 51(17)] œ 11 ft/sec.
24. (a) Let h be the height of the coffee in the pot. Since the radius of the pot is 3, the volume of the coffee is
" dV
V œ 91h Ê dV dt œ 91 dt Ê the rate the coffee is rising is dt œ 91 dt œ 91 in/min.
dh dh 10
"
(b) Let h be the height of the coffee in the pot. From the figure, the radius of the filter r œ h
# Ê Vœ 3 1r# h
1 h$
œ 1# , the volume of the filter. The rate the coffee is falling is dh
dt œ 4 dV
1h# dt œ 4
#5 1 (10) œ 581 in/min.
"
25. y œ QD" Ê dy
dt œ D" dQ
dt QD# dD
dt œ 41 (0) 233
(41)# (2) œ 466
1681 L/min Ê increasing about 0.2772 L/min
26. (a) dc
dt œ a3x# 12x 15b dx
dt œ a3(2)# 12(2) 15b (0.1) œ 0.3, dr
dt œ9 dx
dt œ 9(0.1) œ 0.9, dp
dt œ 0.9 0.3 œ 0.6
# # # #
(b) dc
dt œ a3x 12x 45x b dx
dt œ a3(1.5) 12(1.5) 45(1.5) b (0.05) = 1.5625, dr
dt œ 70 dx
dt œ 70(0.05) œ 3.5,
dp
dt œ 3.5 (1.5625) œ 5.0625
27. Let P(xß y) represent a point on the curve y œ x# and ) the angle of inclination of a line containing P and the
x# # d) d)
origin. Consequently, tan ) œ y
x Ê tan ) œ x œ x Ê sec ) dt œ dx
dt Ê dt œ cos# ) dx
dt . Since dx
dt œ 10 m/sec
# x# 3# " d) ¸
and cos )kx=3 œ y #
x # œ 9 #
3 # œ 10 , we have dt x=3 œ 1 rad/sec.
(x)"Î# d) ˆ "# ‰ (x)"Î# (1)x (x)"Î# (1) dx

28. y œ (x)"Î# and tan ) œ y
x Ê tan ) œ x Ê sec# ) dt œ x# dt
Section 3.7 Related Rates 171
cx
È È x
Ê d)
dt œ Œ 2 cx x# #
acos )b ˆ dt ‰ . Now, tan ) œ
dx 2
4 œ #" Ê cos ) œ È25 Ê cos# ) œ 4
5 . Then
d)
4
2
dt œ Š 4 16 ‹ ˆ 45 ‰ (8) œ 2
5 rad/sec.
29. The distance from the origin is s œ Èx# y# and we wish to find ds ¸
dt (5ß12)
" "Î# (5)(1)
(12)(5)
œ # a x# y # b Š2x dx
dt 2y dy
dt ‹¹ (5ß12) œ È25
144 œ 5 m/sec
30. When s represents the length of the shadow and x the distance of the man from the streetlight, then s œ 3
5 x.
(a) If I represents the distance of the tip of the shadow from the streetlight, then I œ s x Ê œ dx dt
dI
dt
ds
dt
(which is velocity not speed) Ê ¸ dI dt
¸ œ ¸ 3 dx
5 dt dx ¸
dt œ ¸ 8 ¸ ¸ dx ¸
5 dt œ 8
5 k5 k œ 8 ft/sec, the speed the tip of the
shadow is moving along the ground.
dt œ 5 dt œ 5 (5) œ 3 ft/sec, so the length of the shadow is decreasing at a rate of 3 ft/sec.
ds 3 dx 3
(b)
31. Let s œ 16t# represent the distance the ball has fallen,
h the distance between the ball and the ground, and I
the distance between the shadow and the point directly
beneath the ball. Accordingly, s h œ 50 and since
the triangle LOQ and triangle PRQ are similar we have
30 a50 16t# b
Iœ 30h
50 h Ê h œ 50 16t# and I œ 50 a50 16t# b
œ 16t#
1500
30 Ê dI
dt œ 1500
8t$ Ê
dI ¸
dt t= 12 œ 1500 ft/sec.
d) " ds
32. Let s œ distance of car from foot of perpendicular in the textbook diagram Ê tan ) œ s
13# Ê sec# ) dt œ 13# dt
#
d) cos ) ds d)
Ê dt œ 132 dt ; ds
dt œ 264 and ) œ 0 Ê dt œ 2 rad/sec. A half second later the car has traveled 132 ft
ˆ "# ‰
right of the perpendicular Ê k)k œ 14 , cos# ) œ "# , and ds
dt œ 264 (since s increases) Ê d)
dt œ 132 (264) œ 1 rad/sec.
5
33. The volume of the ice is V œ 4
3 1r$ 43 14$ Ê dV
dt œ 41r# dr
dt Ê dr ¸
dt r=6 œ 721 in./min when œ 10 in$ /min, the
dV
dt
5 ‰
thickness of the ice is decreasing at 5
721 in/min. The surface area is S œ 41r# Ê dS
dt œ 81r dr
dt Ê dS
dt
¸ œ 481 ˆ 72
r=6 1
#
œ 10
3 in /min, the outer surface area of the ice is decreasing at
10
3 in# /min.
34. Let s represent the horizontal distance between the car and plane while r is the line-of-sight distance between
the car and plane Ê 9 s# œ r# Ê ds dt œ È #
r
dt Ê dt r=5 œ È16 (160) œ 200 mph
dr ds ¸ 5
r 9
Ê speed of plane speed of car œ 200 mph Ê the speed of the car is 80 mph.
d) x# sec# ) d)
35. When x represents the length of the shadow, then tan ) œ 80
x Ê sec# ) dt œ 80
x#
dx
dt Ê dx
dt œ 80 dt .
d) 31
We are given that dt œ 0.27° œ #000 rad/min. At x œ 60, cos ) œ 3
5 Ê
# #
¸ dx
dt
¸ œ ¹ x 80sec ) ddt) ¹¹ d) 31
œ 31
16 ft/min ¸ 0.589 ft/min ¸ 7.1 in./min.
Š = dt 2000 and sec ) = 35 ‹
36. Let A represent the side opposite ) and B represent the side adjacent ). tan ) œ AB Ê sec# ) ddt) œ B" dA dt
A dB
B# dt
d) " ‰
t Ê at A œ 10 m and B œ 20 m we have cos ) œ 20 È œ È
2
and dt œ ˆ #0 ( 2) ˆ 10
400 (1) ‰
10
‘ ˆ
5
4‰
5 5
œ ˆ "
10
" ‰ ˆ4‰
40 5
"
œ 10 rad/sec œ 18°
1 /sec ¸ 6°/sec
37. Let x represent distance of the player from second base and s the distance to third base. Then dx
dt œ 16 ft/sec
# #
(a) s œ x 8100 Ê 2s ds
dt œ 2x dx
dt Ê ds
dt œ x dx
s dt . When the player is 30 ft from first base, x œ 60
32
Ê s œ 30È13 and ds
dt œ 60
30È13
(16) œ È13 ¸ 8.875 ft/sec
d)" d)"
(b) cos )" œ 90
s Ê sin )" dt œ 90
s# †
ds
dt Ê dt œ 90
s# sin )" † ds
dt œ 90
sx † ds
dt . Therefore, x œ 60 and s œ 30È13
d)" 32 8 d)# d)# 90
Ê dt œ 90
† ŠÈ ‹œ 65 rad/sec; sin )# œ 90
s Ê cos )# dt œ 90
s# †
ds
dt Ê dt œ s# cos )# † ds
dt
Š30È13‹ (60) 13
œ 90
sx † ds
dt . Therefore, x œ 60 and s œ 30È13 Ê ddt)# œ 65 8
rad/sec.
d)" d)"
(c) œ 90
s# sin )" † dt œ ˆs# † x ‰ † ˆ s ‰ † ˆ dt ‰ œ ˆ s# ‰ ˆ dt ‰ œ ˆ x#
8100 ‰ dx
ds 90 x dx 90 dx 90
dt Ê lim
dt s xÄ! dt
d)#
œ lim ˆ x#
908100 ‰ (15) œ 6" rad/sec; œ 90
s# cos )# † ds
œ Š dt œ
90 ˆ x ‰ ˆ dx ‰
s# † x ‹ s
ˆ s90
#
‰ ˆ dx ‰
xÄ! dt dt s dt
90 ‰ d)# "
œ ˆ x#
dx
Ê lim œ rad/sec
8100 dt x Ä ! dt 6
38. Let a represent the distance between point O and ship A, b the distance between point O and ship B, and
D the distance between the ships. By the Law of Cosines, D# œ a# b# 2ab cos 120°
"
Ê dD dt œ #D 2a dt 2b dt a dt b dt . When a œ 5, dt œ 14, b œ 3, and dt œ 21, then dt œ 2D
da db db da ‘ da db dD 413
where D œ 7. The ships are moving dD

dt œ 29.5 knots apart.
3.8 LINEARIZATION AND DIFFERENTIALS
1. f(x) œ x$ 2x 3 Ê f w (x) œ 3x# 2 Ê L(x) œ f w (2)(x 2) f(2) œ 10(x 2) 7 Ê L(x) œ 10x 13 at x œ 2
"Î# "Î#
2. f(x) œ Èx# 9 œ ax# 9b Ê f w (x) œ ˆ "# ‰ ax# 9b (2x) œ x
È x#
9 Ê L(x) œ f w (4)(x 4) f(4)
œ 45 (x 4) 5 Ê L(x) œ 45 x 9
5 at x œ 4
"
3. f(x) œ x x Ê f w (x) œ 1 x# Ê L(x) œ f(1) f w (1)(x 1) œ # !(x 1) œ #
" " "

4. f(x) œ x"Î$ Ê f w (x) œ $x#Î$
Ê L(x) œ f w (8)ax a8bb fa8b œ 1# (x 8) 2 Ê L(x) œ 1# x 4
3
5. f(x) œ x# 2x Ê f w (x) œ 2x 2 Ê L(x) œ f w (0)(x 0) f(0) œ 2(x 0) 0 Ê L(x) œ 2x at x œ 0
6. f(x) œ x" Ê f w (x) œ x# Ê L(x) œ f w (1)(x 1) f(1) œ (1)(x 1) 1 Ê L(x) œ x 2 at x œ 1
7. f(x) œ 2x# 4x 3 Ê f w (x) œ 4x 4 Ê L(x) œ f w (1)(x 1) f(1) œ 0(x 1) (5) Ê L(x) œ 5 at x œ 1
8. f(x) œ 1 x Ê f w (x) œ 1 Ê L(x) œ f w (8)(x 8) f(8) œ 1(x 8) 9 Ê L(x) œ x 1 at x œ 8
9. f(x) œ $Èx œ x"Î$ Ê f w (x) œ ˆ "3 ‰ x#Î$ Ê L(x) œ f w (8)(x 8) f(8) œ "
1# (x 8) 2 Ê L(x) œ "
1# x 4
3 at x œ 8
(1)(x
1) (")(x) " " "
10. f(x) œ x
x
1 Ê f w (x) œ (x
1)# œ (x
1)# Ê L(x) œ f w (1)(x 1) f(1) œ 4 (x 1) #
" "
Ê L(x) œ 4 x 4 at x œ 1
Section 3.8 Linearization and Differentials 173
11. f(x) œ sin x Ê f w (x) œ cos x

(a) L(x) œ f w (0)(x 0) f(0) œ 1(x 0) 0
Ê L(x) œ x at x œ 0
(b) L(x) œ f w (1)(x 1) f(1) œ (1)(x 1) 0
Ê L(x) œ 1 x at x œ 1
12. f(x) œ cos x Ê f w (x) œ sin x

(a) L(x) œ f w (0)(x 0) f(0) œ 0(x 0) 1
Ê L(x) œ 1 at x œ 0
(b) L(x) œ f w ˆ 1# ‰ ˆx 1# ‰ f ˆ 1# ‰
œ (1) ˆx 1# ‰ 0 Ê L(x) œ x 1
2
at x œ 1#
13. f(x) œ sec x Ê f w (x) œ sec x tan x

(a) L(x) œ f w (0)(x 0) f(0) œ 0(x 0) 1
Ê L(x) œ 1 at x œ 0
(b) L(x) œ f w ˆ 13 ‰ ˆx 13 ‰ f ˆ 13 ‰
œ 2È3 ˆx 13 ‰ 2 Ê L(x) œ 2 2È3 ˆx 13 ‰
at x œ 13
14. f(x) œ tan x Ê f w (x) œ sec# x

(a) L(x) œ f w (0)(x 0) f(0) œ 1(x 0) 0 œ x
Ê L(x) œ x at x œ 0
(b) L(x) œ f w ˆ 14 ‰ ˆx 14 ‰ f ˆ 14 ‰ œ 2 ˆx 14 ‰ 1
Ê L(x) œ 1 2 ˆx 14 ‰ at x œ 14
15. f w axb œ ka" xbk" . We have fa!b œ " and f w a!b œ k. Laxb œ fa!b f w a!bax !b œ " kax !b œ " kx
'
16. (a) faxb œ a" xb' œ " axb‘ ¸ " 'axb œ " 'x
# "
(b) faxb œ " x œ #" axb‘ ¸ #" a"baxb‘ œ # #x
"Î#
(c) faxb œ a" xb ¸ " ˆ "# ‰x œ " x#
"Î#
(d) faxb œ È" x# œ È#Š" x# ‹ ¸ È#Š" " x#
œ È#Š" x#
# # #‹ %‹
$x ‰"Î$
(e) faxb œ a% $xb"Î$ œ %"Î$ ˆ" % ¸ %"Î$ ˆ" " $x ‰
$ % œ %"Î$ ˆ" x% ‰
2Î$
" ‰2Î$
(f) faxb œ ˆ" #
x œ ’" ˆ #
" x ‰“ ¸ " $# ˆ #
" x ‰ œ " #
'
$x
17. (a) (1.0002)&! œ (1 0.0002)&! ¸ 1 50(0.0002) œ 1 .01 œ 1.01

