1age and Safely After an Earthquake 129, : Chapter VI Neuro-Fuzzy Assessment of : Building Damage and Safety After an Earthquake ‘Martha L. Carrefio, Universidad Politécnica de Cataluni, Spain : ‘Omar D. Cardona, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia ‘Alex H. Batbat, Universidad Poltécnica de Catalufa, Spain Abstract This chaper desribes the algorithmic basis of a computational ineligence technique, ‘haved on a nenrofcy sytem, developed with he objective ofasiting nonexper profes: : sionals of building contruction to evaluate the damage and safety of buldigs after strong ‘earthquakes, facilitating decision-making during the emergency response pare on their hhabtabitity and reparaili. A hybrid neurfzy system is proposed, based on aspectal ‘ivee-laverfesdforwandartfcialneialnenvorkandficzyrule bates, Theinputstthessten ‘are fiszy ses, taking ito accou that the damage levels of he structral component are linguistic variables, defined by means of qualifications suchas sigh, moderate or severe, which are very appropriate fo handle subjective and incomplete information. The chapter isa contribution toe nderstanding of how sof computing applications, such as artificial neural nenworks and zy set, canbe used complex and urgem processes of engineering decision-making, like he building occupancy after aseismic disaster4 124 Carreto, Cardona, & Barat Introduction ‘Afr an earthquake, it is necesary to answer some urgent questions, such as: How many buildings were affected? What isthe geographic distribution of damage? What was the de~ ree of damage? Are the buildings habitable, and hat isthe level of safety? Must people be evacuated? What ype of alternative actions should be immediately taken? Arethere rapped people? What structures represent danger for neighbours and pedestians? What pes of | buiklings were afected? In order to answer all these questions, its necessry to cary ott an accurate process of damage evaluation that requires the participation of professional experts in the field. Unfortunately, the numberof professionals who fl that expertise i slvays insulin’ and, therefore, the evaluation process becomes even more difficult. By ‘ne hand for nonexperts, the impact caused by seeing damage itso greet that they tend 10 describe it as more severe than itreally is. By the other hand, non expers ean underestimate cases of severe damage because oftheir innoedous appearane. There is no doubt that the information obtained during the evaluation process is highly subjective and tha it depends | ‘on the conception andthe impression that the inspectors hve about each cae. In all eval> ation methods, the damage levels are defined with linguistic qualifications such as ht, \ ‘minor, moderate, average, severe, ete These definitions ean have a remarkable variation in their meaning aceovding to the person who uses them. Soft computing canbe used to overcome these difcultes of damage evaluation, Neural ‘networks have been used to face complex problems simulating the function of the human neural system, imitating the adaptive and cognitive mechanisms of human leaning. Fuzzy logic is an innovative way of representing qualitative or subjective information in numeri cal form, very useful for technologie and enginering applications where expert criteria ae required. Refetng to risk evaluation, Careto, Cardona, end Barbat (2008) and Cardona (2005), applied soft computing techniques to make evaluations of urban seismic risk be- fore and after earthquakes (er-ane and expast evaluations) and to measure the disaster risk management performance and effectiveness at national, subnational and local lve), Considering these features and applications ofthe computational inteligence techniques ad the decision-making needed fo determine the habiablty and reparability of affected buiklings afters seismic disaster, an expert system for post-eathquake building damage ax safety evaluation, using anonsupervised learning Kobonen neuro-fuzy algorithm, Was designed io avoid the msistakes usually madeby nonexpet building inspectors when banding subjective and incomplete information. This model considers the possibilty of damage in sinuctural and architectural elements and the potential sit seismic effets, I als takes into account the preexisting conditions that increase the building vulnerability, suchas the bad ‘quality ofthe construction materials Conyih © 207, a Group a. Copying or abating in ito esto fms wit iten prison‘Buieing Damage and Safety After an Earthquake 125 Postearthquake Building Damage Evaluation Seismic Damage of Buildings ‘Afer a strong earthquake srkes a Yulnerabe urban cent, (00 much damage may oocur fon the exposed elements like buildings, uilities, and intatructure lifelines. The damaged buildings could be many a scattered in the city and the damage degrees could be sever ‘The population and goverrmental official uvally become very concsried about te S| cutity other lives and they need to know if their buildings are safe ont. This question only can be answered by engineers and architects exper in structural and sol mechanics, ddanage evaluation and billing rehabilitation The decision-making onthe habiability and repatability of buildings is agen; a bad decision could jeopardize human ives ‘The damage evaluation is dificul task and its results depend on the experience ofthe inspector. Sometimes, «building is obviously unsafe du tothe observed damage (ee F ute 1-4), bat the most eases ean generate doubts (See Figures 57) In the diegnosic of a ‘building itis necessary to take into account nat only the different damage levels ofthe ele ments, batalso the overall seuctural stability. fectedstactural and nonstructural elements ‘an endanger the human iin different ways. The damage ofa building canbe isolated or ‘generalised and, in bth cases, can putin danger thesiractural stability, depending on the structural configuration or redundaney and onthe adverse ground conditions. ‘The statesofthe-art of earthquakes and scismie damage of buildings have allowed the de- velopment of appropriate earthquake resistant design and constuction techniques. These techniques inclue technical and economical eriteria to obtain es strong but more ductile simucturespenmittngo consol damage without collapeby dissipating partoftheabsorbed Seismic energy In genera the building seismic codes accept heavy damage without collapse ofthe building in case of severe earthquakes; nonstructural effects without ot with minor structural damage incase of moderate earthquakes and slight orno damage when moderate earthquakes occur (Cardons, 200), Dowrick (1987) says that astrotue wil have the maximum chance of surviving an earth: quake ifthe following ae tue + thek 1-Dearing members ate uniformly distribute, +The columns and walls ae continuous snd without offsets from roof to foundation, + Allbeams ae fe frm offic + Columns snd beams ae co-axial + Reinforeed concrete columns and beams have nearly the sme width, + Nonprincpa members doesnot change sections suddenly. + The struture isa cominvous, redundant, and as monolithic as possible, ‘The detlty and srutural redundancy have been the criteria more effective to assure the security against the structural collapse (Garea, 1998). In reinforced eonrete buildings, Copia 2007, 1 Gop I. Copying bing in i ost i with wien emission ‘ea Gop Ie pone.128 Carre, Cardona & Barbat Figure 5. Affected bus terminal in Colombia (1983) Copyright © 207, ie Go ns, Congo ing it olen rs tut wit grin orc rep poibie,Building Damage and Safety Aer an Earthquake 120 Figure 8. Cracks in fagilemasomry walls Existing Seismic Damage Evaluation Methodologies and Guidelines ‘When te seismic damage is extended and widespread, the number of the required profes sionals with the expeienceotaehe the damage assessment is always insuficient All mas- sive evaluation processes depart from the need o involve volunaty professionals without ‘expertise and experience o determine the habitability en eparabiity of maay buildings; Aecision-making is realy dificult for the nonexpert professionals, The need of avoiding unnecessary demolitions and of helping o define eecurate and cost-effective measures of "epuiring or reinforcing the damaged buildings are the main objectives ofthe existing dam age evaluation methodologies and guidelines, The development of damage evaluation guidelines hasbeen necessary in counties with igh seismic activity. These guidlines have the aim of defining, a son w possible, whether the buildings may continue being used or not, and identifying safe buildings which can be used as temporary shelters forthe evacuated persons. In addition, damage evaluations ate essen- tial to make decisions not only about the stuctral safety, ut also to improve the effective carthquake-rsistantconsiucion codes by identifying he types of failures ofthe diferent sindtural systems. Using the data of building damage, ts als possible odevelop empirical vulnerability funetions whch re useful to classify and study the affected buildings Some countries have developed systematic guidelines end procedures to evaluat the build- ing damage. The main eff, deseribed by Carrio, Cardona and Barbat (2008), re the following: Copyright © 2007, ea Groupe Copying oaing a ri cto wih writen emis ofc rou ne pte. me —————C190 Carrefi, Cardona, & Barbat ‘Ate the Skope's earthquake of 1963, and paicularly after the Montenegro earthquake of 1979, the Institute of Earthquake Engineering nd Engineering Seismology (IZIS) ofthe University “Kiril and Met of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedon, developed methodology forthe damage evaluationaferanearthquake (institute de IngenieriaSismicay Sismologa(1Z11}, 1984) 1smainobjectves weretheredvetionof human losses inbuilngs with lov resistance or in damaged buildings which could be destroyed by aftershocks; data quisition epardng the magnitude of a disaster in terms oF available housing, destroyed buildings and unsafe buildings; dats acquisition for civil protection and rescue planning and organization ater earthquakes; andthe improvement ofthe design speciieations of the earthquake resistant constuction codes, This methodology and procedure was translated ‘Spanish and used after the Mexico earthquake of 1985 Applied Technology Couneil(ATC; 1989) proposed for Californian genera, for United States the “Procedures for post-eamthquake safety evaluation of buildings” (ATC, 1989, p. 20) with tree steps. The fist one is the rapid evalaton, in whicht is decided ifa building is obviously unsae or apparently habitable. These evaluations are ofen cursory, because ‘heres no suiient personne avalabe to perform more thorough inspections. The second step corresponds the detailed evaluation, in which the buildings obviously wnsfeare vist ally evaluted by astrturl enginccr. The third stp isthe enginering evaluation, which is performed for questionable and severely damaged buildings that hve to be rehabilitated by to the owner's engineer. A second version ofthe procedure was published in 1995 with the tte Aldenduon tothe ATC 20 Postearthquake Building Safety Evaluation Procedires ATC, 1989, pp, 20-22), In 2003, a mobile postearthguake bulding safety evaluation data quisition system was developed—ATC 20; (ATC, 2003), and in 2005, the second edi- tion ofthe ATC 20-1 Field Manual: Postearthquake Safety Evaluation of Buildings, (ATC, 2008) was published ‘After the Miyagiken-Oki earthquake, in 1978, the Guldes for Damage Evalation Afler an Earthquake and Restore Techniques were published aa tsted ater the Nihonkai-Chumb eathquake