Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Methee Chayakulkeeree, MD, PhD
Associate Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital
Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
Topics: Updates on
Yeasts Molds
◦ Candida spp. Hyaline molds
◦ Cryptococcus spp. ◦ Aspergillus spp.
◦ Fusarium spp.
Invasive Candidiasis
Pathogenesis of Invasive
Candidiasis
Invasive candidiasis
‐ Candidemia
‐ Deep‐seated candidiasis: Intra‐abdominal candidiasis*
Kullberg, BJ, Arendrup, MC. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:1445‐1456
Disseminated Candidiasis
Chorioretinitis Hepatosplenic
abscess
Skin lesions
Candidemia
• >250,000 people/year with > 50,000 deaths
• Incidence: 2 and 14 cases per 100,000 persons
6.87 cases per 1000 ICU patients
• Mostly in ICUs and neutropenic patients
• 4th most common bloodstream infection
• Mortality 25‐60%
Multifiocal Candida
colonization
Central venous
catheter
Major abdominal
surgery
Immunosuppressive Medical co‐morbidities or
agents interventions: diabetes, burns,
hemodialysis, parenteral nutrition
1. Kullberg, BJ., and Arendrup, MC. N Engl J Med 2015;373:1445‐56
2. Chakrabarti, A. Intensive Care Med. 2015, 41, 285–295
Immunoparalysis in Sepsis
Immunoparalysis
in sepsis
Antifungal Susceptibility
Species Fluco‐ Itra‐ Vori‐ Posa‐ Ampho‐ Echino‐
nazole conazole conazole conazole tericin B candins
C. albicans S S S S S S
C. tropicalis S to R S S S S S
C. parapsilosis S S S S S S to R
C. glabrata S‐DD to R S‐DD to R S‐DD to R S‐DD to R S to I S
C. krusei R S‐DD to R S S S to I S
S‐DD, Susceptible dose‐dependent; I, Intermediate; S, Susceptible
Prior azole exposure is important !
Modified from CID 2009: 48:503‐35
Antifungal Susceptibility
Species Fluco‐ Itra‐ Vori‐ Posa‐ Ampho‐ Echino‐
nazole conazole conazole conazole tericin B candins
C. albicans S S S S S S
C. tropicalis S to R S S S S S
C. parapsilosis S S S S S S to R
C. glabrata S‐DD to R S‐DD to R S‐DD to R S‐DD to R S to I S
C. krusei R S‐DD to R S S S to I S
C. lusitaniae S S S S S to R S
C. guilliermondii S to R S to R S to r S to r S S to R
C. auris R R R R R S to r
S‐DD, Susceptible dose‐dependent; I, Intermediate; S, Susceptible
Prior azole exposure is important !
Modified from CID 2009: 48:503‐35
Candida auris in the NEWS
4th November 2016
Candida auris
• Often multidrug‐resistant to most antifungal drugs
• Difficult to identify with standard laboratory
methods
• Can be misidentified in labs without specific technology
• Infection control issues: outbreaks in healthcare
settings
• Can survive on surface for 4 weeks
http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/candida‐auris‐qanda.html
Candida auris: Susceptibility
•No established MIC breakpoints
• 93% resistant to fluconazole
• > 50% of C. auris isolates were resistant to
voriconazole
• 35% resistant to amphotericin B
• 7% resistant to echinocandins
•41% resistant to 2 classes
•4% resistant to 3 classes
http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/candida‐auris‐alert.html
Lockhart SR, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 64; 134–140
Species Distribution of Candida in
Asia
50
40
30
20
10
0
All Brunei Korea Philippines Singapore Taiwan Thailand Vietnam
Tan TY., et al. Med Mycol 2016; 54: 417‐7
Invasive Candidiasis
Positive blood culture 38%
Positive blood culture 75%
Deep‐seated
Missing 50% for
Candidemia
blood culture candidiasis
Positive tissue culture ~ 40%
Clancy and Nguyen CID 2013;56:1284–1292
Diagnostic Tests
Timsit JF, et al. JAMA. 2016;316(15):1555‐1564
INTENSE Study
Adults who presented with a generalized or localized intra‐
abdominal infection (community‐acquired or nosocomially
acquired) requiring surgery and an ICU stay
Empirical antifungal treatment did NOT show benefit
in candidemia and intra‐abdominal candidiasis
