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    10 views6 pages

    RK629-001 en An Overexcitation Relay With Inverse Time Characteristics PDF

    Uploaded by

    Musham Nageshwar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    AN OVEREXCITATION RELAY WITH INVERSE TIME CHARACTERBTICS ay Vike Melsinger Jotn hinders Gunnar Steenne ASEA Inc. Consultant ASEA Ine. Yonkers, NY Sarasota, FL “Yerieeray NY Presented To The Protective Relaying Committee Electric Councif of New England Hyannis, Mascachusetts ‘April 28-25, 1983 Abstract - The desirebillty for overexeitation protection of transformers which more nearly matches, te capability of these compenents Is discussed. A new relay is described which provides this improved protection. The relay incorporates an fnverse-time operating characteristic, adjustable over a range adequate Zor protection ef all size ‘ransiormers, Coordination fof everexcitation protection on a tystem wide basis appears feasible. INTRODUCTION Overvoltage operation of wansformersy genctators_ and rotors can result in overheating, end in extreme cases theit destruction fn a Felstively stort time. Someticnes these condix tions arize as @ recul: of operating procedures which do net recognize the hazard. In such cases the solution is obvicus, although not necessarily easy to implement. In other cases the ‘Svervoltage condition is the result of a syatern upset following fa disturbance. In these cases operator intervention canrot be Telied dpen because: a) there may be ne operator, ard) those ‘operatora wno aro available ore busy with "mere important® tasks. As systems become more fully autorcated a. thire passible cause of overvottage Is a malfunction of the aurama- fle regulating, equipment, or the regulating equlproent may respond to sysvem parameters which Can result in overvoltage (or specific components. ‘rervottage 4s a mesningtul term only at cated frequency. A low frequency has the seme effect on reagnetic circuits as high voltage. Thus the preferred expression Is overexcitation, and the unit of measurement which incorporates both peta- eters is voliefierts (Wz). The end use of much of the power generated and distributed by utility systems is for {llaningtion which is not frequency sensitive, As a consequen- ‘op. rmost voltage regulating ‘santrol eculpmant responds to voltage and net to axcitetion. Historically this has nat caused fserlous system operating problems, because the magnetic components, trarsfermers and machines, ware not overly sen- Sitive to overexcitation, Modem designed transformers and machines ate_more sonsitve 10 oveeschation than earlier equiprrents. This i the result of more efficient designs, and designs which rely on the improvement in the uniforrlty of the excitation level of modern systems. Thus, when a systero upset that includes overexcitation dons oceur, transformers and machines thay be damaged unless corrective action is prompity taken. QVEREXCITATION LOSSES ‘The equivalent citcuit of a power transformer, Fig. 1, ge netally shows shunt branches containing, Il. the inagnetizing ince represented SY 2 pure inductance, 2), the core losses represented by 2 pure resistance. This equlvalent shunt circuit is an accurate representation only at rased frequency and at flav levels up 70 Sut not significantly above the design Ievels. This equivalent circuit cannot be used to calculate overexcitation losses because OF the nofolinear relations which gece in this region. “The present transformer standard, ANSI/EEE.097-12.00-1940 C1} specifies petmiseble exctation levels as follows "%.L6 Operation Above Rated Voltage or Below Rated Frequency: 41.6.1 Transfortners shall be capable of (1) Operating continuously above rated voltage ‘oF below tated {requency, at reaxitnum rated VA for any tap, withaut exceeding limits of observable temperature rise in accordance whn SLkd when all of the. following conditions prevails (a) Secandary voltage and velts per Herts do pot exceed [05 6 of rated values (0) Dead power factor lt 80 % oF higher {@) Frequency teat lene 956 of rated wake Fig l. Transtormes equivalent cizeuity useful only in Haear region below saturation, ‘Transformer conditions at 105% voltage and full load, 0.8 PF, Hote: Minor saturation existe and exciting current and Insses ean not be accurately calculated from constants af fig le Fig. (2) Operating continuously above rated voltage or below rated frequency on any tap at no load, withour exceeding Writs of observable ‘temperature tise Jn aeccedance with 5.11.1 ‘when neither the voltage nor volis per Hertz exceed 110% of rated values 6.1.6.2 The maximum contimous transformer operating voltage should net exceed the levels opacified in ANSIC84.1-1977 S.ll1 Limite of Observable Temperature Rise All Winding Rise, The average winding temperature cig showe amMient tenperature shall not excecd 65°C. vhen measured hy resistance, and the ‘wigding hottest spot temperature shall not excess 20°C. SMe? Other Windlrg Rises Other winding rises may be resognized for unusual ambiert. conditions, or for special applications. These are specified In app- ropriate epplieations, ot in certain product stan dards. S.ll.L3 Riso of Metallic Parts, Other than Windings. Me~ tallic parts in contact’ with current-carrying con ‘ductor Insulation shall not attain a tempersture las in encore of the winding hottest epot eemp- erature rise. Netallic partsotner than those de- Sctibed in the preceding paragraph shall not actamm quemitive temperature rises at maximsm rated load. The temperature rise of che