in 1983 and after the Mexico earthquake in 1985. The methodology was re viewed in 1989 and was published bythe Japanese Association for the Disaster Prevention in Buildings (CENAPRED, 1996). Accordingly, the buildings which have o be evaluated are selected by a gener inspections the erthauake, The evaluations prformed in two steps an immediate visual evaluation of isk evel or habitablity anda vital evaluation of the depree of structural damage. The fist step establishes if the damaged strate apart oft puis in danger the human life by overtring, failure or collapse. Inthe second ste the evaluation is based on th level of damage ofthe building and ts components, Asa result ofthis proces, suggestion is made tothe owner regarding the necessity ofstruturl, rehabilitation (repair, reinforcement, or demolition. mn Mexico, the Insite of Engineering ofthe National University (UNAM) developed the Guideline or Post-Eavthquae Evaluation ofthe Structural Safety of Buildings (Rodriguez & Castilln, 1998). This method was eviewed snd published by the Mexican Society for Earthquake Engineering (Sociedad Mexicana de Ingenieria smc; SMIS) and the govern- ‘ment of Mexico City in 1998 (SMIS, 1998) an, ike the ATC 20, has three steps: a rapid evaluation, detailed evaluation anda specialized engincering evaluation, Aer the earthquake of Friuli in 1976 in lly was developed a procedure fr estimating te economic losses. More recently proposal was published by Goret (2001) based on opt 027 Gop eCopt ag ini elo sid wr pionBuilding Damage and Safety Aer an Earthquake 131 a research programme stated in 1995, Guidelines and forms were published in 2000 after the earthquakes of Umibria-Marche in 1997 and Pollino in 1998, where the major part of the published deerees for evacuation or Finiteduse of buildings were in agreement with the ‘agestions made by the inspectors. Another important initiative has been the development ofthe setaining multimedia ool called MEDEA (Manual di Esereitazioni sul Danno Bd Agibiis) promoted by the Servizio Sisco Nazionale (Papa & Zucearo, 2003; Zue- ‘ato & Papa, 2002), which was proposed as handbook for a consistent classification of the suctural elements of masonry and reinforced concrete buildings and oftheir relevant damage typologies. {nColombia, evaluation mettodoogies fr some important cities have been developed and Jaterhavebecn reviewed wsingactual damage dal. Aflerthe eofee-growing-arexearthquake (of 1999, sever studies have been made ia Colombia on seismic hazard and valnerablity {o promote seismic risk rediasion of buildings and infastuture (Campos, 1999). In one of the most important projects, ead by the Colombian Assocation for Earthquake Enginest- ing (Asociacin Colombiana de Ingenieria Sismics; AIS), a methodology for habitablty ‘nd reparability evaluation of buildings incase of earthquakes hss been developed. This method was adopted oficial by cites lie Bogots (AIS, 2002) and Manizales (AIS, 2003) td ncludes an evaluation form, afield manual fr the evaluation ofthe damaged buildings fed «neuro-fuzzy system used in the babitbiity and reparability evaluation (AIS, 2008), ‘which i described inthis chapter. Other works are related to the detection of damaged building in disaster areas sing satellite ‘mages. One of them isthe method proposed by Matsuoka and Yamazaki (2004), which {ses satelite synthetic aperure radar (SAR) to identify the distebution of the damaged buildings in the area after a dsaster by comparing the pre-and postevent images. This tol helps to detect the extension and magnitude of disasters and is useful for disaster manage- Common Problems of Damage and Habitability Evaluations “Taking int secount the experiences acquired during different cathquakes and particularly, te lessons learned in Californian 1989 and 1994 abou the application of the ATC 20, and afer the earthquakes of Colombia occurred in 1995 and 1999, is possible to say tha the ‘Gamage cvalustionprocessespresentssimilr problems unddifiuliesin different counties. ‘The mos imporsnt shortcomings are the following +The ack of training and qualification of Inspectors: According to the findings of risk perception researchers, the tendency of onexprt inspectors is to aggravate or to underestimate the damoge level of buildings. The information obtained during the ‘damage evaluation prosessishghlysubjectiveand depends on heinspector’sheutsic fad bisses. For this reson, its desrable the previous identification and traning of Inspectors and the antzpated organization ofthe evaluation activites. + Subjectivity ofthe evaluation: The damage levels in all methodologies and evalu- ‘tion guidelines are defined using linguistic qualifications like light, moderate or 3e- Cope 07 pt Cn oi nernion182 Caro, Cardona, & Barbet ‘ete; which may have different meanings according tothe judgement ofeach person, Moreover, the limit between these assessments isnot ler. This i the reason why it is necessary to improve the standardisation ofthe meaning of damage levels before any evaluation + Building tocation problems: Other difculy isthe lack of standardisation of the postal addresses in certain cites; this makes dificult the visis ofthe professional ‘cams, the onganisaton of the obtained data and the development of maps of damage, One suggestion made after several disaster, was o cover the otal numberof affected buildings to avoid confusion and misunderstanding of people. In addition, inspectors should have lear guidelines to provide appropriate information aboxt damage tothe lwners due tothe act hat in some cases, bad communications ean exacerbate legal probes and government abilities, + The nck of data organization and systematization tis important to have oficial recon of every ation and decison; bad quality data and lak of systematization