Knitsch W, Vincent JL, Utzolino S, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2015;61:1671‐8
Candidiasis Guidelines
Non-neutropenia
IDSA guidelines 2016 ESCMID guidelines 2012
Voriconazole 6/3 mg/kg/day - - B I
Pappas PG, et al. CID 2016;62:e1–50
Cornely OA, et al. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18 (Suppl. 7): 19–37
Candidiasis Guidelines
Neutropenia
IDSA guidelines ESCMID guidelines
Recommendation Evidence SoR QoE
Echinocandins (caspofungin, Strong Moderate A (Cas, Mic) II
micafungin, anidulafungin) B (Anid)
Liposomal amphotericin B 3‐5 Strong Moderate B II
mg/kg/day
Pappas PG, et al. CID 2016;62:e1–50
Cornely OA, et al. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18 (Suppl. 7): 19–37
บัญชียาหลักแห่งชาติ บัญชี จ.2
Micafungin ในกรณี ดื้อยา fluconazole
• Cryptococcus neoformans
• Reservoir: bird excreta
• Infect mainly immunocompromised hosts
• Cryptococcus gattii
• Reservoir: eucalyptus tree
• Infect mainly in immunocompetent hosts
Cryptococcus gattii
The Giant Capsule
C. neoformans vs. C. gattii
L-canavanine glycine bromothymol
blue (CGB) agar: C. gattii
C. gattii
C. neoformans
Current species Proposed species
Cryptococcus neoformans Cryptococcus neoformans
(serotypes A and D) Cryptococcus deneoformans
Cryptococcus gattii Cryptococcus gattii
(serotypes B and C) Cryptococcus deuterogattii
Cryptococcus tetragattii
(Cryptococcus decagattii)
Cryptococcus bacillisporus
Cryptococcosis
• Clinical presentations
• Meningoencephalitis*
• Pulmonary cryptococcosis
• Cutaneous cryptococcosis
• Disseminated cryptococcosis
• Other forms
• Risk Factors
• HIV/AIDS (CD4 < 100 cells/mm3)
• Corticosteroid/Immunosuppressive treatment
• Organ transplantation
• Normal host (?) ‐ anti‐GM‐CSF autoantibodies
Clinical Characteristics
C. neoformans C. gattii
Host (mainly in) Immunocompromised Immunocompetent
Organ involvement CNS > Lungs Lungs > CNS
Complications Less More
• Cryptococcoma
• Hydrocephalus
• Large lesion
Antifungal susceptibility More susceptible to Less susceptible to
fluconazole fluconazole
Treatment response Good Required more surgical
intervention and prolonged
antifungal treatment
C. gattii
Pulmonary Cryptococcosis in a 70-year-
old Non-HIV Woman
CXR CT Chest
Serum cryptococcal antigen‐
positive 1:32
A 57-year-old man post KT 8 year
2010 2018
Mucormycosis Cryptococcosis
CNS Cryptococcosis in a 66-year-
old non-HIV Man
CT abdomen CT brain
(Picture from other source)
Post treatment Cutaneous cryptococcosis
Leechawengwongs M, et al. Medical Mycology Case Reports 2014;6:31–33
Diagnosis
•India ink preparation
•Staining: Gram, Wright
•Culture
•Cryptococcal antigen
• Serum and CSF
• Sensitivity 93‐100 % and specificity 93‐98%
Antifungal Treatment of
Cryptococcosis
1. Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis in HIV**
2. Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis in
Transplant Recipients
3. Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis in non‐HIV
and non‐transplant Patients
4. Nonmeningeal Cryptococcosis
Treatment of Cryptococcal
Meningoencephalitis in HIV Patients
Antifungal treatment Duration Evidence
Induction therapy
- Amphotericin B (0.7‐1.0 mg/kg/D) + 2 weeks A‐I
flucytosine or 5‐FC (100 mg/kg/D)*
- L‐AMP (3‐4 mg/kg/D) + 2 weeks B‐II
flucytosine or 5‐FC (100 mg/kg/D)
- Amphotericin B (0.7‐1.0 mg/kg/D) or L‐AMP (3‐4 4‐6 weeks B‐II
mg/kg/D) monotherapy
Alternatives for induction therapy
- Amphotericin B (0.7 mg/kg/D) + 2 weeks B‐I
fluconazole (800 mg/D)
Consolidation therapy: fluconazole (400 mg/D) 8 weeks A‐I
Maintenance therapy: fluconazole (200 mg/D) > 1year A‐I
*Discontinue of secondary prophylaxis when CD4 > 100 cells/mm3 and virological suppressed for 3 months
CID 2010;50:291‐322
Combination Therapy in
Cryptococcal Meningitis
5‐FC ถูกบรรจุ
ในบัญชียาหลัก
แห่งชาติ บัญชี ง.