(b) $È1.009 œ (1 0.009)"Î$ ¸ 1 ˆ " ‰ (0.009) œ 1 0.003 œ 1.003
3
18. f(x) œ Èx 1 sin x œ (x 1)"Î# sin x Ê f w (x) œ ˆ "# ‰ (x 1)"Î# cos x Ê Lf (x) œ f w (0)(x 0) f(0)
œ 3 (x 0) 1 Ê Lf (x) œ 3 x 1, the linearization of f(x); g(x) œ Èx 1 œ (x 1)"Î# Ê gw (x)
# #
œ ˆ "# ‰ (x 1)"Î# Ê Lg (x) œ gw (0)(x 0) g(0) œ "
# (x 0) 1 Ê Lg (x) œ "
# x 1, the linearization of g(x);
w w
h(x) œ sin x Ê h (x) œ cos x Ê Lh (x) œ h (0)(x 0) h(0) œ (1)(x 0) 0 Ê Lh (x) œ x, the linearization of
h(x). Lf (x) œ Lg (x) Lh (x) implies that the linearization of a sum is equal to the sum of the linearizations.
19. y œ x$ 3Èx œ x$ 3x"Î# Ê dy œ ˆ3x# #3 x"Î# ‰ dx Ê dy œ Š3x# 3

2È x
‹ dx
"Î# "Î# "Î#

20. y œ xÈ1 x# œ x a1 x# b Ê dy œ ’(1) a1 x# b (x) ˆ "# ‰ a1 x# b (2x)“ dx
"Î# a1 2x# b
œ a1 x# b ca1 x# b x# d dx œ È 1 x# dx
#
21. y œ 2x
1
x # Ê dy œ Š (2) a1
a1x
b x# b(2x)(2x)
# ‹ dx œ 2 2x#
a 1
x # b#
dx
2È x 2x"Î# x"Î# ˆ3 ˆ1
x"Î# ‰‰ 2x"Î# ˆ #3 x"Î# ‰ 3x"Î#
3 3
22. y œ 3 ˆ1
È x ‰
œ 3 a1
x"Î# b
Ê dy œ Š # ‹ dx œ # dx
9 a1
x"Î# b 9 a1
x"Î# b
"
Ê dy œ # dx
3 È x ˆ1
È x ‰
1 y
23. 2y$Î# xy x œ 0 Ê 3y"Î# dy y dx x dy dx œ 0 Ê ˆ3y"Î# x‰ dy œ (1 y) dx Ê dy œ 3 È y
x dx
24. xy# 4x$Î# y œ 0 Ê y# dx 2xy dy 6x"Î# dx dy œ 0 Ê (2xy 1) dy œ ˆ6x"Î# y# ‰ dx

6È x y#
Ê dy œ 2xy 1 dx
5 cos ˆ5Èx‰
25. y œ sin ˆ5Èx‰ œ sin ˆ5x"Î# ‰ Ê dy œ ˆcos ˆ5x"Î# ‰‰ ˆ 5# x"Î# ‰ dx Ê dy œ 2È x
dx
26. y œ cos ax# b Ê dy œ csin ax# bd (2x) dx œ 2x sin ax# b dx
$ $ $
27. y œ 4 tan Š x3 ‹ Ê dy œ 4 Šsec# Š x3 ‹‹ ax# b dx Ê dy œ 4x# sec# Š x3 ‹ dx
28. y œ sec ax# 1b Ê dy œ csec ax# 1b tan ax# 1bd (2x) dx œ 2x csec ax# 1b tan ax# 1bd dx
29. y œ 3 csc ˆ1 2Èx‰ œ 3 csc ˆ1 2x"Î# ‰ Ê dy œ 3 ˆcsc ˆ1 2x"Î# ‰‰ cot ˆ1 2x"Î# ‰ ˆx"Î# ‰ dx
Ê dy œ È3 csc ˆ1 2Èx‰ cot ˆ1 2Èx‰ dx
x
30. y œ 2 cot Š È"x ‹ œ 2 cot ˆx"Î# ‰ Ê dy œ 2 csc# ˆx"Î# ‰ ˆ #" ‰ ˆx$Î# ‰ dx Ê dy œ "
È x$ csc# Š È"x ‹ dx
31. f(x) œ x# 2x, x! œ 1, dx œ 0.1 Ê f w (x) œ 2x 2

(a) ?f œ f(x! dx) f(x! ) œ f(1.1) f(1) œ 3.41 3 œ 0.41
(b) df œ f w (x! ) dx œ [2(1) 2](0.1) œ 0.4
(c) k?f df k œ k0.41 0.4k œ 0.01
32. f(x) œ 2x# 4x 3, x! œ 1, dx œ 0.1 Ê f w (x) œ 4x 4

(a) ?f œ f(x! dx) f(x! ) œ f(.9) f(1) œ .02
(b) df œ f w (x! ) dx œ [4(1) 4](.1) œ 0
(c) k?f df k œ k.02 0k œ .02
33. f(x) œ x$ x, x! œ 1, dx œ 0.1 Ê f w (x) œ 3x# 1

(a) ?f œ f(x! dx) f(x! ) œ f(1.1) f(1) œ .231
(b) df œ f w (x! ) dx œ [3(1)# 1](.1) œ .2
(c) k?f df k œ k.231 .2k œ .031
34. f(x) œ x% , x! œ 1, dx œ 0.1 Ê f w (x) œ 4x$

(a) ?f œ f(x! dx) f(x! ) œ f(1.1) f(1) œ .4641
(b) df œ f w (x! ) dx œ 4(1)$ (.1) œ .4
(c) k?f df k œ k.4641 .4k œ .0641
35. f(x) œ x" , x! œ 0.5, dx œ 0.1 Ê f w (x) œ x#

(a) ?f œ f(x! dx) f(x! ) œ f(.6) f(.5) œ "3
" ‰
(b) df œ f w (x! ) dx œ (4) ˆ 10 œ 25
(c) k?f df k œ ¸ "3 25 ¸ œ "
15
36. f(x) œ x$ 2x 3, x! œ 2, dx œ 0.1 Ê f w (x) œ 3x# 2

(a) ?f œ f(x! dx) f(x! ) œ f(2.1) f(2) œ 1.061
(b) df œ f w (x! ) dx œ (10)(0.10) œ 1
(c) k?f df k œ k1.061 1k œ .061
37. V œ 4
3 1r$ Ê dV œ 41r!# dr 38. V œ x$ Ê dV œ 3x!# dx
39. S œ 6x# Ê dS œ 12x! dx
"Î# "Î# "Î#

40. S œ 1rÈr# h# œ 1r ar# h# b , h constant Ê dS
dr œ 1 ar# h# b 1r † r ar# h# b
1 ar#
h# b
1r# 1 a2r#!
h# b
Ê dS
dr œ È r#
h # Ê dS œ dr, h constant
Ér#!
h#
41. V œ 1r# h, height constant Ê dV œ 21r! h dr 42. S œ 21rh Ê dS œ 21r dh
43. Given r œ 2 m, dr œ .02 m

(a) A œ 1r# Ê dA œ 21r dr œ 21(2)(.02) œ .081 m#
1‰
41 (100%) œ 2%
(b) ˆ .08
"
44. C œ 21r and dC œ 2 in. Ê dC œ 21 dr Ê dr œ 1 Ê the diameter grew about 2
1 in.; A œ 1r# Ê dA œ 21r dr
œ 21(5) ˆ 1" ‰ œ 10 in.#
45. The volume of a cylinder is V œ 1r# h. When h is held fixed, we have dV

dr œ #1rh, and so dV œ #1rh dr. For h œ $! in.,
r œ ' in., and dr œ !Þ& in., the volume of the material in the shell is approximately dV œ #1rh dr œ #1a'ba$!ba!Þ&b
œ ")!1 ¸ &'&Þ& in$ .
46. Let ) œ angle of elevation and h œ height of building. Then h œ $!tan ), so dh œ $!sec# ) d). We want ldhl !Þ!%h,
which gives: l$!sec# ) d)l !Þ!%l$!tan )l Ê cos"# ) ld)l !Þ!% sin ) &1 &1
cos ) Ê ld)l !Þ!%sin ) cos ) Ê ld)l !Þ!%sin "# cos "#
œ !Þ!" radian. The angle should be measured with an error of less than !Þ!" radian (or approximatley !Þ&( degrees),
which is a percentage error of approximately !Þ('%.
(1) a1h$ b (1) a1h$ b

47. V œ 1h$ Ê dV œ 31h# dh; recall that ?V ¸ dV. Then k?Vk Ÿ (1%)(V) œ 100 Ê kdVk Ÿ 100
(1) a1h$ b "
Ê k31h# dhk Ÿ 100 Ê kdhk Ÿ 300 h œ ˆ "3 %‰ h. Therefore the greatest tolerated error in the measurement
"
of h is 3 %.
# 1D#i h 51D#i
48. (a) Let Di represent the inside diameter. Then V œ 1r# h œ 1 ˆ D#i ‰ h œ 4 and h œ 10 Ê V œ # Ê
" ‰ 51D#i 1 D#
dV œ 51Di dDi . Recall that ?V ¸ dV. We want k?Vk Ÿ (1%)(V) Ê kdVk Ÿ ˆ 100 Š # ‹ œ 40i
1D#i
Ê 51Di dDi Ÿ 40 Ê dDi
Di Ÿ 200. The inside diameter must be measured to within 0.5%.
(b) Let De represent the exterior diameter, h the height and S the area of the painted surface. S œ 1De h Ê dS œ 1hdDe
Ê dSS œ De . Thus for small changes in exterior diameter, the approximate percentage change in the exterior diameter
dDe
is equal to the approximate percentage change in the area painted, and to estimate the amount of paint required to
within 5%, the tanks's exterior diameter must be measured to within 5%.
" 1 r# h
49. V œ 1r# h, h is constant Ê dV œ 21rh dr; recall that ?V ¸ dV. We want k?Vk Ÿ 1000 V Ê kdVk Ÿ 1000
1r# h
Ê k21rh drk Ÿ 1000 Ê kdrk Ÿ r
#000 œ (.05%)r Ê a .05% variation in the radius can be tolerated.
50. Volume œ (x ?x)$ œ x$ 3x# (?x) 3x(?x)# (?x)$
b dg
Š ‹ #
(5.2)#
51. W œ a b
g œ a bg" Ê dW œ bg# dg œ bgdg
# Ê dWmoon
dWearth œ b dg œ ˆ 5.2
32 ‰
œ 37.87, so a change of
Š # ‹
(32)
gravity on the moon has about 38 times the effect that a change of the same magnitude has on Earth.
"Î#
52. (a) T œ 21 Š Lg ‹ Ê dT œ 21ÈL ˆ "# g$Î# ‰ dg œ 1ÈL g$Î# dg
(b) If g increases, then dg 0 Ê dT 0. The period T decreases and the clock ticks more frequently. Both
the pendulum speed and clock speed increase.
(c) 0.001 œ 1È100 ˆ980$Î# ‰ dg Ê dg ¸ 0.977 cm/sec# Ê the new g ¸ 979 cm/sec#
53. The error in measurement dx œ (1%)(10) œ 0.1 cm; V œ x$ Ê dV œ 3x# dx œ 3(10)# (0.1) œ 30 cm$ Ê the
30 ‰
percentage error in the volume calculation is ˆ 1000 (100%) œ 3%
2s# s# s# s#
54. A œ s# Ê dA œ 2s ds; recall that ?A ¸ dA. Then k?Ak Ÿ (2%)A œ 100 œ 50 Ê kdAk Ÿ 50 Ê k2s dsk Ÿ 50
s#
Ê kdsk Ÿ (2s)(50) œ s
100 œ (1%) s Ê the error must be no more than 1% of the true value.
$ 1 D$ 1 1 10% 1
55. Given D œ 100 cm, dD œ 1 cm, V œ 4
3 1 ˆ D# ‰ œ 6 Ê dV œ # D# dD œ # (100)# (1) œ # . Then dV
V (100%)
10% 1 10' 1
#
œ” #
10' 1 • a10 %b œ ”
#
10' 1 • % œ 3%
6 6
$ 1 D$ 1 D# 3 ‰ 1D $
56. V œ 4
3 1 r$ œ 4
3 1 ˆ D# ‰ œ 6 Ê dV œ # dD; recall that ?V ¸ dV. Then k?Vk Ÿ (3%)V œ ˆ 100 Š 6 ‹
1 D$ 1 D$ #
1 D$
œ 200 Ê kdVk Ÿ 200 Ê ¹ 1D# dD¹ Ÿ #00 Ê kdDk Ÿ D
100 œ (1%) D Ê the allowable percentage error in
measuring the diameter is 1%.
32t# 16t# " ‰

57. A 5% error in measuring t Ê dt œ (5%)t œ t
20 . Then s œ 16t# Ê ds œ 32t dt œ 32t ˆ 20t ‰ œ 20 œ 10 œ ˆ 10 s
œ (10%)s Ê a 10% error in the calculation of s.
58. From Example 8 we have dV

V œ4 dr
r . An increase of 12.5% in r will give a 50% increase in V.
È1
x È1
0
59. lim 1
x# œ 1
#0
œ1 60. lim tan x
œ lim ˆ sinx x ‰ ˆ cos" x ‰ œ (1)(1) œ 1
xÄ0 xÄ0 x xÄ0
61. E(x) œ f(x) g(x) Ê E(x) œ f(x) m(x a) c. Then E(a) œ 0 Ê f(a) m(a a) c œ 0 Ê c œ f(a). Next
f(x) m(x a) c
we calculate m: xlim
Äa
œ 0 Ê xlim Äa
E(x)
xa xa œ 0 Ê xlim
Äa
’ f(x)x
a m“ œ 0 (since c œ f(a))
f(a)
Ê f w (a) m œ 0 Ê m œ f w (a). Therefore, g(x) œ m(x a) c œ f w (a)(x a) f(a) is the linear approximation,
as claimed.
62. (a) i. Qaab œ faab implies that b! œ faab.

ii. Since Qw axb œ b" #b# ax ab, Qw aab œ f w aab implies that b" œ f w aab.
ww
iii. Since Qww axb œ #b# , Qww aab œ f ww aab implies that b" œ f aa b
# .
ww
In summary, b! œ faab, b" œ f w aab, and b" œ f aa b

# .
(b) faxb œ a" xb"
f w axb œ "a" xb# a"b œ a" xb#
f ww axb œ #a" xb$ a"b œ #a" xb$
#
Since fa!b œ ", f w a!b œ ", and f ww a!b œ #, the coefficients are b! œ ", b" œ ", b# œ # œ ". The quadratic
#
approximation is Qaxb œ " x x .
(c) As one zooms in, the two graphs quickly become
indistinguishable. They appear to be identical.
(d) gaxb œ x"

gw axb œ "x#
gww axb œ #x$
#
Since ga"b œ ", gw a"b œ ", and gww a"b œ # , the coefficients are b! œ ", b" œ ", b# œ # œ ". The quadratic
approximation is Qaxb œ " ax "b ax "b# .