contribute fo the confusion and to delay relevant decisions from the perspective of isaster management. On the other hand itis necessary to have in advance a contin- ‘gency plan in which the damage evaluation process sone ofthe needed ass inorder {© avoid coordination difcultes among all the governmental emergency agencies, for the loca and regional the national level Application of Neural Networks and Fuzzy Sets to Damage Assessment ‘As mention above, the lack of experience ofthe inspectors and the unavoidable need of| involving inthe process nonexpert professionals, make very dificult the decision making regarding safety ofthe affected buildings. Techniques of computaionainteligence aiitate the massive and correct evaluation of damage, risk, habitabilty and reparablity ofthe state ofthe affected buildings after an earthquake. Taking into account the different perspectives in using these techniques and tots, some basie definitions are useful to understand their applications: + Neuralnetworks: They resystmsthatmake we ofthe known orexpectedorganizing principles ofthe human bran. They consist of a number of independent and simple processors the neurons. These neurons communicate wih eachother via weighted ‘connections, the synaptic weights (Naek, Klawonn, & Kruse 1997). + Linguistic variable: This concept was introduced by Zadeh (1975) to provide abasis for approximated reasoning as follows: "By a linguistic variable we mean a variable ‘whose valuesare words or sentences in natural or artificial language, The motivation {or the use of words or sentences rather than numbers i that linguistic characteriza ‘ions ae, in genera, less specific than numeral ones” (Rutkowska, 2002), + Fuzzy set: tis set without a crsp boundary The transition fom “belong to aset”to “not belongtoasetis gradual nd this smooth transitions characterised by members cpright © 2007, se Gow ne. Copying or bing ia print lec a wt tin pein flee ou la epreibd,Building Damage and Safety After an Earthquake. 138 “The imprecisely defined ses play a important role inhuman thinking, particularly inthe domains of pattem recognition, communication of information and abstraction (Zadeh, 1965), Some asthors proposed extend the learning methods to fizzy taining pplication using fuzzy partial matching indices (Cros & Sudkamp, 1991; Dubois & Prado, 1982) to determine the degree of match, Another approsch to leaning fizzy rules hasbeen propose by Kesko (1992). Kosko envisages the construction of arule base as a search through the spuce of ll fizzy ule bases over fixed topology. + Soft computing: It isan emerging approach o computing which parallels the remark se ability ofthe hurin mind treason and lear in an environment of wnceraiy and imprecision Zadeh, 1992). The principal consituens of soft computingare fuzzy logic, neurocomputing ad genati algorithms. According o Jang, Sin and Mizuta (1997), human experts, biologically inspired computing models, new optimization techniques, numerical computation, new application domains, model-fee leaning, imtensve computation, fault tolerance goal driven characteristics real-world applic tions, ave the min chatacters of sof computing + Approximate reasoning: Reasoning with fuzzy loge isnot exact but rather is ap- ‘proximate. Based on fuzzy premises and fuzzy implications, fezzy conclusions are inferred (Rutkowska, 212). + Neuro-fuzzy system: I is «combination of neural networks and fuzzy systems in such a way that neural networks, or neural networks leming algorithms, are used 19 determine parameters of fizzy systems (Nauck et al, 1997). Inthe feamework ofthe damage evaluation Chou and Ghabousi (200) studied the applica: tion of genetic algorithms to damage detection. Sate measures of displacements are used to identity the changes ofthe properties of sricural members, such as Young's modulus andthe cross-sectional area. For ths implementation, bridges have beea instrumented and ‘emotly monitorized The earthquake damage evolution was studied by Song, Hao, Mu rakami, and Sadohara (1996) using fuzzy theory. Zhao and Chen (2002) proposed a fuzzy sytem fr concrete bridge demage diagnosis. They built the membership factions ofthe inpat variables with «fuzzy partitioning algorithm and induced the fuzzy rules from the ‘nuerial data Te dagnosisisbasedontiree kinds of factors: design factors, ikestruturl ‘ype, span length, deck width, aumber of spans, te; environmental factors, ike humidity nl preepitation, climate ofthe region, trafic volume, temperatre variations, and so forty and her factors, like the stracture age, function class and location of damages. Lagat, Papadrakakis,Fragiadais, Siefnov, and Tsompanakis (2006) proposed the application of artificial neural networks forthe probabilistic safety analysis of structural systems under seis Toading. Ahlawat and Ramaswamy (2001) proposeda sytem fr strectual vibration control using the fuzzy sts theory. “Tho soft computing tools have been sed in Solving problems in many other ares in the field of earthquake engineering. Other two works relted to srictral behaviour are the ap- plication of neural networks inthe stochastic mechanes (Hurtado, 2001) othe estimation ‘ofthe service life of reinforced concrete sructurl members using fizzy sets (An00p, Rao, & Rao, 2002), apr 7 eo ayn dig nr cto fe wit tein134 Carre, Cardona, & Barbat Proposed Soft Computing Model Expert System for Damage Evaluation Inspiteof the benefits the damage evaluation methodologies and guidelines for buildings discussed in the previous section, decision mistakes like demolition of none! build= ings or unnecessary building evacuation ae sil possible due tothe lack of experience and ‘qualification of inspectors, This represents serious burdens, especially in the ease of key buildings. On tether hand, itis