insulating, liquid shall not exezed 62°C when measured near the $op of the main tan." ‘The temperature profite within the transformer due to overyoltage will be different from that due to overlcad. While the Standard recognizes this in general terms, it dees not quantify the sigiificence of this different profile, rer of the extremely son-linear effects of serious overescitation. ‘The fult load kVA, 0.8PE, 105% voltage requirement results in an actual flue level in the transformer cove, not Signidicanty different from That at the 110% voltage, 29 lead foquleament, For a transformer with (5% impedance, equally divided between primary and secondary windings, and a load of 0.8 + U6 pu the Lux level wity 103% ourpit voltage wil nearly esreespord t6 1.10 pet unit. ‘The applied primary voltage would be correspordtingly Digner at LI per unit as shown in Fig. 2, With the flux fevel atan acceptable value, his higher primary voltage i not dewinental 1 2 transtormar fully Toades at D.APR. The operation of Tully Yoaded transformers up to 105% ourput voltage weuld thus appear to be a conservative practice at fated frequency, especially with wansformers having less leakage reactance assoclated with the ousput whiding, At these limiting values, ene can estimate the losses as follows, Assume 9 transformer sith maximam efficiency of 99% at 75% load. Assure the core losses are equal to the copper losses and are thas 1/256 cach. At full load, the losses srould bes 2 os ESP y 0.5 = 39% 73 Ad og losd and Lil pu voleageythe lecaes would be also ab= out 1.39% based on the Standard which calls for no, graater femperature rise than under cated load conditions. Ts, in ralting the fut level from 100% 9 LIOX the no lead leeeus have increased from 0.5% to 1.39%, vey, a 10% increase in voltage increased 90 load losses 20M. “Above LLO0% excita ton, losses will increase etl more rapidly. At shorg higher Jevals the core saturates and some of the fh will enter ton Jarninated structural componenss smich have large hysteresis ang eddy current losses. The excitation current will inereass, approaching full load current value at 150% excltation. The semperature rise fron all of these losses can damage Ini tion, weaken mechanical structures and lead to actoal trant= former failure in @ short period of time, OVEREXCITATION CAPABILITIES Bh 1926 McNutt, ct af [4] presented a comprehensive analysis of the saveral components of trapstormet over~ excitation losses. They showed that a rather lorg period of overezctation is required ‘or the cors laminations to overhost and cause canage. However, unlamirated structural parts cen experience runaway heating in a very short time. For example thay show that these losste Incraasé 25 fold in going. from 110% to 120% excitation, Similarly, conductor loss due to seeay flux eddy currents can Incresse’ to necrly 200% of Tull load conductor Joss at 1308 excitation, They (3! proposed a Buide for permissiste short time wansformer ovetexcitation capabillty ‘as shovn in Tig, 2 Sevecal ower irenslormer overexcitation capability curves, Including the German Stané- ard are shown in Fig, $ The curves in Figs 3 and & are preserted with vespect to the rated voltege af each tearoferr= et. It the case of a generatar ~ stepup transformer urit, the ‘ranstoriner rating is frequently 5% lower voltage than the gonerater- LTT” cena ou FoR esse — ent. uronic i Lt wh ; Io | Tine net * Fig 3 Standare overexcitation capabilities. T 2 oie concent | ‘WRI FAC TERS Fae ¢ ;* mea [ore mata re |__. Saas 5 2m = a ea Pig 4 Various overexdttation capabilities. This mist be properly considered! when rationalizing the comb ed overexcitation capability of the unit. And of course the ‘eansformer. capability is bared oa is auiput voltage wtiereas the rit generator is. based on the generator-autput) transformer Input vortage. CAUSES OF OVEREXCITATION ‘The most licely location for an everexcltation condBtion 1s at a genarating plant, but most ary poitt on a system could be so affected for one reason or another. Some of the causes of During generator start-up and shut-down overexci~ ‘tation will cour at any machine apecd if the rated Vjsiz ratio is exceeded. 2 Less of Ina or long sheng with fate to reduce generator Held corent scordinghy._ Mainaiing field Shrrent in such circumstances has eoviows eliecss Howeves, generator voltage maintatsed atthe foreat valve cx also raul in overexciattn of the tarpon There ils is avident trom fig. here the teansbort= rpeimiry voltage of 13 pu ls also the sezondary Woltage under ane load condition, Tals can be further ggrovened It tre charging crvent of high vonage Cit alo posers 3+ Lees af toad or load shedding a¢ 2 tranformer subsiax tlen. Norinally L-T-C cqntrat action or voltage cf trol capacitor. switching will restore voltage to an scuepteble lavel,, But if the loss ef load is wide spresd, the primary supply system voltage may be toe high for toca) corrective action to be fully effective. 8, landing a). Lass of Joad of load shedding as noted in items 2 land 3 above may de compounded by low frequer= ‘ey when Islanding occurs. b) Malntaining voltage, as many regulating systems ddo during low Jrequency can also result in over— excitation J. Malfunctigning of regulating equipment. Historically operator interveniion has provided suitable "baclup® 42 L-TCh an€ other automatic regulating devices. Pewor eperaiors, more automatic sequences and more sensitivity of transformers and machines to overexc tation increases the prababllity of overascitation

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