As one zooms in, the two graphs quickly become
(e) haxb œ a" xb"Î#

hw axb œ "# a" xb"Î#
hww axb œ "% a" xb$Î#
"%
Since ha!b œ ", hw a!b œ "# , and hww a!b œ "% , the coefficients are b! œ ", b" œ "# , b# œ 2 œ "8 . The quadratic
#
approximation is Qaxb œ " x
# x
8 .
As one zooms in, the two graphs quickly become
(f) The linearization of any differentiable function uaxb at x œ a is Laxb œ uaab uw aabax ab œ b! b" ax ab, where
b! and b" are the coefficients of the constant and linear terms of the quadratic approximation. Thus, the linearization
for faxb at x œ ! is " x; the linearization for gaxb at x œ " is " ax "b or # x; and the linearization for haxb at
x œ ! is " x# .
63. (a) x œ 1
(b) x œ 1; m œ 2.5, e1 ¸ 2.7 x œ 0; m œ 1, e0 œ 1 x œ 1; m œ 0.3, e1 ¸ 0.4

64. If f has a horizontal tangent at x œ a, then f w (a) œ 0 and the linearization of f at x œ a is

L(x) œ f(a) f w (a)(x a) œ f(a) 0 † (x a) œ f(a). The linearization is a constant.
v# v# v# m!# m!#
65. Find lvl when m œ "Þ!"m! . m œ m!
#
Ê mÉ" c# œ m! Ê É" c# œ m!
m Ê" c# œ m# Ê v# œ c# Š" m# ‹
É" v#
c
"Î#
m#! m#! #m# c m#!
Ê lvl œ cÉ" m# Ê dv œ c † "# Š" m# ‹ Š m$! ‹dm, dm œ !Þ!"m! Ê dv œ m! ‰
ˆ "!! . mœ "!"
"!! m! ,
m#
!
m$ Ê"
m#
c†m# 1!!!
dv œ Í !
m! ‰
ˆ "!! œ ¸ 0.69c. Body at rest Ê v! œ ! and v œ v! dv
"!"$
Í m# "!!#
m3! Í" ! "!"$ Ê"
"!!$ "!"# m# "!"#
Ì "!!# !
Ê v œ 0.69c.
66. (a) The successive square roots of 2 appear to converge to the number 1. For tenth roots the convergence is more rapid.
(b) Successive square roots of 0.5 also converge to 1. In fact, successive square roots of any positive number converge
to 1.
A graph indicates what is going on:
Starting on the line y œ x, the succesSive square roots are found by moving to the graph of y œ Èx and then across to
the line y œ x again. From any positive starting value x, the iterates converge to 1.
67-70. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
with(plots):
a:= 1: f:=x -> x • 3 x • 2 2*x;
plot(f(x), x=1..2);
diff(f(x),x);
fp := unapply (ww ,x);
L:=x -> f(a) fp(a)*(x a);
plot({f(x), L(x)}, x=1..2);
err:=x -> abs(f(x) L(x));
plot(err(x), x=1..2, title = #absolute error function#);
err(1);
Mathematica: (function, x1, x2, and a may vary):
Clear[f, x]
{x1, x2} = {1, 2}; a = 1;
f[x_]:=x3 x2 2x
Plot[f[x], {x, x1, x2}]
lin[x_]=f[a] f'[a](x a)
Plot[{f[x], lin[x]}, {x, x1, x2}]
err[x_]=Abs[f[x] lin[x]]
Plot[err[x], {x, x1,x 2}]

err//N
After reviewing the error function, plot the error function and epsilon for differing values of epsilon (eps) and delta (del)
eps = 0.5; del = 0.4
Plot[{err[x], eps},{x, a del, a del}]
CHAPTER 3 PRACTICE EXERCISES
1. y œ x& 0.125x# 0.25x Ê dy

dx œ 5x% 0.25x 0.25
2. y œ 3 0.7x$ 0.3x( Ê dy
dx œ 2.1x# 2.1x'
3. y œ x$ 3 ax# 1# b Ê dy
dx œ 3x# 3(2x 0) œ 3x# 6x œ 3x(x 2)
"
4. y œ x( È7x 1
1 Ê dy
dx œ 7x' È7
5. y œ (x 1)# ax# 2xb Ê dy

dx œ (x 1)# (2x 2) ax# 2xb (2(x 1)) œ 2(x 1) c(x 1)# x(x 2)d
#
œ 2(x 1) a2x 4x 1b
6. y œ (2x 5)(4 x)" Ê dy

dx œ (2x 5)(1)(4 x)# (1) (4 x)" (2) œ (4 x)# c(2x 5) 2(4 x)d
#
œ 3(4 x)
$ #
7. y œ a)# sec ) 1b Ê dy
d) œ 3 a)# sec ) 1b (2) sec ) tan ))
#
csc ) )# csc ) )# ˆ csc ) cot ) )#
8. y œ Š1 # 4‹ Ê dy
d) œ 2 Š1 # 4‹ # #) ‰ œ Š1 csc )
# 4 ‹ (csc ) cot ) ))
" "
Èt ˆ1
Èt‰† Èt Èt Š #Èt ‹ ˆ1
Èt‰ Èt "
9. s œ 1
Èt
Ê ds
dt œ #
# œ # œ #
ˆ1
Èt‰ 2Èt ˆ1
Èt‰ #Èt ˆ1
Èt‰
"
"
ˆÈt 1‰ (0) 1 Š Èt ‹ "
10. s œ Èt 1 Ê ds
dt œ #
#
œ #
ˆÈ t 1 ‰ 2 È t ˆÈ t 1 ‰
11. y œ 2 tan# x sec# x Ê dy

dx œ (4 tan x) asec# xb (2 sec x)(sec x tan x) œ 2 sec# x tan x
"
12. y œ sin# x 2
sin x œ csc# x 2 csc x Ê dy
dx œ (2 csc x)(csc x cot x) 2( csc x cot x) œ (2 csc x cot x)(1 csc x)
13. s œ cos% (1 2t) Ê ds

dt œ 4 cos$ (1 2t)(sin (1 2t))(2) œ 8 cos$ (1 2t) sin (1 2t)
14. s œ cot$ ˆ 2t ‰ Ê ds
dt œ 3 cot# ˆ 2t ‰ ˆcsc# ˆ 2t ‰‰ ˆ t#2 ‰ œ 6
t# cot# ˆ 2t ‰ csc# ˆ 2t ‰
15. s œ (sec t tan t)& Ê ds

dt œ 5(sec t tan t)% asec t tan t sec# tb œ 5(sec t)(sec t tan t)&
16. s œ csc& a1 t 3t# b Ê ds

dt œ 5 csc% a1 t 3t# b acsc a1 t 3t# b cot a1 t 3t# bb (1 6t)
œ 5(6t 1) csc a1 t 3t# b cot a1 t 3t# b
&
" ) cos )
sin )
17. r œ È2) sin ) œ (2) sin ))"Î# Ê dr
d) œ # (2) sin ))"Î# (#) cos ) 2 sin )) œ È2) sin )
Chapter 3 Practice Exercises 181
18. r œ 2)Ècos ) œ 2) (cos ))"Î# Ê dr

d) œ 2) ˆ "# ‰ (cos ))"Î# (sin )) 2(cos ))"Î# œ ) sin )
Ècos ) 2Ècos )
2 cos ) ) sin )
œ Ècos )
cos È2)
19. r œ sin È2) œ sin (2))"Î# Ê dr
d) œ cos (2))"Î# ˆ "# (2))"Î# (2)‰ œ È 2)
" 2È)
"
1
20. r œ sin Š) È) 1‹ Ê dr
d) œ cos Š) È) 1‹ Š1 2È )
1
‹ œ #È )
"
cos Š) È) 1‹
" "
21. y œ # x# csc 2
x Ê dy
dx œ # x# ˆcsc 2
x cot x2 ‰ ˆ x#2 ‰ ˆcsc x2 ‰ ˆ "# † 2x‰ œ csc 2
x cot 2
x x csc 2
x
" sin Èx
22. y œ 2Èx sin Èx Ê dy
dx œ 2Èx ˆcos Èx‰ Š 2È x
‹ ˆsin Èx‰ Š 2È
2
x
‹ œ cos Èx Èx
23. y œ x"Î# sec (2x)# Ê dx œ x

dy "Î#
sec (2x)# tan (2x)# (2(2x) † 2) sec (2x)# ˆ "# x$Î# ‰
œ 8x"Î# sec (2x)# tan (2x)# "# x$Î# sec (2x)# œ "# x"Î# sec (2x)# c16 tan (2x)# x# d or #x"$Î# seca#xb2 16x# tana2xb# "‘
24. y œ Èx csc (x 1)$ œ x"Î# csc (x 1)$

Ê dy
dx œ x"Î# acsc (x 1)$ cot (x 1)$ b a3(x 1)# b csc (x 1)$ ˆ "# x"Î# ‰
csc (x
1)$ " Èx csc (x 1)$ x" 6(x 1)# cot (x 1)$ ‘
œ 3Èx (x 1)# csc (x 1)$ cot (x 1)$ 2È x
œ #
"
or #È x
csc(x 1)$ c1 6x(x 1)# cot (x 1)$ d
25. y œ 5 cot x# Ê dy
dx œ 5 acsc# x# b (2x) œ 10x csc# ax# b
26. y œ x# cot 5x Ê dy
dx œ x# acsc# 5xb (5) (cot 5x)(2x) œ 5x# csc# 5x 2x cot 5x
27. y œ x# sin# a2x# b Ê dy

dx œ x# a2 sin a2x# bb acos a2x# bb (4x) sin# a2x# b (2x) œ 8x$ sin a2x# b cos a2x# b 2x sin# a2x# b
28. y œ x# sin# ax$ b Ê dy

dx œ x# a2 sin ax$ bb acos ax$ bb a3x# b sin# ax$ b a2x$ b œ 6 sin ax$ b cos ax$ b 2x$ sin# ax$ b
# $ $
29. s œ ˆ t
4t 1 ‰ Ê ds
dt œ 2 ˆ t
4t 1 ‰ Š (t
1)(4) (4t)(1)
(t
1)# ‹ œ 2 ˆ t
4t 1 ‰ 4
(t
1)# œ (t 8t
$1)
" " "

30. s œ 15(15t 1)$ œ 15 (15t 1)$ Ê ds
dt œ 15 (3)(15t 1)% (15) œ 3
(15t 1)%
Èx # Èx
"
(x
1) Š #È ‹ ˆÈx‰ (1) (x
1) 2x 1x
31. y œ Š x
1 ‹ Ê dy
dx œ 2 Šx
1‹ † x
(x
1)# œ (x
1)$ œ (x
1)$
2È x # 2È x ˆ2Èx
1‰ Š È" ‹ ˆ2Èx‰ Š È" ‹ 4Èx Š È"x ‹
32. y œ Š 2Èx
1 ‹ Ê dy
dx œ 2 Š 2È x
1 ‹ x
ˆ2 È x
1 ‰ #
x
œ ˆ2 È x
1 ‰$
œ 4
ˆ2 È x
1 ‰$
"Î#
#
33. y œ É x x
# x œ ˆ1 "x ‰ Ê dy
œ "
#
ˆ1 "x ‰"Î# ˆ x"# ‰ œ "
dx "
#x # É 1
x
"Î# "Î#
34. y œ 4xÉx Èx œ 4x ˆx x"Î# ‰ Ê dy
dx œ 4x ˆ "# ‰ ˆx x"Î# ‰ ˆ1 "# x"Î# ‰ ˆx x"Î# ‰"Î# (4)
"Î# " "Î# 6x
5Èx
œ ˆx Èx‰ ’2x Š1 #È x
‹ 4 ˆx Èx‰“ œ ˆx Èx‰ ˆ2x Èx 4x 4Èx‰ œ
É x
Èx
#
35. r œ ˆ cossin) ) 1 ‰ Ê dr
d) œ 2 ˆ cossin) ) 1 ‰ ’ (cos ) 1)(cos )) (sin ))(sin ))
(cos ) 1)# “
#
) cos )
sin# ) (2 sin )) (1 cos ))
œ 2 ˆ cossin) ) " ‰ Š cos (cos ) ")# ‹ œ (cos ) 1)$ œ 2 sin )
(cos ) ")#
#
1 ‰ (1 cos ))(cos )) (sin )
")(sin ))
36. r œ ˆ 1sin )cos