Day JN, et al. N Engl J Med 368;14:1291‐1302
Management of Increased ICP
•As important as antifungal treatment
• CSF pressure ≥ 25 cm with symptoms
• LP to reduce OP 50% or to normal (20 cmH2O)
• Persistent pressure ≥ 25 cm with symptoms
• Repeat LP daily until stabilized for > 2 days
• Consider temporary percutaneous lumbar drains or
ventriculostomy
• Permanent ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts when
• Fail conservative measures
Perfect et al. CID 2010;50
Cryptococcal Diseases and
HIV
• Isolated cryptococcal antigenemia in HIV
• Positive serum cryptococcal antigen without disease
• Treated with oral fluconazole 400 mg for 10‐12 weeks
• Antiretroviral therapy should be initiated 4‐6 weeks
after treatment of cryptococcal
meningoencephalitis
Cryptococcal Diseases in Non-
HIV
• Meningoencephalitis in non‐HIV
• Lack of evidence‐based study
• Preferred a longer induction therapy (4‐6 weeks)
• Tend to have neurological deficit and cryptococcomas
• Extra CNS disease
• Non‐severe: oral fluconazole 400 mg/day 6‐12 months
• Severe or cryptococcemia: treat as CNS disease
Perfect et al. CID 2010;50
Hyalohyphomycosi
s
Invasive Aspergillosis
•70% of invasive mold infections
•Commonly caused by Aspergillus fumigatus
•Most common‐ pulmonary aspergillosis
•Risk Factors
• Neutropenia**
• Chemotherapy
• Corticosteroid use
• Transplants (stem cell and solid organ)
Halo sign, Air crescent sign,
Cavities
ULTRAVIST 370
LOC : 189.9
THK: 7
FFS
IV contrast
Late Arterial Phase
R L
mA: 123
KVp: 120 C : -585
Acq:
Acq 4 W:
W 1800
Diagnosis of Invasive
Aspergillosis
• Definite case
• Histopathology: septate hyphae with acute angle branching
Differential diagnosis: Fusarium and Scedosporium
• Culture
Diagnosis of Aspergillosis Using
Galactomannan
Galactomannan
• Serum and BAL galactomannan is recommended
in hematologic malignancies and HSCT
• BAL but NOT serum galactomannan can be used
for routine blood screening in patients receiving
mold‐active antifungal agents
• Can be used for treatment monitoring
บัญชียาหลักแห่งชาติ บัญชี จ.2 สามารถใช้ BAL galactomannan
เป็ นเกณฑ์ ในการรับยา Voriconazole ได้
Patterson TF., et al. Clin Infect Dis 2016;63(4):e1–60
2016 IDSA Guidelines for Management of
Invasive Aspergillosis
Primary treatment
Voriconazole (strong recommendation; high‐quality evidence)
Duration: at least 6‐12 weks
Alternative therapies
Liposomal AmB (strong recommendation; moderate‐quality evidence)
Isavuconazole (strong recommendation; moderate‐quality evidence)
Has activity against mucormycosis
Less adverse effect than voriconazole
Tablet: Good absorption (better than posaconazole suspension)
IV form: No cyclodextrin
Combination antifungal therapy with voriconazole and an echinocandin
Considered in select patients with documented IPA
(weak recommendation; moderate‐quality evidence)
Patterson TF., et al. Clin Infect Dis 2016;63(4):e1–60
A 30‐year‐old male with leukemia and
prolonged chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia
Blood Culture: Fusarium solani
‐ Skin lesions found in 60‐80%
‐ Multiple papules or deep‐set, painful nodules, ulcerated,
pus draining, echthyma gangrenosum
Diagnosis
• Beta‐D‐glucan and galactomannan
• Skin biopsy: Septate hyphae
• Resemble Aspergillus
• Culture:
• Skin biopsy culture
• Positive blood culture about 50 %
• No standard treatment established
• Survival is always associated with the recovery from
neutropenia
• Antifungal therapy
• Voriconazole**
• Amphotericin B ‐ high‐dose (1.0‐1.5 mg/kg/day) *
• บัญชียาหลักแห่งชาติ บัญชี จ.2 Voriconazole สามารถใช้ ในการรักษา
fusariosis และ scedosporiasis
Thank
Aspergillus fumigatus
you
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