Economic Geology

1. Hurungwe District
Mining in Hurungwe started earlier than the documented history of the area with documentation starting
with the Europeans in the 1890s. The district is endowed with vast mineral deposits listed below:
1. Copper occurs within the Tengwe valley. No mining has ever been conducted. There are no current
mining activities taking place.

2. Dolomite mined for industrial purposes as early as Rhodesian times to date.

3. Galena- noted mineralization within the province but no documented historical production. No mining is
taking place at present.

4. Gold- produced from mines such as Wealth Mine, Gondia Mine, Crescent Mine, North Star Mine and
Norman Mine. These were recorded to be low grade copper-gold mines which started production in
early Rhodesian times. Gold mining is recorded to have started earlier then 1936 on Kent Mine 3km east
of Angwa River and Winchester Mine 22km SSE of Karoi. Over the years many gold ventures have
invaded the area which included gold panning along the Angwa river bed and in primary gold deposits
within the area. There is still active gold production.

5. Graphite- prospects first registered by Anglovall Rhodesian Exploration (Pvt.) Ltd in 1959 in the name of
Stembok Mining (Pvt) Ltd. In another location, Graphite King Mine started mining in 1944 and the
graphite was sent to Anglo America cooperation in Johannesburg. No current production taking place.

6. Iron ore- No production has ever occurred as the iron deposits are regarded as uneconomic as they
contain titaniferous magnetite though the rocks contain 60-70% of magnetite.

7. Limestone-occurrence is within the Badze, Futu and Rengwe river valleys west of Bashungwi
Range. Most of these resources have not mined. No production has ever occurred.

8. Manganese- the mineral occurs on the banks of Magororo River approximately 2km NNE of Mtoli hill.
There have not been any commercial extractions to date.

9. Marble- No production has ever taken place. The marble is a breccia of particularly pleasing appearance
and texture occurs at the confluence of the Msukwi and Mtoragwechi Rivers.

10. Radioactive minerals- in 1957 the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) carried out
airborne radio-metric surveys and identified areas with sharp anomalies of radioactive minerals.
Thorium bearing monazite residues were discovered in these sites though no uranium mineralization
was reported. These areas were then pegged by UKAEA and some other individual prospectors though
no mining activities have ever been carried out to date.

11. Miami mica (Muscovite) fields in Karoi- the first mines were the Miami and Phoenix Mines which started
production as early as 1919 and during their climax were among the richest mica mines in the world.
Currently there are no mining activities taking place.
12. Beryl- during the mining of mica, Beryl was also found and was first mentioned in 1923 in a report
Grand Parade Mine. There was a sharp demand for the beryllium ore after discovery of the Bikita tin
fields in 1949 and a minor beryl rush to the mica fields at the old mica mines was recorded. Numerous
beryl mines were pegged and mined up until the late 1950s when demand sharply declined. Currently
there are no mining activities taking place.

13. Colombo-tantalite- during the early time of pegmatite mining, the pegmatite minerals Colombo-tantalite,
often radioactive, were obtained as a by-product of beryl mining. Currently there are no mining
activities taking place.

14. Tungsten (wolfram)-in 1952 wolfram was discovered on the then called K farm situated 18km east of
Karoi town. Numerous blocks of claims were staked known as Honey and the deposit was named the
Honey wolfram belt. The large scale extraction of the mineral resource was short lived as operations
ceased in 1957. Currently there are no mining activities taking place.

15. Kyanite, andalusite, sillimanite- kyanite mining was recorded to be situated north east of Karoi town
close to the confluence of Angwa and Miami rivers on the Masterpiece farm were numerous blocks of
claims were registered by Keir and Cawder (Rhod) Ltd. In the 1940s. No production figures were
recorded from the available source text. The area still hold potential for the extraction of Kyanite.
Currently there are no mining activities taking place.

16. Rutile-this is a titanium oxide (TiO2) which is the prime ore of the metal titanium. It was first recorded
to be pegged as “I Wonder” claims situated on the then called Crown Land 15km SE of Karoi. No
production figures were recorded from the source text. Currently there are no mining activities taking
place.

17. Amethyst- occurrence reported in the Hurungwe north areas. Currently there are no mining activities
taking place.

18. Garnet- occurrence reported in the Hurungwe north areas with historical small scale production but no
available production figures. Currently there are no mining activities taking place.

19. Tin (cassiterite) - reported to occur in the Hurungwe pegmatites but there is no report of historical
production. Currently there are no mining activities taking place.

20. Silica- occurs extensively in the district as veins. The aggregate is used as gravel in road surfacing. There
is report of extraction for industrial processing that has ever taken place.

21. Coal- occurs in the Mashambanzou and Strange’s deposits in the Chewore area. Reconnaissance
exploration has been conducted but no production has ever taken place to date.