1 ‰
) Ê dr
d) œ 2 ˆ 1sin )cos ) ’ (1 cos ))# “
2(sin )
") 2(sin )
1)(cos ) sin ) 1)
œ (1 cos ))$ acos ) cos# ) sin# ) sin )b œ (1 c os ))$
37. y œ (2x 1) È2x 1 œ (2x 1)$Î# Ê dy

dx œ 3
# (2x 1)"Î# (2) œ 3È2x 1
" ‰
38. y œ 20(3x 4)"Î% (3x 4)"Î& œ 20(3x 4)"Î#! Ê dy
dx œ 20 ˆ 20 (3x 4)"*Î#! (3) œ 3
(3x 4)"*Î#!
$Î# &Î# 9(5x

cos 2x)
39. y œ 3 a5x# sin 2xb Ê dy
œ 3 ˆ 3# ‰ a5x# sin 2xb [10x (cos 2x)(2)] œ
dx a5x#
sin 2xb&Î#
"Î$ %Î$ 3 cos# 3x sin 3x

40. y œ a3 cos$ 3xb Ê dy
œ "3 a3 cos$ 3xb a3 cos# 3xb (sin 3x)(3) œ
dx a3
cos$ 3xb%Î$
41. xy 2x 3y œ 1 Ê axyw yb 2 3yw œ 0 Ê xyw 3yw œ 2 y Ê yw (x 3) œ 2 y Ê yw œ yx

3
2
42. x# xy y# 5x œ 2 Ê 2x Šx dy
dx y‹ 2y dy
dx &œ! Ê x dy
dx 2y dy
dx œ 5 2x y Ê dy
dx (x 2y)
5 2x y
œ 5 2x y Ê dy
dx œ x
2y
43. x$ 4xy 3y%Î$ œ 2x Ê 3x# Š4x dy

dx 4y‹ 4y"Î$ dy
dx œ 2 Ê 4x dy
dx 4y"Î$ dy
dx œ 2 3x# 4y
ˆ4x 4y"Î$ ‰ œ 2 3x# 4y Ê 2 3x# 4y
Ê dy
dx
dy
dx œ 4x 4y"Î$
44. 5x%Î& 10y'Î& œ 15 Ê 4x"Î& 12y"Î& dy

dx œ 0 Ê 12y"Î& dy
dx œ 4x"Î& Ê dy
dx œ "3 x"Î& y"Î& œ 3(xy)
"
"Î&
"
45. (xy)"Î# œ 1 Ê # (xy)"Î# Šx dy
dx y‹ œ 0 Ê x"Î# y"Î# dy
dx œ x"Î# y"Î# Ê dy
dx œ x" y Ê dy
dx œ yx
46. x# y# œ 1 Ê x# Š2y dy
dx ‹ y# (2x) œ 0 Ê 2x# y dy
dx œ 2xy# Ê dy
dx œ yx
(x
1)(1) (x)(1) "
47. y# œ x
x
1 Ê 2y dy
dx œ (x
1)# Ê dy
dx œ #y(x
1)#
"Î# (1 x)(1) (1
x)Ð")
48. y# œ ˆ 11
x
x‰
Ê y% œ "
x
1x Ê 4y$ dy
dx œ (" x)# Ê dy
dx œ "
2y$ (1 x)#
49. p$ 4pq 3q# œ 2 Ê 3p# dp

dq 4 Šp q dp
dq ‹ 6q œ 0 Ê 3p# dp
dq 4q dp
dq œ 6q 4p Ê dp
dq a3p# 4qb œ 6q 4p
6q 4p
Ê dp
dq œ 3p#
4q
$Î# &Î# &Î#

50. q œ a5p# 2pb Ê 1 œ 3# a5p# 2pb Š10p dp
dq 2 dp
dq ‹ Ê 23 a5p# 2pb œ dp
dq (10p 2)
# &Î#
Ê dp
dq œ a5p3(5p

2p1)b
51. r cos 2s sin# s œ 1 Ê r(sin 2s)(2) (cos 2s) ˆ ds

dr ‰
2 sin s cos s œ 0 Ê dr
ds (cos 2s) œ 2r sin 2s 2 sin s cos s
2r sin 2s sin 2s (2r 1)(sin 2s)
Ê dr
ds œ cos 2s œ cos 2s œ (2r 1)(tan 2s)
" 2s 2r
52. 2rs r s s# œ 3 Ê 2 ˆr s dr ‰
ds dr
ds 1 2s œ 0 Ê dr
ds (2s 1) œ 1 2s 2r Ê dr
ds œ 2s 1
dy
# d# y y# (2x) ax# b Š2y dx ‹
53. (a) x$ y$ œ 1 Ê 3x# 3y# dy
dx œ0 Ê dy
dx œ xy# Ê dx# œ y%
x# 2x%
d# y 2xy#
a2yx# b Š ‹ 2xy# 2xy$ 2x%
y#
Ê dx# œ y%
œ y%
y
œ y&
" " d# y #
(b) y# œ 1 2
x Ê 2y dy
dx œ 2
x# Ê dy
dx œ yx# Ê dy
dx œ ayx# b Ê dx# œ ayx# b ’y(2x) x# dy
dx “
"
d# y 2xy x# Š ‹ 2xy# 1
yx#
Ê dx# œ y# x%
œ y$ x%
54. (a) x# y# œ 1 Ê 2x 2y dy
dx œ 0 Ê 2y dy
dx œ 2x Ê dy
dx œ x
y
d# y y(1) x
dy y x Š xy ‹ y# x# "
(b) dy
dx œ x
y Ê dx# œ y#
dx
œ y# œ y$ œ y$ (since y# x# œ 1)
55. (a) Let h(x) œ 6f(x) g(x) Ê hw (x) œ 6f w (x) gw (x) Ê hw (1) œ 6f w (1) gw (1) œ 6 ˆ "# ‰ a%b œ (
(b) Let h(x) œ f(x)g# (x) Ê hw (x) œ f(x) a#g(x)b gw (x) g# (x)f w (x) Ê hw (0) œ #f(0)g(0)gw (0) g# (0)f w (0)
œ #(1)(1) ˆ "# ‰ (1)# ($) œ #
(g(x)
1)f (x) f(x)g (x) (g(1)
")f (1) f(1)g (1)
Ê hw (x) œ Ê hw (1) œ
w w w w
(c) Let h(x) œ f(x)

g(x)
1 (g(x)
1) #
(g(1)
1) #
(&
1) ˆ "# ‰ 3 a%b &
œ (&
1)# œ "#
(d) Let h(x) œ f(g(x)) Ê hw (x) œ f w (g(x))gw (x) Ê hw (0) œ f w (g(0))gw (0) œ f w (1) ˆ "# ‰ œ ˆ "# ‰ ˆ "# ‰ œ "
%
(e) Let h(x) œ g(f(x)) Ê hw (x) œ gw (f(x))f w (x) Ê hw (0) œ gw (f(0))f w (0) œ gw (1)f w (0) œ a%b ($) œ "#
(f) Let h(x) œ (x f(x))$Î# Ê hw (x) œ 3# (x f(x))"Î# a1 f w (x)b Ê hw (1) œ 3# (1 f(1))"Î# a1 f w (1)b
œ 3# (1 3)"Î# ˆ1 "# ‰ œ *#
(g) Let h(x) œ f(x g(x)) Ê hw (x) œ f w (x g(x)) a1 gw (x)b Ê hw (0) œ f w (g(0)) a1 gw (0)b
œ f w (1) ˆ1 "# ‰ œ ˆ "# ‰ ˆ $# ‰ œ $%
" "
56. (a) Let h(x) œ Èx f(x) Ê hw (x) œ Èx f w (x) f(x) † #È x
Ê hw (1) œ È1 f w (1) f(1) † œ 5" (3) ˆ #" ‰ œ 13
#È 1 10
" " "
(b) Let h(x) œ (f(x))"Î# Ê hw (x) œ # (f(x))"Î# af w (x)b Ê hw (0) œ # (f(0))"Î# f w (0) œ # (9)
"Î#
(2) œ 3"
" " " " "
(c) Let h(x) œ f ˆÈx‰ Ê hw (x) œ f w ˆÈx‰ † #È x
Ê hw (1) œ f w ŠÈ1‹ † #È 1
œ 5 † # œ 10
(d) Let h(x) œ f(1 5 tan x) Ê hw (x) œ f w (1 5 tan x) a5 sec# xb Ê h (0) œ f w (1 5 tan 0) a5 sec# 0b w
œ f w (1)(5) œ "5 (5) œ 1

(2
cos x)f (x) f(x)(sin x)
Ê hw (x) œ Ê hw (0) œ (2
1)f(2(0) f(0)(0)
œ 3(9 2) œ
w w
(e) Let h(x) œ f(x)

2
cos x (2
cos x)
1)# #
32
(f) Let h(x) œ 10 sin ˆ 1#x ‰ f # (x) Ê hw (x) œ 10 sin ˆ 1#x ‰ a2f(x)f w (x)b f # (x) ˆ10 cos ˆ 1#x ‰‰ ˆ 1# ‰
Ê hw (1) œ 10 sin ˆ 1# ‰ a2f(1)f w (1)b f # (1) ˆ10 cos ˆ 1# ‰‰ ˆ 1# ‰ œ 20(3) ˆ "5 ‰ ! œ 12
57. x œ t# 1 Ê dx
dt œ 2t; y œ 3 sin 2x Ê dy
dx œ 3(cos 2x)(2) œ 6 cos 2x œ 6 cos a2t# 21b œ 6 cos a2t# b ; thus,
dy
dt œ dy
dx † dx
dt œ 6 cos a2t# b † 2t Ê dy
dt ¹ t=0 œ 6 cos (0) † 0 œ 0
"Î$ " #Î$ #Î$

58. t œ au# 2ub Ê dt
du œ 3 au# 2ub (2u 2) œ 2
3 au
#
2ub (u 1); s œ t# 5t Ê ds
dt œ 2t 5
"Î$ "Î$ #Î$
œ 2 au# 2ub 5; thus ds
du œ ds
dt † dt
du œ ’2 au# 2ub 5“ ˆ 32 ‰ au# 2ub (u 1)
"Î$ #Î$
Ê ds ¸
du u=2 œ ’2 a2# 2(2)b 5“ ˆ 23 ‰ a2# 2(2)b (2 1) œ 2 ˆ2 † 8"Î$ 5‰ ˆ8#Î$ ‰ œ 2(2 † 2 5) ˆ 4" ‰ œ 9
#
59. r œ 8 sin ˆs 16 ‰ Ê dr
ds œ 8 cos ˆs 16 ‰ ; w œ sin ˆÈr 2‰ Ê dw
dr
"
œ cos ˆÈr 2‰ Š #È r
‹
cos É8 sin ˆs 16 ‰ 2 cos ŠÉ8 sin ˆs 16 ‰ 2‹
œ ; thus, dw
œ dw
† dr
œ † 8 cos ˆs 16 ‰‘
2É8 sin ˆs 16 ‰ ds dr ds
# É8 sinˆ s 16 ‰
cos ŠÉ8 sin ˆ 16 ‰ 2‹†8 cos ˆ 16 ‰ (cos 0)(8) Š

È3 ‹
#
Ê dw ¸
œ œ œ È3
ds s=0
2É8 sin ˆ 16 ‰ 2È4
d ) ‰‰ d) d) d) ) # "Î$
60. )# t ) œ 1 Ê ˆ)# t ˆ2) dt dt œ0 Ê dt (2)t 1) œ )# Ê dt œ 2)t
1 ; r œ a)# 7b
" # #Î$ #Î$ d) ¸ 1
Ê d) œ 3 a) 7b
dr
(2)) œ 32 ) a)# 7b ; now t œ 0 and )# t ) œ 1 Ê ) œ 1 so that dt t=0, )=1 œ 1 œ 1
and d) )=1 œ 3 (1 7)
dr ¸ 2 #Î$
œ 6 Ê dt t=0 œ d) t=0 † ddt) ¸ t=0
" dr ¸ dr ¸
œ ˆ 6" ‰ (1) œ "
6
2 sin x
61. y$ y œ 2 cos x Ê 3y# dy
dx dy
dx œ 2 sin x Ê dy
dx a3y# 1b œ 2 sin x Ê dy
dx œ 3y#
1 Ê dy
dx ¹ (0ß1)
2 sin (0) d# y a3y#

1b (2 cos x) (2 sin x) Š6y dy
dx ‹
œ 3
1 œ 0; dx# œ a3y#
1b #
d# y (3
1)(2 cos 0) (2 sin 0)(6†0)
Ê dx# ¹ (0ß1) œ (3
1)# œ #"
#Î$
" y#Î$
62. x"Î$ y"Î$ œ 4 Ê 3 x#Î$ 3" y#Î$ dy
dx œ0 Ê dy
dx œ yx#Î$ Ê dy
dx ¹ (8ß8) œ 1; dy
dx œ x#Î$
ˆx#Î$ ‰ Š 23 y"Î$ dy ˆ #Î$ ‰ ˆ 23

dx ‹ y x"Î$ ‰ ˆ8#Î$ ‰ 23 †8"Î$ †(1)‘
ˆ8#Î$ ‰ ˆ 23 †8"Î$ ‰
d# y d# y
Ê dx# œ #Î$ # Ê dx# ¹ (8ß8) œ 8%Î$
ax b
"