possible that building damages thatpat ateiskthe tract stability could be ignored, jeopardizing the life ofthe occupants. Tis isthe reason why a neuro-fuzzy expet sysem and a computational model have been proposed and designed to ‘be used in the emergency response phase in case of rong earthquakes (Care, Cardo, ‘& Barbat, 2003) “This section describes the use ofthe sof computing as support the building habitbiity «valuation. The exper sytem forthe building damage evalustionprocessis based on atifical, ‘neural networks and fizzy sels, The authors have been working inthe model since 2000 and, although this tool has not been tested yet in areal earthquake emergency, recently it Ins been adopted offically by the administrations ofthe cities of Bogott and Manizales, in Colombia, to face future earthquakes and complement is calibration, once the calibration performed, the system willbe ready for use in a real case of eanhquake emergency. The ‘mode uses afzzy logic approach, requited by the subjective availble information which «can be based on linguistic qualifications forthe damage levels and canbe incomplete, This, enables the use of computational intelligence forthe damage evaluation by nonexpert Forte building evaluation four groups of elements were identified structural elements, non structural elements, ground conditions and preexisting conditions. The fis three indicate the damage condition of the building that ean jeopardize the lite ofthe cecupants. Pex istent conditions ae elated tothe quality ofthe constuction materials, plane and verti shape ieregulaitis ofthe building, andthe structural configuration and elpt identify the building repurability condition “The proposed model uses an atficil neural network (ANN). ls stuctue consists of three layers. The neurons inthe input layer ate grouped in Four ses, namely seta elements (SE) nonstructural elements (NE), ground conditions (GC) and peexisten conditions (PC), Each one contributes with information tothe neurons inthe intermediate layer. They only tfc the intermediate neon in the group to which they belong. The umber of input neue rons or variables inthe mode! isnot constant his number varies depending onthe stactral system and onthe importance ofthe group of variables forthe evaluation, In some cases, itis not necessary to evaluate the ground conditions or the preexistent condition i the damage i important. The numberof neurons of the input layer sed to analyse the sate of the structural elements group changes according othe class oF uildng, Table | shoves the structural elementsor variables consderedaccording to thestructuralsystem.Aqualiication is assigned, depending on the observed damage using five possible damage levels hat ae represented by means of fzy sets. For structural and nonstructural elements, the following linguistics damage state qualifications are used: none (N) light (L), moderate (MD, heavy () and severe (8). Figure 9 illustrates the membership functions fr these qualifications opie ©2007, en Gop In. Conia in pin oct es witout write emisinBusing Damage and Safty Aer an Earthquake 135, Table 1 Structural element according to srctural system TC a i) ar le Caan jo nd ‘erin Rend masa) | Boring walled os — aro pi walls Bein vals Boor igure 9. Membership fictions for linguistic qualifications ‘The damage levels in diferent srutural an nonstructural elements of buildings having different typologies can be seen in Figures 10 and 11. The membership functions of the fazy sei reach their maximum membership point for the values of the damage indices hose seletion wil be explained late ands given in Table 3. Damage in of nonstructural elements doesnot affect the overall stability ofthe building, bout may put at rik the security ofthe occupant. The nonsiructral elements are classified in two groups: clements whose evaluation is compulsory and elements whose evaluation is optional (ee Table 2), “The ground and precxstent conditions variables are valued though the qulifcation of ‘heir statin the evaluation moment, The sed linguistic qualifiations ae: very good (VG), ‘medium or poor (M), and very bad (VB). Ground conditions consist of variables that ean affect th stability of he bu ding, such landslides andsoilquefsetion; examples ofthese Situations canbe observed in Figure 12. Prexistent conditions ar illustrated in Figure 13 and can inerease the seismic vulnerability of building Inthe intermediate layer, anindex is obtained by defuzzfcation for each group of variables. “aking into account the four available indices, itis possible to define in the ouput layer the building damage using fuzzy rules withthe stcural and nonstructural evaluations ‘The concept of linguist variable was stepping-stone othe concept ofa fuzzy IF-THEN ‘ule, Fuzzy rules and their manipulation eer othe so-called aleulation of fuzzy ale the largely self-contained pat of fuzzy logic often used in practical applications (Rutkowska, 2002; Zadeh, 1975, 1996) The concept of fuzzy rule i important when the dependences escribed by these rules ae impreise ot high degre of precision isnot requined (Rt198. Carta, Cardona, & Barbat igure 10. Damage in structural elements: (a) Severe damage ia reinforced concrete joint, (8) moderate damage ina reinforced cancrete beam, () heavy damage ina masonry wal, (heavy danage ina bahareque wall Figure 11, Damage in nonsectural elements: (a) Severe damage in masonry patitons, (0) heavy damage instars Capri ©2007, ea Go te Copying tring rit oles i itt rite emision foe Grou le poi‘Bulcing Damage and Safety ter an Earthquake 197 Table 2. Nonstructural elemens ng ie Root | platen clones Figure 12. Ground conditions: (0) Soll setlement and liquefaction, (9) landtides andl round file ‘owska). The fuzzy rule bas isthe knowledge base which consists ofa