22. Lepidolite-

23. Phyllites

24. Orthoclase
 Makonde District
1. Gold-European settlement in the then Rhodesia was spurred on by the lure of gold and as early as the
1890s, the Makonde District was invaded by these gold prospectors e.g. D. Troop syndicate who pegged
the Broken Hill claims along the Angwa river. The gold mineralization of the crystalline schists of the
basement complex was the chief reason for the initial influx of Europeans into the Chinhoyi in the 1890s.
Since then, the area has been thoroughly prospected for Gold. Alluvial gold mining along the Angwa
River and hard rock mining within the primary gold deposits have been active for a period spanning
over a century of recorded history with mines such as D. troop Mine, Eldorado Mine, Eureka Mine,
Gondia Mine etc. most important gold deposits of the Chinhoyi Banket gold belt are Golden Kopje, Union
Jack, Maggiemic, Eldorado and Ayrshire Mines which historically produced 95% of gold in the district.
Most of the mine locations are still active gold producers to date.

2. Silver- the metal has not been mined on its own account, but as a by-product of the gold industry and
production is currently active.

3. Copper- significant copper production was from Alaska Mine, Gondia Mine, Crescent Mine and North
Star Mine. Recorded copper production started earlier than 1916. Numerous other companies
registered claims and mined copper within the area and recovered gold as a by-product. These included
Norman Mine, Wealth Mine, Montana Mine, Mookwe Copper claims to mention but a few. Mineralization
is in the Deweras arkose at the base of the Lomagundi system with chief production derived from Alaska
Mine. Currently there are no mining activities taking place.

4. Manganese- manganese deposits associated with graphite have been mined to recover manganese in the
area. Early discovery was no later than 1919 in the Makonde Tribal Trust land. Numerous manganese
blocks were registered between the Mupfure and Angwa rivers in the 1960s. These included Morocco,
Maysma, Dumalan and Kopje claims. The ore is said to have not exceeded 25% manganese. The area
became active for manganese production and in 1965 Edinburgh Development (Pvt.) Ltd opened some
working near D. Troop Mine and produced the mineral for local consumption. Currently there are no
mining activities taking place.

5. Graphite- graphite claims were first registered in the district in 1965 and later re-pegged e.g. Good
Willie Mine. Current production is restricted to Lynx Graphite Mine located to the west of Karoi town.

6. Dolomite- quarried in the vicinity of Chinhoyi Caves and Alaska Mine. The quarrying site is still active to
date.

7. Beryl- historically mined in minor quantities with occurrence in the northern areas of the district
bordering with Hurungwe district pegmatites. Currently there are no mining activities taking place.

8. Galena- discoveries made on Glenside Mine near Angwa River. Currently there are no mining activities
taking place.

9. Tungsten- mineralization in the form of scheelite is associated with gold at Glenside claims on Newlands
farm. There are no reported production figures and the area has no current mining activities taking
place.
10. Molybdenum- low grade mineralization in quartz filled fracture zones north west end of Weltervrede
farm to the south east of Banket. No production is reported to have ever occurred and there is no
current mining taking place.

11. Limestone- there are numerous lenticular bodies of impure, highly siliceous limestone in the northern
part of the Hunyani valley, on Gly-A-Mel farm and the surrounding area. No production is reported to
have ever occurred and there is no current mining taking place.

12. Mhangura copper and gold mineralization large scale production from the Mhangura mines. These
included Mhangura Mine,… production stopped in the late 1990s

13. Selenium- the mineral occurrence has been noted in the district but no production has ever been
undertaken.

14. Amethyst- the mineral occurrence has been noted in the district with minor small scale mining
occurring but with no recorded production figures. Currently there are no mining activities taking place.

15. Silica- currently being used as gravel to surface roads. The silica is also reported to have been used a flux
in the processing of copper at Mhangura Mines Plant.

16. Anhydrate- Norah mine

17. Kaolinite clay- St Annes mine, Mwami

18. Modalite- karoi and Mwami areas

19. Slates- schorl-Ethel Mine Mutorashanga, Mwami, Karoi area

20. Serpentinite-

21. Arucite- Ethel Mine, Mutorashanga

Sanyati District
1. Copper- in areas South East of Alaska Mine at Zowa hill where geochemical investigations for nickel and
copper showed anomalies of the base metals in the 1950s. Mines included Cerdric Mine 32km SW of
Chinhoyi, Denari claims situated at Mupfure Tribal Trust Land SW flank of Chiparamakanda Hill 4km
north of Zimbara School. Copper occurring as malachite, dioptase, chrysocolla and native copper occur
in the volcanic rocks of the Munyati group and in the arenaceous formation of the Deweras Group. In
this area, production has mainly come from Copper Duke Mine since the 1920s. All copper production in
the district ceased in the late 1990s.

2. Graphite- graphitic shales and graphitic slates are very abundant in the contact zone between rocks of
the Nyageri formation and the Mupfure formations. Historically, mining was reported at the banks of
Chipani River 3.2km east of the confluence of Chipani and Mupfure rivers. No records of historical
mining are available. There is no production currently taking place.