"3 2
"
œ 3
8#Î$
œ 3
4 œ 6
"
" " f(t
h) f(t) " 2t
1 (2t
2h
1)
63. f(t) œ 2t
1 and f(t h) œ #(t
h)
1 Ê h œ #(th)1h #t1 œ (2t
2h
1)(2t
1)h
2h 2 f(t
h) f(t)
œ w
(2t
2h
1)(2t
1)h œ (2t
2h
1)(2t
1) Ê f (t) œ hlim h œ lim (2t
2h
21)(#t
1)
Ä! hÄ!
#
œ (2t
1)#
g(x
h) g(x)
64. g(x) œ 2x# 1 and g(x h) œ 2(x h)# 1 œ 2x# 4xh 2h# 1 Ê h
a2x#
4xh
2h#
1b a2x#
1b 4xh
2h# g(x
h) g(x)
œ h œ h œ 4x 2h Ê gw (x) œ lim h œ lim (4x 2h)
hÄ! hÄ!
œ 4x
65. (a)
(b) lim f(x) œ lim c x# œ 0 and lim b f(x) œ lim b x# œ 0 Ê lim f(x) œ 0. Since lim f(x) œ 0 œ f(0) it
x Ä !c xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
follows that f is continuous at x œ 0.
(c) lim c f w (x) œ lim c (2x) œ 0 and lim b f w (x) œ lim b (2x) œ 0 Ê lim f w (x) œ 0. Since this limit exists, it
xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
follows that f is differentiable at x œ 0.
66. (a)
(b) lim f(x) œ lim c x œ 0 and lim b f(x) œ lim b tan x œ 0 Ê lim f(x) œ 0. Since lim f(x) œ 0 œ f(0), it
(c) lim c f w (x) œ lim c 1 œ 1 and lim b f w (x) œ lim b sec# x œ 1 Ê lim f w (x) œ 1. Since this limit exists it
xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
follows that f is differentiable at x œ 0.
67. (a)
(b) lim f(x) œ lim c x œ 1 and lim b f(x) œ lim b (2 x) œ 1 Ê lim f(x) œ 1. Since lim f(x) œ 1 œ f(1), it
x Ä "c xÄ" xÄ" xÄ" xÄ" xÄ"
(c) lim c f w (x) œ lim c 1 œ 1 and lim b f w (x) œ lim b 1 œ 1 Ê lim c f w (x) Á lim b f w (x), so lim f w (x) does
xÄ" xÄ" xÄ" xÄ" xÄ" xÄ" xÄ1
not exist Ê f is not differentiable at x œ 1.
68. (a) lim f(x) œ lim c sin 2x œ 0 and lim b f(x) œ lim b mx œ 0 Ê lim f(x) œ 0, independent of m; since
x Ä !c xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
f(0) œ 0 œ lim f(x) it follows that f is continuous at x œ 0 for all values of m.
xÄ!
(b) lim f w (x) œ lim c (sin 2x)w œ lim c 2 cos 2x œ 2 and lim b f w (x) œ lim b (mx)w œ lim b m œ m Ê f is
differentiable at x œ 0 provided that lim c f w (x) œ lim b f w (x) Ê m œ 2.
xÄ! xÄ!
" " "

69. y œ x
# #x 4 œ # x (2x 4)" Ê dy
dx œ # 2(2x 4)# ; the slope of the tangent is 3# Ê 3#
" # "
œ # 2(2x 4) Ê 2 œ 2(2x 4)# Ê 1 œ (2x 4)# Ê (2x 4)# œ 1 Ê 4x# 16x 16 œ 1
Ê 4x# 16x 15 œ 0 Ê (2x 5)(2x 3) œ 0 Ê x œ 5
# or x œ 3
# Ê ˆ 5# ß 94 ‰ and ˆ 3# ß "4 ‰ are points on the
curve where the slope is . 3
#
" " " " "

70. y œ x 2x Ê dy
dx œ1 2
(2x)# œ1 #x# ; the slope of the tangent is 3 Ê 3 œ 1 #x# Ê 2œ #x # Ê x# œ 4
"
Ê xœ „ # Ê ˆ "# ß "# ‰ and ˆ " "‰
# ß # are points on the curve where the slope is 3.
71. y œ 2x$ 3x# 12x 20 Ê dy

dx œ 6x# 6x 12; the tangent is parallel to the x-axis when dy
dx œ0
# #
Ê 6x 6x 12 œ 0 Ê x x 2 œ 0 Ê (x 2)(x 1) œ 0 Ê x œ 2 or x œ 1 Ê (#ß !) and ("ß #7) are
points on the curve where the tangent is parallel to the x-axis.
72. y œ x$ Ê dy
dx œ 3x# Ê dy
dx ¹ (2ß8) œ 12; an equation of the tangent line at (#ß )) is y 8 œ 12(x 2)
Ê y œ 12x 16; x-intercept: 0 œ 12x 16 Ê x œ 43 Ê ˆ 43 ß !‰ ; y-intercept: y œ 12(0) 16 œ 16 Ê (0ß 16)
73. y œ 2x$ 3x# 12x 20 Ê dy

dx œ 6x# 6x 12
(a) The tangent is perpendicular to the line y œ 1 x
24 when dy
dx œ Š ˆ" " ‰ ‹ œ 24; 6x# 6x 12 œ 24
#4
Ê x# x 2 œ 4 Ê x# x 6 œ 0 Ê (x 3)(x 2) œ 0 Ê x œ 2 or x œ 3 Ê (#ß 16) and ($ß 11) are

points where the tangent is perpendicular to y œ 1 24
x
.
(b) The tangent is parallel to the line y œ 2 12x when dx œ 12 Ê 6x# 6x 12 œ 12 Ê x# x œ 0
È dy
Ê x(x 1) œ 0 Ê x œ 0 or x œ 1 Ê (!ß 20) and ("ß () are points where the tangent is parallel to
y œ È2 12x.
1 sin x x(1 cos x) (1 sin x)(1) 1 # 1#

74. y œ x Ê dy
dx œ x# Ê m" œ dy
dx ¹ x=1 œ 1# œ 1 and m# œ dy
dx ¹ x=c1 1# œ 1.
"
Since m" œ m# the tangents intersect at right angles.
75. y œ tan x, 1# x 1
# Ê dy
dx œ sec# x; now the slope
of y œ x# is "# Ê the normal line is parallel to
"
y œ x# when dy
dx œ 2. Thus, sec# x œ 2 Ê cos# x œ2
# " „" 1 1
Ê cos x œ # Ê cos x œ È2 Ê xœ 4 and x œ 4
for 1# x 1
# Ê ˆ 14 ß 1‰ and ˆ 14 ß "‰ are points
where the normal is parallel to y œ x# .
76. y œ 1 cos x Ê dy
dx œ sin x Ê dy
dx ¹ ˆ 1 ß1‰ œ 1
2
Ê the tangent at ˆ 1# ß 1‰ is the line y 1 œ ˆx 1# ‰

Ê y œ x 1# 1; the normal at ˆ 1# ß 1‰ is
y 1 œ (1) ˆx 1# ‰ Ê y œ x 1
# 1
" "
77. y œ x# C Ê dy
dx œ 2x and y œ x Ê dy
dx œ 1; the parabola is tangent to y œ x when 2x œ 1 Ê x œ # Ê yœ # ;
thus, "
# œ ˆ "# ‰# C Ê Cœ "
4
78. y œ x$ Ê dy
dx œ 3x# Ê dy
dx ¹ x=a œ 3a# Ê the tangent line at aaß a$ b is y a$ œ 3a# (x a). The tangent line
intersects y œ x$ when x$ a$ œ 3a# (x a) Ê (x a) ax# xa a# b œ 3a# (x a) Ê (x a) ax# xa 2a# b œ 0
Ê (x a)# (x 2a) œ 0 Ê x œ a or x œ 2a. Now dy
dx ¹ x=c2a œ 3(2a)# œ 12a# œ 4 a3a# b, so the slope at
x œ 2a is 4 times as large as the slope at aaß a$ b where x œ a.
3 (2)
79. The line through (!ß $) and (5ß 2) has slope m œ 05 œ 1 Ê the line through (!ß $) and (&ß 2) is
c c
y œ x 3; y œ c
x
1 Ê dy
dx œ (x
1)# , so the curve is tangent to y œ x 3 Ê dy
dx œ 1 œ (x
1)#
Ê (x 1)# œ c, x Á 1. Moreover, y œ c
x
1 intersects y œ x 3 Ê c
x
1 œ x 3, x Á 1
#
Ê c œ (x 1)(x 3), x Á 1. Thus c œ c Ê (x 1) œ (x 1)(x 3) Ê (x 1)[x 1 (x 3)]
œ !, x Á 1 Ê (x 1)(2x 2) œ 0 Ê x œ 1 (since x Á 1) Ê c œ 4.
80. Let Šbß „ Èa# b# ‹ be a point on the circle x# y# œ a# . Then x# y# œ a# Ê 2x 2y dy

dx œ0 Ê dy
dx œ xy
b „È a # b #
Ê dy
dx ¹ x=b œ Ê normal line through Šbß „ Èa# b# ‹ has slope Ê normal line is
„È a # b # b
„È a # b # „È a # b # È a# b #
y Š „ Èa# b# ‹ œ b (x b) Ê y … Èa# b# œ b x … Èa# b# Ê y œ „ b x
which passes through the origin.
81. x# 2y# œ 9 Ê 2x 4y dy
dx œ0 Ê dy
dx œ 2y
x
Ê dy
dx ¹ (1ß2) œ "4 Ê the tangent line is y œ 2 "4 (x 1)
œ "4 x 9
4 and the normal line is y œ 2 4(x 1) œ 4x 2.
3x# 3
82. x$ y# œ 2 Ê 3x# 2y dy
dx œ0 Ê dy
dx œ 2y Ê dy
dx ¹ (1ß1) œ #3 Ê the tangent line is y œ 1 # (x 1)
œ 3# x 5
# and the normal line is y œ 1 23 (x 1) œ 2
3 x "3 .
y 2
83. xy 2x 5y œ 2 Ê Šx dy
dx y‹ 2 5 dy
dx œ0 Ê dy
dx (x 5) œ y 2 Ê dy
dx œ x 5 Ê dy
dx ¹ (3ß2) œ2
1
Ê the tangent line is y œ 2 2(x 3) œ 2x 4 and the normal line is y œ 2 # (x 3) œ "# x 7# .
1
yx
84. (y x)# œ 2x 4 Ê 2(y x) Š dy
dx 1‹ œ 2 Ê (y x)
dy
dx œ 1 (y x) Ê dy
dx œ yx Ê dy
dx ¹ (6ß2) œ 3
4
Ê the tangent line is y œ 2 34 (x 6) œ 3

4 x 5
# and the normal line is y œ 2 43 (x 6) œ 43 x 10.
" 2Èxy y 5
85. x Èxy œ 6 Ê 1 #Èxy Šx dy
dx y‹ œ 0 Ê x dy
dx y œ 2Èxy Ê dy
dx œ x Ê dy
dx ¹ (4ß1) œ 4
Ê the tangent line is y œ 1 54 (x 4) = 54 x 6 and the normal line is y œ " 45 (x 4) œ 4

5 x 11
5 .
x"Î#
86. x$Î# 2y$Î# œ 17 Ê 3
2 x"Î# 3y"Î# dy
dx œ0 Ê dy
dx œ 2y"Î#
Ê dy
dx ¹ (1ß4) œ "4 Ê the tangent line is
y œ 4 "4 (x 1) œ 4" x 17
4 and the normal line is y œ 4 4(x 1) œ 4x.
87. x$ y$ y# œ x y Ê ’x$ Š3y# dy

dx ‹ y$ a3x# b“ 2y dy
dx œ1 dy
dx Ê 3x$ y# dy
dx 2y dy
dx dy
dx œ " 3x# y$
1 3x# y$
Ê dy
dx a3x$ y# 2y 1b œ 1 3x# y$ Ê dy
dx œ 3x$ y#
2y 1 Ê dy
dx ¹ (1ß1) œ 24 , but dy
dx ¹ (1ß1) is undefined.
Therefore, the curve has slope "# at ("ß ") but the slope is undefined at ("ß 1).
88. y œ sin (x sin x) Ê dy

dx œ [cos (x sin x)](1 cos x); y œ 0 Ê sin (x sin x) œ 0 Ê x sin x œ k1,
k œ 2, 1, 0, 1, 2 (for our interval) Ê cos (x sin x) œ cos (k1) œ „ 1. Therefore, dy
dx œ 0 and y œ 0 when
1 cos x œ 0 and x œ k1. For #1 Ÿ x Ÿ 21, these equations hold when k œ 2, 0, and 2 (since
cos (1) œ cos 1 œ 1). Thus the curve has horizontal tangents at the x-axis for the x-values 21, 0, and 21
(which are even integer multiples of 1) Ê the curve has an infinite number of horizontal tangents.
" È3
" " sec t tan t 1 1
89. x œ # tan t, y œ # sec t Ê dy
dx œ dy/dt
dx/dt œ #
" # œ tan t
sec t œ sin t Ê dy
dx ¹ tœ1Î3 œ sin 3 œ # ;tœ 3
# sec t
" 1 È3 " 1 È3 d# y d y¸
x 4" ; œ 2 cos$ t Ê
w #
Ê xœ # tan 3 œ # and y œ # sec 3 œ1 Ê yœ # dx #

