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BS en 00444-1994 (1999) PDF
BS en 00444-1994 (1999) PDF
10 December 2002
Non-destructive
testing —
General principles for
radiographic
examination of metallic
materials by X- and
gamma-rays
Licensed Copy: Akin Koksal, Bechtel Ltd, 10 December 2002, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
UDC 620.179.152:669.1
BS EN 444:1994
Cooperating organizations
Contents
Page
Cooperating organizations Inside front cover
National foreword ii
Foreword 2
Text of EN 444 3
National annex NA (informative) Committees responsible Inside back cover
National annex NB (informative) Cross-references Inside back cover
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© BSI 02-1999 i
BS EN 444:1994
National foreword
This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Welding
Standards Policy Committee and is the English language version of EN 444:1994
Non-destructive testing — General principles for radiographic examination of
metallic materials by X- and gamma-rays published by the European Committee
for Standardization (CEN).
EN 444 was produced as a result of international discussion in which the UK took
an active part.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
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Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
the EN title page, pages 2 to 10, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.
ii © BSI 02-1999
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 444
NORME EUROPÉENNE
February 1994
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
UDC 620.179.152:669.1
Descriptors: Metallurgical products. nondestructive tests, radiographic analysis, X rays, gamma radiation, defects, radiographic film,
filing
English version
CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation
Europäisches Komitee für Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels
Foreword Contents
This European Standard was drawn up by Page
CEN TC 138 “Non-destructive testing”, the Foreword 2
secretariat of which is held by (AFNOR).
Introduction 3
It was submitted for Formal Vote, and the result was
1 Scope 3
positive.
2 Normative references 3
This European Standard has been prepared under a
mandate given to CEN by the Commission of the 3 Definitions 3
European Communities and the European Free 4 Classification of radiographic techniques 3
Trade Association, and supports essential 5 General 4
requirements of the EC Directive(s).
6 Recommended techniques for
This European Standard shall be given the status of a making radiographs 4
national standard, either by publication of an
7 Test report 9
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by
August 1994, and conflicting national standards shall Figure 1 — Maximum X-ray voltage for
be withdrawn at the latest by August 1994. X-ray devices up to 500 kV as a function of
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal penetrated thickness and material 5
Regulations, the following countries are bound to Figure 2 — Nomogram for determination of
implement this European Standard: Austria, minimum source-to-object distance fmin in
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Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, relation to of object-to-film distance and the
Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, source size 8
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Table 1 — Penetrated thickness range for
Switzerland and United Kingdom. gamma ray sources and X-ray equipment
above 1 MeV and above for steel, copper and
nickel-base alloys 6
Table 2 — Film system classes and metal
screens for the radiography of steel, Cu- and
Ni-based alloys 7
Table 3 — Film system classes and metal
screens for aluminium and titanium 8
Table 4 — Minimum density of radiographs 9
2 © BSI 02-1999
EN 444:1994
Introduction 3 Definitions
This standard specifies fundamental techniques of For the purpose of this standard, the following
radiography with the object of enabling satisfactory definition apply:
and repeatable results to be obtained economically. 3.1
The techniques are based on generally accepted nominal thickness, t
practice and the fundamental theory of the subject.
the nominal thickness of the material in the region
1 Scope under examination
manufacturing tolerances do not have to be taken
This European Standard outlines the general rules
into account
for industrial X- and gamma-radiography for flaw
detection purposes, using film techniques, 3.2
applicable to the inspection metallic materials. penetrated thickness, w
The examination shall be carried out by competent the thickness of material in the direction of the
personnel qualified and certified according to radiation beam calculated on basis of the nominal
EN 473 where applicable. thickness
It does not lay down acceptance criteria of the for multiple wall techniques the penetrated
imperfections. thickness shall be calculated from the nominal
thickness
2 Normative references 3.3
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© BSI 02-1999 3
EN 444:1994
If, for technical reasons, it is not possible to meet 5.6 Image quality indicator (IQI)
one of the conditions specified for the class B, such The quality of image shall be verified by use of IQI
as the type of radiation source or the in accordance with specific application standards
source-to-object distance f, it may be agreed and EN 462-1, EN 462-2, EN 462-3 and EN 462-4.
between the contracting parties that the condition
selected may be that specified for class A. The loss of 6 Recommended techniques for
sensitivity shall be compensated by an increase of
making radiographs
minimum density to 3,0 or by choice of a higher
contrast film system. Because of the better 6.1 Test arrangements
sensitivity compared to class A, the test sections Test arrangements shall be determined by the
may be regarded as examined within class B. specific application standards.
5 General 6.2 Choice of X-ray tube voltage and radiation
source
5.1 Protection against ionizing radiations
6.2.1 X-ray-equipment
WARNING — Exposure of any part of the human
To maintain a good flaw sensitivity, the X-ray tube
body to X-rays or gamma-rays can be highly
voltage should be as low as possible. The maximum
injurious to health. Wherever X-ray equipment or
values of tube voltage versus thickness are given in
radioactive sources are in use, appropriate legal
Figure 1.
requirements must be applied.
NOTE Local or national or international safety precautions 6.2.2 Other radiation sources
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when using ionizing radiation shall be strictly applied. The permitted penetrated thickness ranges for
5.2 Surface preparation and stage of gamma ray sources and X-ray equipment
manufacture above 1 MeV are given in Table 1.