collection of fizzy itsthen rules, Consequently, following th proposed fuzzy rules, the building habitabilityis obtained by ‘means of structural nd nonsrctual evaluations Bt also assessing the ground conditions Fall, using the preexsten conditions, the system defines the required level of reparation, Thus, habtbiiy and reparabilty recommendations ean be made after an earthquake by Using thistool. Remarks as: "habitable ater minoradequateness"or “restricted: usable after reparationor“unsae: usablafer structural siengthening reinforcement or" dangerous possible demolition or toa tuilding rehabilitation,” are decisions obtained from this expert system, Figure 14 shows the stuctre of the neural network used in the proposed model cpyrigh © 2007, ea Go tne: Copying ot sbi ni olen rms win writen emission flea Gop Ie probe138 Carroio, Cardona, & Barbat Figure 13, Peexstent conditions: (a) Bad construction qual, (b) vertical shape ireg- Iavities, soft floor (c) plane shope tmegularte, (4) bad structural configuration: some elements are out ofthe mainframes Figure 14 Structure ofthe neural network nya mee Sel 2 Ceptght 0207 1k ie ne Copying adi in pit acer frm wou wie emo ofteeGop es peiBuilding Damage and Safty After an Earthquake. 198 Description of the ANN Input Layer of the Artijcial Neural Network ‘The fuzzy ses for each elemento variable (for instance columns, walls or beams) ofthe inputlayerare obtained fromthe linguist quaifieations madeby theinspectosaftera visual inspection ofthe building, which provide the damage D, at each level and its extension ‘or weight w, The damage extension, or percentage ofeach damage level in each element ‘aie fom 0 o 100 and it normalise: so Dwar 0 ‘The aecumuleted qualifcaton of damage D, foreach variable is obtained asthe union of ‘he sale fuzy sets, aking into aecount the damage membership functions ,(D) and its extensions or weighs assigned by the inspector: D,=(D/UD,UDy UD, UD,) @ Hy (D) nH (Dy Doe Hep) © The union inthe theory of fzy sess represented by the maximum membership or depen- dency. By means of defuzifcation, using the centroid ofaree method (COA), a qualification index C; i obttined foreach variable of each group of neurons Lomax, Ho, (Dy oo Ha (Dy Ment ® Each variablehas predefined basie membership functions forthe fizzy setscomesponding tothe five possible levels of damage, The linguistic qualifications change in each case Intermediate or Hidden Layer of the ANN This layer has four neurons corresponding fo each group of variables: structural elements, ‘onstrucurel elements, ground conditions and preexstent conditions. Figure 13 shows & ‘more detailed scheme ofthe evaluation process. In ths neural network mode, the inputs ofthe four neurons are the qualifications C, obained foreach variable from each group of euronsandits weigh or degre of importance onthe corresponding intemedite neuron, ‘These weights have to he defined with the participation of experts in earthquake damage valuation, The weights considered for some structural systems are shown in Table 3, wile {ables 4 5 and 6 show the weighs forthe nonsnictural elements, ground conditions and- eY 140 Carrer, Cardona, & Barat 3 Table 3. Weights for sirucnal elements acconing tothe building pe er [seams catmns] ate T vans | BSE Ty erred mony a ee Weed ae ap 2 u preexisting conditions. Using these qualilstons and weights foreach variable, global Index is obtained, for each group h, from the defuzification ofthe union or maximum membership of the sale fuzzy sets Bog =[% We Bg (Caron Be (Ca) at o He (C) =a (Hh (Cy) hg (Co? 6 Table 4 Weight for nonstructaral elements Table 5. Weights for ground conditions variables Ino shee ” Ligicttonsnd |] 5p emo ©2071 Gow nc Copying daring inp ssn fs wot writen ois ofl Gp ne pee,‘Buileing Damage and Safety After an Earthquake 141 Table 6. Weights for presistig conditions variables Par ape » ‘nexus _ ‘The membership factions p,,(C,) ad thet weighs IY, show the notation for the group of stuctual elements. The groups of variables elated to ground and preexisting conditions ae optional; ths they canbe or canbe not considered within the evaluation In this last, case the habitability and eparabiity ofthe buildings is assessed oaly with the sraturl ‘a! nonsivearinformation, Output Layer of the ANN. In this lyer, the global indices obtained for structural clements, nonstractural clement, ‘ground and preexstent conditions corespond to one final linguistic qualification in each «ase. The damage level (qualitative is obtained according tothe "proximity" ofthe value ‘obtained 1 global damage uneton of reference. In this layer, he traning process of he neural network sperformed Theindicesthat identify each qualitative level (cette of elute) ave changed in agreement wih the indices calculated in each evaluation and wih learning rate. Once the final qualifications ae made, iis possible to determine the global building damage, the habitat and eparability ofthe building using a set of fuzzy rle bass. ‘Training Process of the ANN ‘The neural network i abated in the ouput layer where the damage fanetons are defined ‘in elaton tothe damage matrix indices. In order to start the calibration, a starting points defined, that comesponds tothe initial indices ofeach evel of damage. The indices proposed by the ATC-13 (ATC, 1985), Park, Ang, and Wen (1984, the fragility curves used by HA. ZUS-89 promoted by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (1999) andthe indices ‘sed by Sanchez Silva and Garcia (2001) have been considered. The values ofthese indices comespond tothe centre of nes for every membership Function related to each damage level Table 7 shows the indices proposed inthis work together with the indices proposed by Park etal (1984) and Sanehez-Silva and Garcia (2001), which