œ dy /dt
dx/dt œ "
cos t
sec t
# dx tœ1Î3
#
œ 2 cos $ ˆ 13 ‰ œ "
4
Š t3# ‹
" "
90. x œ " t# ,yœ" 3
t Ê dy
dx œ dy/dt
dx/dt œ œ 32 t Ê dy
dx ¹ tœ2 œ 3# (2) œ 3; t œ 2 Ê x œ 1 ## œ 5
4 and
Š t2$ ‹
d# y ˆ 3 ‰
œ "# Ê y œ 3x "3 3 $
(2)$ œ 6
w #
yœ1 3
# 4 ; dx #
œ dy /dt
dx/dt œ #
œ 4 t Ê d y
dx ¹ tœ2#
œ 3
4
Š t2 ‹ $
91. B œ graph of f, A œ graph of f w . Curve B cannot be the derivative of A because A has only negative slopes
while some of B's values are positive.
92. A œ graph of f, B œ graph of f w . Curve A cannot be the derivative of B because B has only negative slopes
while A has positive values for x 0.
93. 94.
95. (a) 0, 0 (b) largest 1700, smallest about 1400
96. rabbits/day and foxes/day
"
97. lim #
sin x
œ lim ’ˆ sinx x ‰ † (#x 1) “ œ (1) ˆ "1 ‰ œ 1
x Ä ! 2x x xÄ!
3x tan 7x
98. lim #x œ lim ˆ 3x
2x
sin 7x ‰
œ 3
# lim Š cos"7x † sin 7x
† "
ˆ 27 ‰ ‹œ 3
# ˆ1 † 1 † 27 ‰ œ 2
xÄ! xÄ! 2x cos 7x xÄ! 7x
99. lim sin r

œ lim ˆ sinr r † 2r
† "# ‰ œ ˆ "# ‰ (1) lim sin 2r
cos 2r
œ ˆ "# ‰ (1) ˆ 1" ‰ œ "
#
r Ä ! tan 2r rÄ! tan 2r r Ä ! ˆ 2r ‰
sin (sin )) (sin )) ˆ sin ) ‰ sin (sin ))

100. lim ) œ lim Š sinsin ) ‹ ) œ lim sin ) . Let x œ sin ). Then x Ä 0 as ) Ä 0
)Ä! )Ä! )Ä!
sin (sin ))
Ê lim sin ) œ lim sin x
œ1
)Ä! xÄ! x
Š4
tan" )
tan"# ) ‹
4 tan# )
tan )
1 (4
0
0)
101. lim c tan# )
& œ lim c œ (1
0) œ4
) Ä ˆ1‰2 ) Ä ˆ1‰ 2
Š"
tan5# ) ‹
Š cot"# ) 2‹
1 2 cot# ) (0 2)
102. lim b 5 cot# ) 7 cot ) 8 œ lim b œ (5 0 0) œ 52
)Ä! )Ä! Š5 cot7 ) cot8# ) ‹
x x
†
103. lim x sin x
œ lim 2(1xsincosx x) œ lim x sin x
œ lim ’ sin## ˆ# x ‰ † sin x
x “
x Ä ! 2 2 cos x
# x
xÄ! x Ä ! 2 ˆ2 sin ˆ # ‰‰ xÄ! #
ˆ x# ‰ ˆx‰
œ lim ’ sin ˆ x ‰ † sin #ˆ x ‰ † sinx x “ œ (1)(1)(1) œ 1
xÄ! # #
1cos ) 2 sin# ˆ #) ‰ sin ˆ #) ‰ sin ˆ #) ‰

104. lim )# œ lim )# œ lim ’ ˆ #) ‰ † ˆ #) ‰ † "# “ œ (1)(1) ˆ "# ‰ œ "
#
)Ä! )Ä! )Ä!
105. lim tan x

œ lim ˆ cos" x † sin x ‰
œ 1; let ) œ tan x Ê ) Ä 0 as x Ä 0 Ê lim g(x) œ lim tan (tan x)
xÄ! x xÄ! x xÄ! xÄ! tan x
tan )
œ lim ) œ 1. Therefore, to make g continuous at the origin, define g(0) œ 1.
)Ä!
"
106. lim f(x) œ lim tan (tan x)
œ lim ’ tantan
(tan x)
† sin x
† cos x “ œ 1 † lim sin x
(using the result of
xÄ! x Ä ! sin (sin x) xÄ! x sin (sin x) x Ä ! sin (sin x)
#105); let ) œ sin x Ê ) Ä 0 as x Ä 0 Ê lim sin x
œ lim ) œ 1. Therefore, to make f
x Ä ! sin (sin x) ) Ä ! sin )
continuous at the origin, define f(0) œ 1.
107. (a) S œ 21r# 21rh and h constant Ê dS

dt œ 41r dr
dt 21 h
dr
dt œ (41r 21h) dr
dt
(b) S œ 21r# 21rh and r constant Ê œ 21r dh
dS
dt dt
(c) S œ 21r# 21rh Ê dS
dt œ 41r dr
dt #1 ˆr dh
dt h dr ‰
dt œ (41r 21h) dt 21r
dr dh
dt
r dh
(d) S constant Ê dS
dt œ 0 Ê 0 œ (41r 21h) dr
dt 21r dh
dt Ê (2r dt œ r
h) dr dh
dt Ê dr
dt œ 2r
h dt
dt
h dt
ˆr dr dh ‰
108. S œ 1rÈr# h# Ê dS
dt œ 1r † È r#
h # 1Èr# h# dr
dt ;
1r# dr 1 r#
(a) h constant Ê dh
dt œ0 Ê dS
dt œ dt
È r#
h # 1Èr# h# dr
dt œ ’1Èr# h# dr
Èr#
h# “ dt
1rh
(b) r constant Ê dr
dt œ0 Ê dS
dt œ dh
Èr#
h# dt
1 r# 1rh
(c) In general, dS
dt œ ’1Èr# h# dr
Èr#
h# “ dt dh
Èr#
h# dt
109. A œ 1r# Ê dA
dt œ 21 r dr
dt ; so r œ 10 and dr
dt œ 12 m/sec Ê dA
dt œ (21)(10) ˆ 12 ‰ œ 40 m# /sec
" dV "
110. V œ s$ Ê dV
dt œ 3s# † ds
dt Ê ds
dt œ 3s# dt ; so s œ 20 and dV
dt œ 1200 cm$ /min Ê ds
dt œ 3(20)# (1200) œ 1 cm/min
" " " " dR " dR" " dR#

111. dR"
dt œ 1 ohm/sec, dR#
dt œ 0.5 ohm/sec; and R œ R" R# Ê R# dt œ R"# dt
R## dt
. Also,
R" œ 75 ohms and R# œ 50 ohms Ê R" œ 75 " "
50 Ê R œ 30 ohms. Therefore, from the derivative equation,
" dR " " " " ˆ 50005625 ‰ "
(30)# dt œ (75)# (1) (50)# (0.5) œ 5625 5000
ˆ ‰ Ê dR
dt œ (900) 5625†5000 œ 50(5625) œ 50
9(625)
œ 0.02 ohm/sec.
dt
X dt
R dR dX
112. dR
dt œ 3 ohms/sec and dX
dt œ 2 ohms/sec; Z œ ÈR# X# Ê dZ
dt œ È R #
X# so that R œ 10 ohms and
(10)(3)
(20)(2) "
X œ 20 ohms Ê dZ
dt œ È10#
20# œ È5 ¸ 0.45 ohm/sec.
113. Given dx
dt œ 10 m/sec and dy
dt œ 5 m/sec, let D be the distance from the origin Ê D# œ x# y# Ê 2D dD
dt
œ 2x dx
dt 2y dy
dt Ê D dD
dt œx dx
dt y dy
dt . When (xß y) œ ($ß %), D œ É$# a%b# œ & and
& dD
dt œ (5)(10) (12)(5) Ê dD
dt œ 110
5 œ 22. Therefore, the particle is moving away from the origin at 22 m/sec
(because the distance D is increasing).
114. Let D be the distance from the origin. We are given that dD
dt œ 11 units/sec. Then D# œ x# y#
$Î# ‰#
œ x# ˆ x œ x# x$ Ê 2D dD
dt œ 2x dx
dt 3x# dx
dt œ x(2 3x) dx
dt ; x œ 3 Ê D œ È 3# 3$ œ 6
and substitution in the derivative equation gives (2)(6)(11) œ (3)(2 9) dx
dt Ê dx
dt œ 4 units/sec.
115. (a) From the diagram we have 10

h œ 4
r Ê rœ 2
5 h.
" " # 41 h$ 41h# dh
(b) V œ 3 1 r# h œ 3 1 ˆ 25 h‰ h œ 75 Ê dV
dt œ 25 dt , so dV
dt œ 5 and h œ 6 Ê dh
dt œ 144
125
1 ft/min.
d)
116. From the sketch in the text, s œ r) Ê dt œ r dt ) dt .
ds dr
Also r œ 1.2 is constant Ê dr
dt œ0
d) d) d)
Ê ds
dt œr dt œ (1.2) dt . Therefore, dt œ 6 ft/sec and r
ds
œ 1.2 ft Ê dt œ 5 rad/sec
d) d)
117. (a) From the sketch in the text, dt œ 0.6 rad/sec and x œ tan ). Also x œ tan ) Ê dx
dt œ sec# ) dt ; at
#
point A, x œ 0 Ê ) œ 0 Ê dx
dt œ asec 0b (0.6) œ 0.6. Therefore the speed of the light is 0.6 œ 3
5 km/sec
when it reaches point A.
(b) (3/5) rad
sec † 1 rev
21 rad † 60 sec
min œ 18
1 revs/min
118. From the figure, a

r œ b
BC Ê a
r œ b
Èb# r# . We are given
that r is constant. Differentiation gives,
ŠÈb# r# ‹ ˆ db
dt (b) Š È
‰ b
‹ ˆ db ‰
" b# r#
† œ
da dt
r dt b# r# . Then,
b œ 2r and db
dt œ 0.3r
Ô È(2r)# r# (0.3r) (2r) É2r(#0.3r)# ×
(2r) r
Ê da
dt œ rÖ (2r)# r#
Ù
Õ Ø
È3r# (0.3r)
4r# (0.3r)
È3r# a3r# b (0.3r)
a4r# b (0.3r)
œ 3r œ 3 È 3 r#
œ 0.3r
3È 3
œ r
10È3
m/sec. Since da
dt is positive,
the distance OA is increasing when OB œ 2r, and B is moving toward O at the rate of 0.3r m/sec.
119. (a) If f(x) œ tan x and x œ 14 , then f w (x) œ sec# x,

f ˆ 14 ‰ œ 1 and f w ˆ 14 ‰ œ 2. The linearization of
f(x) is L(x) œ 2 ˆx 14 ‰ (1) œ 2x 1 2
# .
(b) If f(x) œ sec x and x œ 14 , then f w (x) œ sec x tan x,

f ˆ 1 ‰ œ È2 and f w ˆ 1 ‰ œ È2. The linearization
4 4
of f(x) is L(x) œ È2 ˆx 14 ‰ È2
È2(% 1)
œ È2x 4 .
" sec# x
120. f(x) œ 1
tan x Ê f w (x) œ (1
tan x)# . The linearization at x œ 0 is L(x) œ f w (0)(x 0) f(0) œ 1 x.
121. f(x) œ Èx 1 sin x 0.5 œ (x 1)"Î# sin x 0.5 Ê f w (x) œ ˆ "# ‰ (x 1)"Î# cos x
Ê L(x) œ f w (0)(x 0) f(0) œ 1.5(x 0) 0.5 Ê L(x) œ 1.5x 0.5, the linearization of f(x).
122. f(x) œ 2
1 x È1 x 3.1 œ 2(1 x)" (1 x)"Î# 3.1 Ê f w (x) œ 2(1 x)# (1) "# (1 x)"Î#
"
œ 2
(1 x)# 2È 1
x
Ê L(x) œ f w (0)(x 0) f(0) œ 2.5x 0.1, the linearization of f(x).
"Î#
123. S œ 1 rÈr# h# , r constant Ê dS œ 1 r † "# ar# h# b #h dh œ 1rh
Èr#
h# dh. Height changes from h! to h! dh
1 r h! adhb
Ê dS œ
Ér#
h#!
Chapter 3 Additional and Advanced Exercises 191
12r#
124. (a) S œ 6r# Ê dS œ 12r dr. We want kdSk Ÿ (2%) S Ê k12r drk Ÿ 100 Ê kdrk Ÿ r
100 . The measurement of the
edge r must have an error less than 1%.
#
(b) When V œ r$ , then dV œ 3r# dr. The accuracy of the volume is ˆ dV
V (100%) œ Š r$ ‹ (100%)
‰ 3r dr
œ ˆ 3r ‰ (dr)(100%) œ ˆ 3r ‰ ˆ 100
r ‰
(100%) œ 3%
C# C$ "
125. C œ 21r Ê r œ C
21 , S œ 41 r # œ 1 , and V œ 4
3 1 r$ œ 61 # . It also follows that dr œ #1 dC, dS œ 2C
1 dC and
#
dV œ C
dC. Recall that C œ 10 cm and dC œ 0.4 cm.
21 #
(a) dr œ 0.4
21 œ 1 cm Ê
0.2 ˆ drr ‰ (100%) œ ˆ 0.2
1
‰ ˆ 2101 ‰ (100%) œ (.04)(100%) œ 4%
1 ‰
(b) dS œ 20
1 (0.4) œ 1 cm Ê
8
S (100%) œ 1
ˆ dS ‰ ˆ 8 ‰ ˆ 100 (100%) œ 8%
10# ˆ 20 ‰ 61
#
(c) dV œ 21 # (0.4) œ 20
1# cm Ê ˆ dV
V (100%) œ 1# Š 1000 ‹ (100%) œ 12%
‰
126. Similar triangles yield 35