In general, surface preparation is not necessary, but On thin steel specimens, gamma rays from Ir 92 and
where surface imperfections or coatings might cause Co 60 will not produce radiographs having as good a
difficulty in detecting defects, the surface shall be defect detection sensitivity as X-rays used with
ground smooth or the coatings shall be removed. appropriate technique parameters. However
Unless otherwise specified radiography shall be because of the advantages of gamma ray sources in
carried out after the final stage of manufacture, handling and accessibility, Table 1 gives a range of
e.g. after grinding or heat treatment. thicknesses for which each of these gamma ray
sources may be used when the use of X-rays is not
5.3 Identification of radiographs practicable.
Symbols shall be affixed to each section of the object For certain applications wider wall thickness ranges
being radiographed. The images of these symbols may be permitted, if sufficient image quality can be
shall appear in the radiograph outside the region of achieved.
interest where possible and shall ensure
In cases where radiographs are produced using
unequivocal identification of the section.
gamma rays, the travel-time to position the source
5.4 Marking shall not exceed 10 % of the total exposure time.
Permanent markings on the object to be examined
shall be made in order to accurately locate the
position of each radiograph.
Where the nature of the material and/or its service
conditions do not permit permanent marking, the
location may be recorded by means of accurate
sketches.
5.5 Overlap of films
When radiographing an area with two or more
separate films, the films shall overlap sufficiently to
ensure that the complete region of interest is
radiographed. This shall be verified by a high
density marker on the surface of the object which
will appear on each film.
4 © BSI 02-1999
EN 444:1994
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© BSI 02-1999 5
EN 444:1994
6 © BSI 02-1999
EN 444:1994
Table 2 — Film system classes and metal screens for the radiography of steel,
Cu- and Ni-based alloys
Radiation source Penetrated thickness Film system Type and thickness of metal screens
classa
w Class A Class B Class A Class B
X-ray potentials # 100 kV None or up to 0,03 mm front and back
screens of lead
X-ray potentials 100 kV Up to 0,15 mm front and back screens
C5 C3
to 150 kV of lead (max.)
X-ray potentials 150 kV C4 0,02 to 0,15 mm front and back screens
to 250 kV of lead
w < 5 mm C3 None or up to 0,03 mm front and back
screens of lead
Yb 169 w $ 5 mm C5 C4 0,02 to 0,15 mm front and back screens
Tm 170 of lead
X-ray potential > 250 kV w # 50 mm C5 C4 0,02 to 0,2 mm front and back screens
to 500 kV of lead
w > 50 mm C5 0,1 to 0,2 mm front screen of leadb
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© BSI 02-1999 7
EN 444:1994
b 2 3
---------
For class B : f/d $ 15 - (2) Figure 2 — Nomogram for determination of
mm
minimum source-to-object distance fmin in
relation to of object-to-film distance and the
b is given in millimetres (mm).
source size
If the distance b < 1,2t the dimension b in
equations (1) and (2) and Figure 2 shall be replaced 6.7 Maximum area for a single exposure
by the nominal thickness t. The ratio of the penetrated thickness at the outer
For determination of the source-to-object distance, edge of an evaluated area of uniform thickness to
fmin, the nomogram in Figure 2 may be used. that at the centre beam shall not be more than 1,1
The nomogram is based on equations (1) and (2). for class B and 1,2 for class A.
In class A, if planar imperfections have to be The densities resulting from any variation of
detected the minimum distance fmin shall be the penetrated thickness should not be lower than those
same as for class B in order to reduce the geometric indicated in clause 6.8 and not higher than those
unsharpness by a factor of 2. allowed by the available illuminator, provided
suitable masking is possible.
In critical technical applications of crack-sensitive
materials more sensitive radiographic techniques
than class B shall be used.
8 © BSI 02-1999
EN 444:1994
conditions as the actual radiograph. The fog density h) system of marking used;
shall not exceed 0,3. Fog density here is defined as i) film position plan, if required;
the total density (emulsion and base) of a processed, j) radiation source, type and size of focal spot and
unexposed film. equipment used;
When using a multifilm technique with k) selected film systems, screens and filters;
interpretation of single films the density of each film
shall be in accordance with Table 4. l) tube voltage and current or source activity;
If double film viewing is requested the density of one m) time of exposure and source-to-film distance;
single film shall not be lower than 1,3. n) type and position of image quality indicator:
6.9 Processing o) reading of I.Q.I and minimum film density;
Films are processed in accordance with the p) conformance to EN 444;
conditions recommended by the film and chemical q) any deviation from agreed standard;
manufacturer to obtain the selected film system r) name, certification and signature of the
class. Particular attention is to be paid to responsible person(s);
temperature, developing time and washing time.
s) date of exposure and report.
The radiographs should be free from imperfections
due to processing or other causes which would
interfere with interpretation.
6.10 Film viewing conditions
The radiographs should be examined in a darkened
room on a viewing screen with an adjustable
luminance according to EN 25580. The viewing
screen should be masked to the area of interest.
© BSI 02-1999 9
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10
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BS EN 444:1994
Aluminium Federation
Associated Offices Technical Committee
Association of Consulting Engineers
BNF (Fulmer Materials Centre)
British Airways
British Chemical Engineering Contractors’ Association
British Gas plc
British Institute of Non-destructive Testing
British Non-Ferrous Metals Federation
British Photographic Association
British Steel Industry
Department of Trade and Industry (Namas Executive)
Electricity Association
Health and Safety Executive
Institute of Physics
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© BSI 02-1999
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