Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Money Market
Financial Market
Specialty Paper
Banks
Those who invest/deposit Corporation
their excess funds in a Financial Intermediaries
Borrower
money market or in banks Commercial Paper
Lender Financial Instruments
Commercial Paper
Commercial paper refers to unsecured short-term promissory notes issued by
financial and nonfinancial corporations. Commercial paper has maturities of up to 270
days (the maximum allowed without SEC registration requirement). Dollar volume for
commercial paper exceeds the amount of any money market instrument other than T-
bills. It is typically issued by large, credit-worthy corporations with unused lines of bank
credit and therefore carries low default risk.
Standard and Poor's and Moody's provide ratings of commercial paper. The
highest ratings are A1 and P1, respectively. A2 and P2 paper is considered high quality,
but usually indicates that the issuing corporation is smaller or more debt burdened than
A1 and P1 companies. Issuers earning the lowest ratings find few willing investors.
Unlike some other types of money-market instruments, in which banks act as
intermediaries between buyers and sellers, commercial paper is issued directly by well-
established companies, as well as by financial institutions. Banks may act as agents in
the transaction, but they assume no principal position and are in no way obligated with
respect to repayment of the commercial paper. Companies may also sell commercial
paper through dealers who charge a fee and arrange for the transfer of the funds from
the lender to the borrower.
Secondary Market
Financial Market
Financial Instruments
The financial accounting term assignment of accounts receivable refers to the process whereby a
company borrows cash from a lender, and uses the receivable as collateral on the loan. When accounts
receivable is assigned, the terms of the agreement should be noted in the company's financial
statements.
In the normal course of business, customers are constantly making purchases on credit and remitting
payments. Transferring receivables to another party allows companies to reduce the sales to cash
revenue cycle time. Also known as pledging, assignment of accounts receivable is one of two ways
companies dispose of receivables, the other being factoring.
The assignment process involves an agreement with a lending institution, and the creation of a
promissory note that pledges a portion of the company's accounts receivable as collateral on the loan. If
the company does not fulfill its obligation under the agreement, the lender has a right to collect the
receivables.
General Assignment: a portion of, or all, receivables owned by the company are pledged as
collateral. The only transaction recorded by the company is a credit to cash and a debit to notes
payable. If material, the terms of the agreement should also appear in the notes to the
company's financial statements.
Specific Assignment: the lender and borrower enter into an agreement that identifies specific
accounts to be used as collateral. The two parties will also outline who will attempt to collect
the receivable, and whether or not the debtor will be notified.
In the case of specific assignment, if the company and lender agree the lending institution will collect the
receivables, the debtor will be instructed to remit payment directly to the lender.
Secondary Market
Financial Market
Specialty Paper
Commercial Banks
Those who invest/deposit Corporation
their excess funds in Financial Intermediaries
commercial banks Borrower
Short-term funds or non-collateral funds
Lender
Financial Instruments
Credit Reporting and Scoring System in the Philippines: How Does It Work?
Created through Republic Act 9510 or the Credit Information System Act, the Credit
Information Corporation (CIC) is the only centralized registry of credit data in the
Philippines. The CIC is authorized to collect, consolidate, and share credit information
with all financial institutions in the country.
Banks, cooperatives, insurance firms, and telecom companies submit their clients’ credit
history to the CIC, which then collates the information into detailed credit reports.
Authorized lenders can access credit reports from the CIC.
The CIC has four accredited credit bureaus or special accessing entities that compute
credit scores: CIBI Information, Inc., Compuscan Philippines, CRIF Philippines,
TransUnion Philippines.