have been included with ‘aprght ©2807 Grohe. Copying dtiting in pion fos witout writen prion (do Gropp.142 Caro, Cardona, & Barbat igure 15. Srucare ofthe propased artifical neural network patel | omens the aim of comparison, The selection ofthe initia indices is base on the indices of Pk {his choice is justified onthe bass that they have been calibrated with information of sev- cal experimental and mimerical studies. Some authors consider tat collapse occurs for a value equal © 08, although Stone and Taylor (1993) proposed acolapse threshold of 0.77, According to this opinion, a value of 0.76 has been selected to describe the collapse level index. The authors decided tobe conservative when selecting the damage inde, since the indices coresponding to severe and moderate damage have been highly discussed, end doubts exist on whether they shouldbe smaller. The calibration is performed for each damage level and only the indices corresponding the group of variables considered in each eae are calibrated. The network leaming is made using a Kohonen network: cprigh © 2007, es Gow ne. Copying sbi in rit cleo Farms wtot ht ison Tc rou ne epee oa 038 om on eatin m0 oo O76 IME D =O AUNET = %y] o were Js the value of theiedex ofthe variables group recalculated considering learning rate, &funeton with expenential decay, and the diference between the resulting index ofthe present evaluation and the previous indices in each damage level. The leaning rate is defined by: (= O.1xexp(-0.140) ® ‘wheres the mmber of times that has been used the index which calibrate, For tining, te damage evaluations made after the Quindio earthquake in Colombia in 1999 were used, ‘However, mor informations necessary to complete the network training forall strata lasses, especially for wood and see framed structures, because these building classes are ‘ot common in that are Renfored concrete fames with shear walls ae also only afew and, therefore, the numberof building evaluations to calibrate this structural system were insufficient. The Figure 16 shows «summary ofthe computational process performed by the proposed mode Fuzzy Rule Bases For Decision Making ‘Thebuildinghabitabilty andreparabilityareassessedbasedonpreviousreslsofthedamage Jevelofthestuetualandnoasinctural elements, thestte ofthe ground andofhe preexstnt conditions. Figure 17 displays the used fuzzy rule bases. The global level ofthe building damages estimated stating fomthe structural and nonstructural damage resis. The global Copyright ©2071 Gep ne Copying sting in pit elec oms wito wien penn brides Gopirr 144 Carer, Cardona, & Barbat Figure 16. Flow char for the evaluation process 1-(0,U,UD,(39, UD) sep Cola eet PD a 2 Cefameeenndom oar, | mt abort], rene ge ae es ST { Neen=hineei[or-t] buing satis determined taking into aecount the rule bases of the ground conditions and, by this way, the habitability ofthe building is obtained, The linguistic qualification for the building habitat as four possibilities: usable, resvcted use, dangerous and probit. ‘They mean habitable immediately, usable after reparation, usable afer stuctural enforce ‘ment, and not usable at al. Besides, the building reprability depends on other fuzzy Fale bases the presxistent conditions. The building reparbility ha four ponies: no any ‘9¢ minor treatment, reparation, enforcement, an! possible demolition. Cope 207 Gn Cig ting a pin ans a wie wren peinBulding Damage and Safely Ater an Earthquake 145, igure 17. Method for building habiability and eparabiliy Copyright© 2007, ea rope, Copying iting in print or ceri wid wn pina 148. Careho, Cardona, & Barbat Examples of Evaluation Using the Proposed Computational Model In this seetion are given tree examples which illustrate the application ofthe proposed ‘mode tothe evaluation ofthe seismic damage and saety of three buildings having different ‘ypoogies: reinforced concrete, unreinforced masonry andconfinedmsoary. These buildings have been damaged by the January 1999 earthquake occured in the cofleegrowing-rea ‘of Colombia. The most important characteristics ofeach building at given, together with the damage level and exteasion coresponding to ech type of stctural and nonstruturel element, hots of the most characteristic damage observed after the earthquake ae shown, The results obtained foreach example corespond to four aspects ofthe problem: damage, Fis, habitablty and eparabilty and are given in fou sections ofa able, The section of damage providesas results numerical and linguistic qualifications foreach groupofclements ‘The section of risk gives a qualification ofthe risk level corresponding tothe struct, the ‘nonsrutural elements endothe ground nd also evaluates the over sate ofthe building, The habtailty setion provides a decision sbout the building habitabilty and suggests security measures tobe undertaken urgently. The eparbiity section suggests certin ee sures which have tobe applied, but without a detailed description. Obviously, the detailed "eparation measures requte the intervention ofa structural engince. All the numerical and linguistic results, comments and descriptions are given by a computer program in which the proposed mode! hasbeen implemented. At present, this program, Earthquake Damege Evaluation of Buildings (EDE}, is used a an oficial tool by the disaster risk mangement offices of the cities of Bogoté and Manizales, in Colombia. At the end ofthe table which \evcies the esl or each example, alow char i included, which deseribes the appica- ‘ion ofthe fuzzy ule basis in order o obtain the qualification of the building damage state, habitability an eparabiity. Bxample 1. bro stare above gowns 5 kindof shphragnsSolt slabs Location blocks Corse opti © 207, ie Go te Copying adit in inosine emis ‘tee Group ns prohi.a Buding Damage and