h œ 15
6 Ê h œ 14 ft. The same triangles imply that 20h
a œ 6a Ê h œ 120a" 6
Ê dh œ 120a# da œ 120
a# da œ ˆ 120
a#
‰ ˆ „ 1"# ‰ œ ˆ "#!
"&#
" ‰
‰ˆ „ "# œ „ 45
2
¸ „ .0444 ft œ „ 0.53 inches.
CHAPTER 3 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES
1. (a) sin 2) œ 2 sin ) cos ) Ê d

d) (sin 2)) œ d
d) (2 sin ) cos )) Ê 2 cos 2) œ 2[(sin ))(sin )) (cos ))(cos ))]
# #
Ê cos 2) œ cos ) sin )
(b) cos 2) œ cos# ) sin# ) Ê d
d) (cos 2)) œ d
d) acos# ) sin# )b Ê 2 sin 2) œ (2 cos ))(sin )) (2 sin ))(cos ))
Ê sin 2) œ cos ) sin ) sin ) cos ) Ê sin 2) œ 2 sin ) cos )
2. The derivative of sin (x a) œ sin x cos a cos x sin a with respect to x is

cos (x a) œ cos x cos a sin x sin a, which is also an identity. This principle does not apply to the
equation x# 2x 8 œ 0, since x# 2x 8 œ 0 is not an identity: it holds for 2 values of x (2 and 4), but not
for all x.
3. (a) f(x) œ cos x Ê f w (x) œ sin x Ê f ww (x) œ cos x, and g(x) œ a bx cx# Ê gw (x) œ b 2cx Ê gww (x) œ 2c;
also, f(0) œ g(0) Ê cos (0) œ a Ê a œ 1; f w (0) œ gw (0) Ê sin (0) œ b Ê b œ 0; f ww (0) œ gww (0)
Ê cos (0) œ 2c Ê c œ "# . Therefore, g(x) œ 1 "# x# .
(b) f(x) œ sin (x a) Ê f w (x) œ cos (x a), and g(x) œ b sin x c cos x Ê gw (x) œ b cos x c sin x; also,
f(0) œ g(0) Ê sin (a) œ b sin (0) c cos (0) Ê c œ sin a; f w (0) œ gw (0) Ê cos (a) œ b cos (0) c sin (0)
Ê b œ cos a. Therefore, g(x) œ sin x cos a cos x sin a.
(c) When f(x) œ cos x, f www (x) œ sin x and f Ð%Ñ (x) œ cos x; when g(x) œ 1 "# x# , gwww (x) œ 0 and gÐ%Ñ (x) œ 0.
Thus f www (0) œ 0 œ gwww (0) so the third derivatives agree at x œ 0. However, the fourth derivatives do not
agree since f Ð%Ñ (0) œ 1 but gÐ%Ñ (0) œ 0. In case (b), when f(x) œ sin (x a) and g(x)
œ sin x cos a cos x sin a, notice that f(x) œ g(x) for all x, not just x œ 0. Since this is an identity, we
have f ÐnÑ (x) œ gÐnÑ (x) for any x and any positive integer n.
4. (a) y œ sin x Ê yw œ cos x Ê yww œ sin x Ê yww y œ sin x sin x œ 0; y œ cos x Ê yw œ sin x
Ê yww œ cos x Ê yww y œ cos x cos x œ 0; y œ a cos x b sin x Ê yw œ a sin x b cos x
Ê yww œ a cos x b sin x Ê yww y œ (a cos x b sin x) (a cos x b sin x) œ 0
(b) y œ sin (2x) Ê yw œ 2 cos (2x) Ê yww œ 4 sin (2x) Ê yww 4y œ 4 sin (2x) 4 sin (2x) œ 0. Similarly,
y œ cos (2x) and y œ a cos (2x) b sin (2x) satisfy the differential equation yw w 4y œ 0. In general,
y œ cos (mx), y œ sin (mx) and y œ a cos (mx) b sin (mx) satisfy the differential equation yww m# y œ 0.
5. If the circle (x h)# (y k)# œ a# and y œ x# 1 are tangent at ("ß #), then the slope of this tangent is
m œ 2xk (1 2) œ 2 and the tangent line is y œ 2x. The line containing (hß k) and ("ß #) is perpendicular to
ß
k2
y œ 2x Ê h1 œ "# Ê h œ 5 2k Ê the location of the center is (5 2kß k). Also, (x h)# (y k)# œ a#
Ê x h (y k)yw œ 0 Ê 1 ayw b# (y k)yw w œ 0 Ê yww œ 1
ay b
w #
ky . At the point ("ß #) we know

w ww
y œ 2 from the tangent line and that y œ 2 from the parabola. Since the second derivatives are equal at ("ß #)
1
(2) #
. Then h œ 5 2k œ 4 Ê the circle is (x 4)# ˆy 9# ‰ œ a# . Since ("ß #)
#
we obtain 2 œ k# Ê kœ 9
#
5È 5
lies on the circle we have that a œ 2 .
x ‰#
6. The total revenue is the number of people times the price of the fare: r(x) œ xp œ x ˆ3 40 , where
x ‰# " ‰
0 Ÿ x Ÿ 60. The marginal revenue is dxdr
œ ˆ3 40 2x ˆ3 40
x ‰ˆ
40 Ê dxdr
œ ˆ3 2x
40
‘ 40
x ‰ ˆ
3 40
x ‰
œ 3 ˆ3 40 ‰ ˆ1 40 ‰ . Then dx œ 0 Ê x œ 40 (since x œ 120 does not belong to the domain). When 40 people
x x dr
x ‰#
are on the bus the marginal revenue is zero and the fare is p(40) œ ˆ3 40 ¹ x=40 œ $4.00.
7. (a) y œ uv Ê dy
dt œ du
dt v u dv
dt œ (0.04u)v u(0.05v) œ 0.09uv œ 0.09y Ê the rate of growth of the total production is
9% per year.
(b) If du
dt œ 0.02u and dv
dt œ 0.03v, then dy
dt œ (0.02u)v (0.03v)u œ 0.01uv œ 0.01y, increasing at 1% per
year.
8. When x# y# œ 225, then yw œ xy . The tangent

line to the balloon at (12ß 9) is y 9 œ 4
3 (x 12)
Ê yœ 4
3 x 25. The top of the gondola is 15 8
œ 23 ft below the center of the balloon. The inter-
section of y œ 23 and y œ 43 x 25 is at the far
right edge of the gondola Ê 23 œ 4
3 x 25
Ê xœ 3
# . Thus the gondola is 2x œ 3 ft wide.
9. Answers will vary. Here is one possibility.
d# s
10. s(t) œ 10 cos ˆt 14 ‰ Ê v(t) œ ds
dt œ 10 sin ˆt 14 ‰ Ê a(t) œ dv
dt œ dt# œ 10 cos ˆt 14 ‰
(a) s(0) œ 10 cos ˆ 14 ‰ œ È
10
2
(b) Left: 10, Right: 10
(c) Solving 10 cos ˆt 14 ‰ œ 10 Ê cos ˆt 14 ‰ œ 1 Ê t œ 341 when the particle is farthest to the left.
Solving 10 cos ˆt 14 ‰ œ 10 Ê cos ˆt 14 ‰ œ 1 Ê t œ 14 , but t 0 Ê t œ 21 41 œ 741 when the particle
is farthest to the right. Thus, v ˆ 341 ‰ œ 0, v ˆ 741 ‰ œ 0, a ˆ 341 ‰ œ 10, and a ˆ 741 ‰ œ 10.
(d) Solving 10 cos ˆt 14 ‰ œ 0 Ê t œ 1
4 Ê v ˆ 14 ‰ œ 10, ¸v ˆ 14 ‰¸ œ 10 and a ˆ 14 ‰ œ !.
11. (a) s(t) œ 64t 16t# Ê v(t) œ ds

dt œ 64 32t œ 32(2 t). The maximum height is reached when v(t) œ 0
Ê t œ 2 sec. The velocity when it leaves the hand is v(0) œ 64 ft/sec.
(b) s(t) œ 64t 2.6t# Ê v(t) œ ds
dt œ 64 5.2t. The maximum height is reached when v(t) œ 0 Ê t ¸ 12.31 sec.
The maximum height is about s(12.31) œ 393.85 ft.
12. s" œ 3t$ 12t# 18t 5 and s# œ t$ 9t# 12t Ê v" œ 9t# 24t 18 and v# œ 3t# 18t 12; v" œ v#
Ê 9t# 24t 18 œ 3t# 18t 12 Ê 2t# 7t 5 œ 0 Ê (t 1)(2t 5) œ 0 Ê t œ 1 sec and t œ 2.5 sec.
13. m av# v#! b œ k ax#! x# b Ê m ˆ2v dv ‰

dt œ k ˆ2x dx ‰
dt Ê m dv
dt œ k ˆ 2v
2x ‰ dx
dt Ê m dv
dt œ kx ˆ "v ‰ dx
dt . Then
substituting dx
dt œv Ê m dv
dt œ kx, as claimed.
14. (a) x œ At# Bt C on ct" ß t# d Ê v œ dx

dt œ 2At B Ê v ˆ t"
# t# ‰ œ 2A ˆ t"
# t# ‰ B œ A at" t# b B is the
?x
instantaneous velocity at the midpoint. The average velocity over the time interval is vav œ ?t
aAt##
Bt#
Cb aAt#"
Bt"
Cb at# t" b cA at#
t" b
Bd
œ t# t" œ t# t" œ A at# t" b B.
#
(b) On the graph of the parabola x œ At Bt C, the slope of the curve at the midpoint of the interval
ct" ß t# d is the same as the average slope of the curve over the interval.
15. (a) To be continuous at x œ 1 requires that lim c sin x œ lim b (mx b) Ê 0 œ m1 b Ê m œ 1b ;

xÄ1 xÄ1
cos x, x 1
(b) If yw œ œ is differentiable at x œ 1, then lim c cos x œ m Ê m œ 1 and b œ 1.
m, x 1 xÄ1
1 cos x
" cos x f(x) f(0) 0
16. faxb is continuous at ! because lim œ ! œ fa!b. f w (0) œ lim x0 œ lim x
xÄ! x xÄ! xÄ! x
#
œ lim ˆ 1 xcos
#
x ‰ ˆ 1
cos x ‰
1
cos x œ lim ˆ sinx x ‰ ˆ 1
"cos x ‰ œ "
#
w
. Therefore f (0) exists with value "
# .
xÄ! xÄ!
17. (a) For all a, b and for all x Á 2, f is differentiable at x. Next, f differentiable at x œ 2 Ê f continuous at x œ 2
Ê lim c f(x) œ f(2) Ê 2a œ 4a 2b 3 Ê 2a 2b 3 œ 0. Also, f differentiable at x Á 2
xÄ2
a, x 2
Ê f w (x) œ œ . In order that f w (2) exist we must have a œ 2a(2) b Ê a œ 4a b Ê 3a œ b.
2ax b, x 2
Then 2a 2b 3 œ 0 and 3a œ b Ê a œ 3
4 and b œ 9
4 .
$
(b) For x #, the graph of f is a straight line having a slope of % and passing through the origin; for x #, the graph of f
$
is a parabola. At x œ #, the value of the y-coordinate on the parabola is # which matches the y-coordinate of the point
$
on the straight line at x œ #. In addition, the slope of the parabola at the match up point is % which is equal to the
slope of the straight line. Therefore, since the graph is differentiable at the match up point, the graph is smooth there.
18. (a) For any a, b and for any x Á 1, g is differentiable at x. Next, g differentiable at x œ 1 Ê g continuous at
x œ 1 Ê lim b g(x) œ g(1) Ê a 1 2b œ a b Ê b œ 1. Also, g differentiable at x Á 1
x Ä "
a, x 1
Ê gw (x) œ œ . In order that gw (1) exist we must have a œ 3a(1)# 1 Ê a œ 3a 1
3ax# 1, x 1
Ê a œ "# .
"
(b) For x Ÿ ", the graph of f is a straight line having a slope of # and a y-intercept of ". For x ", the graph of f is
$
a parabola. At x œ ", the value of the y-coordinate on the parabola is # which matches the y-coordinate of the point
on the straight line at x œ ". In addition, the slope of the parabola at the match up point is "# which is equal to the
slope of the straight line. Therefore, since the graph is differentiable at the match up point, the graph is smooth there.
19. f odd Ê f(x) œ f(x) Ê d

dx (f(x)) œ d
dx (f(x)) Ê f w (x)(1) œ f w (x) Ê f w (x) œ f w (x) Ê f w is even.
20. f even Ê f(x) œ f(x) Ê d

dx (f(x)) œ d
dx (f(x)) Ê f w (x)(1) œ f w (x) Ê f w (x) œ f w (x) Ê f w is odd.
h(x) h(x! ) f(x) g(x) f(x! ) g(x! )