3. Iron pyrites- west of Gwidzima Hill in the Mupfure Tribal Trust Land. The claims were first registered by
Denori Syndicate in 1955. The mineralization is in the Chenjiri formation of highly graphitic, often
pyritiferous, slates, interbedded with iron-stained fine-grained argillaceous sediments. Mineralization is
 also around Godzi Hill on the northern bank of Mupfure River, Kanyemba mine, Empire pyrite and
Holman mine. There is no production currently taking place.

4. Galena- the prime lead ore mineralization was recorded to be situated on the Chitombogwizi Purchase
Land and astride Muchi River. The deposit was first pegged in 1959 by Messina (Rhodesia) Development
Co. Ltd. Galena mineralization was also recorded around Muzvezve farm. No records of historical mining
are available. There is no production currently taking place.

5. Nickel- the known deposits lie 1.6km NNE of Dzingwe school on Zowa Hill. The hill is composed of
serpentine which is intrusive into the rocks of the felsic formation of the Bulawayan Group. Geochemical
investigations in the area showed a large area containing over 60ppm nickel. No mining has ever been
carried out.

6. Gold- mineralization is mainly associated with the greenstone basement complex. Currently the area is
active with numerous small scale miners mining narrow reefs.

7. Antimony-mined mainly from Cam and Motor, Oversite, Patricia, Claw and Silver Dollar Mines with
production starting as early as 1907. There is no production currently taking place.

8. Mercury (cinnabar) - mined in the battlefields area. There is no production currently taking place.

9. Silver- recovered as a by-product to gold mining which is currently very active in the district.

10. Tungsten (scheelite) – significant production was recorded at Muzvezve, Scheelite King, Arconnel,
Ardess, Calm and Plover, and Scheelite Price mines. Production has ceased and there is no production
currently taking place.

11. Bismuth- recorded occurrence on Clonmoran farm in Kadoma but no production has ever done to date.

12. Arsenic-recorded occurrence on Muzvezve farm and Rangiesers copper claims. Minor production has
been reported but currently there are no mining activities.

13. Clay (kaolinite) - the largest clay deposits occur in the Kadoma industrial site and Rocklands Ranch
50km from Kadoma. The deposits have been mined for clay but currently the rate of mining has gone
down significantly.

14. Dolomite- outcrops occur on Rocklands Ranch. No extraction of the mineral has ever occurred in this
area to date.

15. Iron- grade varies between 54-57% iron occurring immediately north east of Kadoma on Orange Grove
and Bude farms. The host rock is quartzite and banded ironstone. Claims were also pegged on Hove,
Yale, Salop A and Salop B farms. The ore also contain appreciable amounts of manganese up to 44%. No
production is reported to have ever occurred and there is no current mining taking place.

16. Limestone- occurs on Bannerlands and Muzvezve farms. No production is reported to have ever
occurred and there is no current mining taking place.

17. Magnesite- recorded on Barton and Mayflower farms south east of Kadoma. Production started in the
1920s. Production is still active to date.

18. Agate- Battlefields

19. Adamite- Sanyati Mine

20. Angelisite- Sanyati Mine

21. Anthophyllite- Sanyati

22. Gypsum- Sanyati

23. Jasper- Battlefields

24. Corndian- battlefields

Chegutu district
1. Gold- greenstone hosted gold has been mined from the area since the 1900s. The gold is from prominent
mining locations such as the Gadzema reefs where Elvington Mine is situated; Pickstone Mine; Etina
Mine and Sirius Mine. Production from these mining locations is still active to this day with small to
large scale mining operations. Gold is also recovered as a by-product to platinum mining at Zimplats.

2. Platinum Group Elements- PGM mining started in the former Base metal mine along situated on the
Great Dyke in the Ngezi area in the 1990s. Zimplats mines which was formerly BHP is the current PGM
producer in the Province. PGM exploration is being carried out in the Selous area with results indicating
great PGM potential.

3. Base metals Nickel, Copper and Cobalt- being mined together with PGM.

4. Chromite- peak production was in the 1990s with the mineral being mined along the Great Dyke.
Production is very much active with mines such as Sino-Zimaso and other players, both large and small
scale.

5. Corundum- the mineral deposits are reported to occur in the district but no mining activities have ever
been reported.

6. Limestone- minor lenticular limestone occurrence have been reported in the district. No production is
reported to have ever occurred and there is no current mining taking place.

7. Silica- current mining activities at Solitude mine.

Zvimba district
1. Gold- recorded production started in the early 1900s. Currently mining is very active in the greenstone
associated gold deposits. Production associated with platinum mineralization is expected to start in
2018 when Great Dyke Investments commence mining operations.

2. Silver- recovered as a by-product to gold mining which is currently very active in the district.

3. PGMs- large deposits known to occur in the Darwandale area. Currently exploration activities are being
undertaken by Great Dyke Investments (GDI) (Pvt.) Ltd. Mining set to start in January 2018.

4. Base metals Nickel, Copper and Cobalt- to be recovered together with PGMs in PGM mining at GDI.

5. Chrome- mined along the Great Dyke. Sino-Zimasco now the major producer of chrome in the District.

6. Mtorolite- mined in the Mutorashanga area.