Safety Aer an Earthquake 147 Collase: Not “natn Not Beans: None _|_Ligm30 | Malemeo | Henwyio | Severo Cohn TNow:a5| Ligne s0 | Moteate:s | Henge | Sever 0 : Nove: | Liebe 20 | Meee: 0 | Hens |Seveei0 “lor abs [None [ Liem? | Moderne: | —Heay: 0] Severe: Partin Moente—Fagade; igh Sore: Nose Crack slope nat ad landed Nave (ry go) wud emai and yefctons_Nose ery 208) Ieeplarcoigurtion pln Medion Sirsa congration Poor 8) emi © 27 a GC oan rier hs it wre eine4 148 Carrot, Cardona, & Barbat Results Example I Damage Sota domoge: Ligh 04318 | Now sical damage: Light 2398 | : Prost conditions Medium 0.33, slight damage, The sarhqike resins Bae ‘These ofthehuldng ante promndsondons abe ‘The bding cn be normaly nahi | Thebuidng needs some option possibly ee 1a mito daa and precustecontons cama] surat cratmt [[ rasta 3 Bein se ti ig onion ‘pei: Reto mat | | preto2 legal mbes tient tneiiawtpeicin |‘Bulding Damage and Safety ter an Earthquake 149 Example 2. ‘uliigiagcton: Outside inside Mamber of tories ahove ground 3 Tipe of phone Solid bs Fir or seen De fomdaion’ Not eoring walls | Nowe: igh o_| oterse:30___| Heny:20_| Severe 50 Siete amage nearing alls of erie rmsnnry (ati laa) Parinons: Weary Fovates Hesry Siar: Hay Stee with heavy dae (bow) ‘rennd cntione ‘Cock slope uti and le: Widespend(ery bad) Grom ethene and igueaction:_Wlespren (ry bl) ‘Matra nd consroction quality’ Poor vey ba) ‘nel conioration in pln Nery Veto implies oF dco: Nery bl rch confnraton: Nery tad ‘Copyih © 200, dn Go ne Coying dstbing npr cern fr wit write emission ‘flea Group ne pois,180. Carreto, Cardona, & Barat Results Example 2 Scrat rik> Vey bh on srvctra ik: High Grounds: Very igh “The baling sored overeat damage and song nest damage. Pe talagpatay apedor ses ‘mage ta pts he blling dager of allay Buln condone Very bad Soveredamageofhehldng andthe ve bad prone ssos io th sua th buling coniton ey ba. ‘The building aba shosk be pried dose dang ‘Toop by very bd using sn rom conions Seca mecruret;_ Exterior ai sould be lle fr preventing ht of tare and poesia los the bling. Tear sibs demaition ftBuding Damage and Safely Aer an Earthquake. 151 Example3. vest fen r [ee ee ee od152 Carrer, Cardona, & Barbat 2 Results example 3 7 Grom conditions: Not np iforsnton Srl isk: Lom ser tome eae Grounds: Low Puitding damage: eney ‘The bung was sevously Samed though he ground conto : ‘The bung ocean is Sngerous ue tothe bd conditions of the epyih © 200, a Coup oops dsibing a pet or ceo ms wot te ein tea Goa ne proh‘ulcing Damage and Safety Afr an Earthquake 158 Conclusion and Future Trends ‘Asa support tothe comple task of building damage evaluation after an earthquake, ani ‘novative expert system has been proposed, based on computational inteligene techniques ‘Sich as artificial neral networks and fuzzy loge approach. This computational model im proves the existing conventions! existing methodologies, making possible a more secure ‘Scismic building damage evaluation by nonexpeet professionals. This typeof too is suitable in the proctice because building damage evaluation dels with subjective and incomplete information which requiesthewseofhngeistic qualfcations that are appropriately handled by fuzzy sets, In ation, an arificial neural network hasbeen used to calfbrate the system using the judgment of specials. The taining ofthe neural network was performed by ws- inga database of tel evaluaons made by expert engineers. “The proposed neuro-fuzzy expetsystem enabled the developmentofauser-friendly computer program called Earthquake Danoge Evaluation of Buildings, EDE. At presen, this program {sused as en oficial toolby thedisaterrsk management offices ofthe cities of Bogota “Manizales, in Colombia, and tia component ofa "National Program on Biking Eval tions,” in which new inspection guidelines and forms have been also developed. “The possibility of calibrating the exper system tobe used diel in fferent seismic areas ependson the se of acura nd reliable databases of building damage obtained by means ‘of inspections and qualifications made by expens. These databases ae essential because itis necessary to have available detailed and relevant damage information forthe laming process ofthe artificial neural network, Unfortunately, these databases are not available present in the desied amount. Therefore, inorder (o refine the quality of the proposed expert system, i is necessary, throughout the coordination of professional essoiatons of fathquake engineering and urivestes, fo develop appropriate databases of evaluations tier future eethquakes, taking into account all the building types existing in the seismic ‘eas, to complete the leming process for these constructions. Any way, more information| fn the structural types for whic evaluation databases ae already avaiable is als desirable Jn order to improve the knowledge on the seismic behaviour of buildings having the same {ype but which are located in dierent ares and, therefore, have different detail Athough it would be also possible to perform Future developments inthe field of damage valuation algorithms, fist of al iis necessary 10 improve the data collection of bul ing damages and the organizaton of procedures and of the coordination ofthe emergency response ater earthquakes, The erent conventional methodologies ae well designed but their implementation is stil not adequate, The possibility of avoiding mistakes made by honexpetis is fr to be asuredif a oo, like the export system bere described, is not avail ble inthe tine ofa stong earhquake Lasly, the use of sof compuing is relevant in many activites of civil engineering, in ‘which computational nteligencetols ean be successfully applied; however, they had not !nappropsat diffusion unit peset. 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