21. Let h(x) œ (fg)(x) œ f(x) g(x) Ê hw (x) œ x lim
Äx x x! œ x lim
Äx x x!
! !
f(x) g(x) f(x) g(x! )
f(x) g(x! ) f(x! ) g(x! )
œ x lim
Äx x x! œ x lim
Äx
’f(x) ’ g(x)x xg(x
!
!)
““ x lim
Äx
’g(x! ) ’ f(x)x f(x! )
x! ““
! ! !
œ f(x! ) x lim
Ä x!
’ g(x)x g(x! )
x! “
w
g(x! ) f (x! ) œ 0 † lim ’ g(x)x
x Ä x!
g(x! )
x! “ g(x! ) f (x! ) œ g(x! ) f w (x! ), if g is
w
continuous at x! . Therefore (fg)(x) is differentiable at x! if f(x! ) œ 0, and (fg)w (x! ) œ g(x! ) f w (x! ).
22. From Exercise 21 we have that fg is differentiable at 0 if f is differentiable at 0, f(0) œ 0 and g is continuous
at 0.
(a) If f(x) œ sin x and g(x) œ kxk , then kxk sin x is differentiable because f w (0) œ cos (0) œ 1, f(0) œ sin (0) œ 0
and g(x) œ kxk is continuous at x œ 0.
(b) If f(x) œ sin x and g(x) œ x#Î$ , then x#Î$ sin x is differentiable because f w (0) œ cos (0) œ 1, f(0) œ sin (0) œ 0
and g(x) œ x#Î$ is continuous at x œ 0.
(c) If f(x) œ 1 cos x and g(x) œ $Èx, then $Èx (1 cos x) is differentiable because f w (0) œ sin (0) œ 0,
f(0) œ 1 cos (0) œ 0 and g(x) œ x"Î$ is continuous at x œ 0.
(d) If f(x) œ x and g(x) œ x sin ˆ "x ‰ , then x# sin ˆ x" ‰ is differentiable because f w (0) œ 1, f(0) œ 0 and
sin ˆ "x ‰
lim x sin ˆ "x ‰ œ lim " œ lim sin t
œ 0 (so g is continuous at x œ 0).
xÄ! xÄ! x tÄ_ t
23. If f(x) œ x and g(x) œ x sin ˆ "x ‰ , then x# sin ˆ x" ‰ is differentiable at x œ 0 because f w (0) œ 1, f(0) œ 0 and
sin ˆ "x ‰
lim x sin ˆ "x ‰ œ lim " œ lim sin t
œ 0 (so g is continuous at x œ 0). In fact, from Exercise 21,
xÄ! xÄ! x tÄ_ t
h (0) œ g(0) f (0) œ 0. However, for x Á 0, hw (x) œ x# cos ˆ "x ‰‘ ˆ x"# ‰ 2x sin ˆ x" ‰ . But
w w
lim hw (x) œ lim cos ˆ "x ‰ 2x sin ˆ x" ‰‘ does not exist because cos ˆ x" ‰ has no limit as x Ä 0. Therefore,
xÄ! xÄ!
the derivative is not continuous at x œ 0 because it has no limit there.
24. From the given conditions we have f(x h) œ f(x) f(h), f(h) 1 œ hg(h) and lim g(h) œ 1. Therefore,
hÄ!
w
f (x) œ lim f(x
h)h f(x) œ lim f(x) f(h)h f(x) œ lim f(x) ’ f(h)h 1 “ œ f(x) ’ lim g(h)“ œ f(x) † 1 œ f(x)
hÄ! hÄ! hÄ! hÄ!
Ê f w (x) œ f(x) and f axbexists at every value of x.
w
25. Step 1: The formula holds for n œ 2 (a single product) since y œ u" u# Ê dy
dx œ du"
dx u# u" du#
dx .
Step 2: Assume the formula holds for n œ k:
y œ u" u# âuk Ê dy
dx œdu# du"
dx u# u$ âuk u"
dx u$ âuk á u" u# âuk-1 dx
duk
.
d(u" u# âuk )
If y œ u" u# âuk ukb1 œ au" u# âuk b ukb1 , then dy
dx œ dx ukb1 u" u# âuk dudxkb1
œ ˆ du
dx u# u$ âuk u" dx u$ âuk â u" u# âukc1 dx ukb1 u" u# âuk dx
" du# duk ‰ dukb1
œ dudx u# u$ âukb1 u" dx u$ â ukb1 â u" u# âukc1 dx ukb1 u" u# âuk dx .

" du# duk dukb1
Thus the original formula holds for n œ (k1) whenever it holds for n œ k.
26. Recall ˆ mk ‰ œ k! (m k)! . Then 1 œ 1! (m 1)! œ m and k k

1 œ k! (m k)! (k
1)! (m k 1)!
m! ˆm‰ m! ˆm‰ ˆ m ‰ m! m!
m! (k
1)
m! (m k)
œ (k
1)! (m k)! œ (k
m!1)!(m(m
1)k)! œ (k
1)! ((m
(m
1)! ˆm
1‰

1) (k
1))! œ k
1 . Now, we prove
Leibniz's rule by mathematical induction.
Step 1: If n œ 1, then dx œ u dx v dx . Assume that the statement is true for n œ k, that is:
d(uv) dv du
k " k# # k"
dxk œ dxk v k dxk" dx 2 dxk# dx# á k 1 dv dxk" u dxk .

d (uv) du k k
d u dv ˆk‰ d u d v ˆ k ‰ du d v dk v
kb" k"
k
dk" u d# v
If n œ k 1, then d dx(uv) œ dx Š d dx k ‹ œ
(uv) ddxk"u v ddxuk dv
dx ’k dxk dx k dxk" dx# “
k
d ‘ dk u dv
Step 2: k"
dk" u d# v dk# u d$ v d# u dk" v

’ˆ k2 ‰ dxk" dx# ˆ k2 ‰ dxk# dx$ “ á ’ˆ k k 1 ‰ dx# dxk" ˆ kk 1 ‰ du dk u
dx dxk v“
kb" k" k" #
du dxk u dxk" œ dxk" v (k 1) dxk dx
ˆ k1 ‰ ˆ k2 ‰‘ ddxk"u ddxv# á
k k
dv d u‘ d u d u dv
dx
kb" k"
ˆ k
2 1 ‰ dxdk" u d# v
ˆ k k 1 ‰ ˆ kk ‰‘ dx dxk u dxk" œ dxk" v (k dxk dx á
k
du d v d v d u dk u dv
1) k"
dx#
kb"
ˆ k
k 1 ‰ du
dx dxk u dxk" .
k
dv d v
Therefore the formula (c) holds for n œ (k 1) whenever it holds for n œ k.
41 # L T# g a1 sec# ba32.2 ft/sec# b

27. (a) T# œ g ÊLœ 41 # ÊLœ 41 # Ê L ¸ 0.8156 ft
#
41 L #1 È #1 " 1 1
(b) T# œ g ÊTœ Èg L; dT œ Èg † #È L
dL œ ÈLg dL; dT œ Èa!Þ)"&' ftba32.2 ft/sec# b a!Þ!" ftb ¸ 0.00613 sec.
(c) Since there are 86,400 sec in a day, we have a0.00613 secba86,400 sec/dayb ¸ 529.6 sec/day, or 8.83 min/day; the
clock will lose about 8.83 min/day.
28. v œ s$ Ê dv
dt œ $s# ds #
dt œ ka's b Ê
ds
dt œ #k. If s! œ the initial length of the cube's side, then s" œ s! #k
av! b"Î$
Ê #k œ s! s" . Let t œ the time it will take the ice cube to melt. Now, t œ s!
#k œ s!
s ! s " œ "Î$ "Î$
av! b ˆ $% v! ‰
"
œ "Î$ ¸ "" hr.
" ˆ $% ‰
NOTES:

160 Chapter 3 Differentiation

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160 Chapter 3 Differentiation

3.6 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

5. y œ 7Èx 6 œ 7(x 6)"Î# Ê dy

6. y œ 2Èx 1 œ 2(x 1)"Î# Ê dy

"Î# "Î# "Î# "Î# 2x#

"Î# $Î# "Î# $Î#

11. s œ (Èt# œ t#Î( Ê ds

13. y œ sin ˆ(2t 5)#Î$ ‰ Ê dy

14. z œ cos ˆ(" 6t)#Î$ ‰ Ê dz

17. h()) œ $È1 cos (2)) œ (1 cos 2))"Î$ Ê hw ()) œ "

18. k()) œ (sin () 5))&Î% Ê kw ()) œ 5

24. (3xy 7)# œ 6y Ê 2(3xy 7) † Š3x dy

xy 1  3x#  2xy

"  y sec# (xy)

31. y sin Š "y ‹ œ 1 xy Ê y ’cos Š y" ‹ † (1) "

32. y# cos Š "y ‹ œ 2x 2y Ê y# ’sin Š y" ‹ † (1) "

" r cos (r))

Differentiating again, yww œ

d# y " " "Î$ %Î$ y"Î$ "

45. y# x# œ y% 2x at (#ß ") and (#ß 1) Ê 2y dy

49. x# y# œ 9 Ê 2xy# 2x# yyw œ 0 Ê x# yyw œ xy# Ê yw œ yx ;

(b) the normal line is x œ È3

Ê x œ „ 2É 73 and y œ … É 73 when the tangents are parallel to the y-axis.

4x$  18x 2x$  9x

Š 2Èct yb 1 2Èy‹ yÈy 4yÈt  1

67. (a) if f(x) œ 3 #Î$

68. 2x# 3y# œ 5 Ê 4x 6yyw œ 0 Ê yw œ 2x w

3x# 3x# 3x#

y(3 2y) 2(3 2y) y œ 0 Ê y# 4y 3 œ 0 Ê y œ 3 or y œ 1. If y œ 3, then x œ 3 and

75. x% 4y# œ 1: (b)

differentiating implicitly, we find, 4x$ 8y dy dx œ0

76. (x 2)# y# œ 4: (b)

77-84. Example CAS commands:

3.7 RELATED RATES

4. (a) V œ "3 1r# h Ê dt œ

(b) From part (a) with dx

(c) From part (a) with ds

" " d) " " d)

12. (a) V œ xyz Ê dV

" # " ˆ 4h ‰# 1 h$ 161h# dh

dt h=4 œ 1614# (10) œ 2561 ¸ 0.1119 m/sec œ 11.19 cm/sec

" " # 751h$ 2251h# dh 4(50) 8

"Î# " "Î# 13  y 13  8

(x)"Î# d) ˆ "# ‰ (x)"Î# (1)x  (x)"Î# (1) dx

where D œ 7. The ships are moving dD

3.8 LINEARIZATION AND DIFFERENTIALS

1. f(x) œ x$ 2x 3 Ê f w (x) œ 3x# 2 Ê L(x) œ f w (2)(x 2) f(2) œ 10(x 2) 7 Ê L(x) œ 10x 13 at x œ 2

" " "

5. f(x) œ x# 2x Ê f w (x) œ 2x 2 Ê L(x) œ f w (0)(x 0) f(0) œ 2(x 0) 0 Ê L(x) œ 2x at x œ 0

6. f(x) œ x" Ê f w (x) œ x# Ê L(x) œ f w (1)(x 1) f(1) œ (1)(x 1) 1 Ê L(x) œ x 2 at x œ 1

7. f(x) œ 2x# 4x 3 Ê f w (x) œ 4x 4 Ê L(x) œ f w (1)(x 1) f(1) œ 0(x 1) (5) Ê L(x) œ 5 at x œ 1

8. f(x) œ 1 x Ê f w (x) œ 1 Ê L(x) œ f w (8)(x 8) f(8) œ 1(x 8) 9 Ê L(x) œ x 1 at x œ 8

11. f(x) œ sin x Ê f w (x) œ cos x

12. f(x) œ cos x Ê f w (x) œ sin x

13. f(x) œ sec x Ê f w (x) œ sec x tan x

14. f(x) œ tan x Ê f w (x) œ sec# x

17. (a) (1.0002)&! œ (1 0.0002)&! ¸ 1 50(0.0002) œ 1 .01 œ 1.01

19. y œ x$ 3Èx œ x$ 3x"Î# Ê dy œ ˆ3x# #3 x"Î# ‰ dx Ê dy œ Š3x# 3

"Î# "Î# "Î#

24. xy# 4x$Î# y œ 0 Ê y# dx 2xy dy 6x"Î# dx dy œ 0 Ê (2xy 1) dy œ ˆ6x"Î# y# ‰ dx

26. y œ cos ax# b Ê dy œ csin ax# bd (2x) dx œ 2x sin ax# b dx

31. f(x) œ x# 2x, x! œ 1, dx œ 0.1 Ê f w (x) œ 2x 2

(c) k?f df k œ k0.41 0.4k œ 0.01

"Î# "Î# "Î# "Î# 2x#

"Î# $Î# "Î# $Î#

13. y œ sin ˆ(2t 5)#Î$ ‰ Ê dy

xy 1 3x# 2xy

" y sec# (xy)

" r cos (r))

d# y " " "Î$ %Î$ y"Î$ "

4x$ 18x 2x$ 9x

Š 2Èct yb 1 2Èy‹ yÈy 4yÈt 1

" " # 751h$ 2251h# dh 4(50) 8

"Î# " "Î# 13 y 13 8

(x)"Î# d) ˆ "# ‰ (x)"Î# (1)x (x)"Î# (1) dx

6. f(x) œ x" Ê f w (x) œ x# Ê L(x) œ f w (1)(x 1) f(1) œ (1)(x 1) 1 Ê L(x) œ x 2 at x œ 1

19. y œ x$ 3Èx œ x$ 3x"Î# Ê dy œ ˆ3x# #3 x"Î# ‰ dx Ê dy œ Š3x# 3

"Î# "Î# "Î#

35. f(x) œ x" , x! œ 0.5, dx œ 0.1 Ê f w (x) œ x#

"Î# "Î# "Î#

(d) gaxb œ x"

(b) x œ 1; m œ 2.5, e1 ¸ 2.7 x œ 0; m œ 1, e0 œ 1 x œ 1; m œ 0.3, e1 ¸ 0.4

6. y œ (2x 5)(4 x)" Ê dy

23. y œ x"Î# sec (2x)# Ê dx œ x

28. y œ x# sin# ax$ b Ê dy

" " "

$Î# &Î# 9(5x

"Î$ %Î$ 3 cos# 3x sin 3x

44. 5x%Î& 10y'Î& œ 15 Ê 4x"Î& 12y"Î& dy

$Î# &Î# &Î#

"Î$ " #Î$ #Î$

2 sin (0) d# y a3y#

ˆx#Î$ ‰ Š 23 y"Î$ dy ˆ #Î$ ‰ ˆ 23

1 sin x x(1 cos x) (1 sin x)(1) 1 # 1#