Maria Andrea O.

Rico
CE-103 Final Exam

1. A frame work emerged that includes four over aching end goals for
understanding of the first year calculus:
a. Mastery of fundamental concepts and or skill of the first year calculus.
b. Constructions connections and relationship between and among concept skills.
c. The ability to use the ideas of the first year calculus.
d. A deep sense of the context and the purpose of the calculus.
With this, explain why a student to fully understand the first year calculus on the
following concepts:
1. Derivatives
Derivatives are a fundamental tool of calculus. Derivatives may be generalized to
functions of several real variables. It said to be that its idea is to measure the
sensitivity to change of the function value with respect to a change in its
argument. Derivatives are met in many engineering and science problems
specially when modelling the behaviour of moving objects. Derivative is a
concept of changes. In real world everything changes. As a civil engineering
student, it is important to understand the concept of derivatives. In the field of
civil engineering it requires concept of derivatives. Firstly, derivation of the basic
fluid mechanics equations requires calculus. For example, all hydraulic
analysis programs, which aid in the design of storm drain and open channel
systems, use calculus numerical methods to obtain the results. In hydrology,
volume is calculated as the area under the curve of a plot of flow versus time
and is accomplished using calculus.

2. Integrals
The branch of mathematics in which the notion of an integral, its properties and
methods of calculation are studied. Integral calculus is intimately related
to differential calculus, and together with it constitutes the foundation of
mathematical analysis. The origin of integral calculus goes back to the early
period of development of mathematics and it is related to the method of
exhaustion developed by the mathematicians of Ancient Greece. This method
arose in the solution of problems on calculating areas of plane figures and
surfaces, volumes of solid bodies, and in the solution of certain problems in
statistics and hydrodynamics. It is based on the approximation of the objects
under consideration by stepped figures or bodies, composed of simplest planar
figures or special bodies (rectangles, parallelopipeds, cylinders, etc.). In this
sense, the method of exhaustion can be regarded as an early method of
 integration. Basically, we need this concept in finding the volume, surface area,
flow rate and many other things.

3. Limits
In mathematics, a limit is the value that a function (or sequence) "approaches" as the
input (or index) "approaches" some value. Limits are essential
to calculus (and mathematical analysis in general) and are used to
define continuity, derivatives, and integrals. Limits are needed to define continuity of a
functions, a function of derivatives, the definite integrals and sequences, series, etc,.
The concept of a limit of a sequence is further generalized to the concept of a limit of
a topological net, and is closely related to limit and direct limit in category theory.

4. Sequences and series

A sequence is an ordered list of objects (or events). Like a set, it contains
members (also called elements, or terms). The number of ordered elements
(possibly infinite) is called the length of the sequence. Unlike a set, order matters
in a sequence, and exactly the same elements can appear multiple times at
different positions in the sequence. Most precisely, a sequence can be defined
as a function whose domain is a countable, totally ordered set, such as the
natural numbers. Understanding series is also important to understanding the
fundamentals of calculus. The derivation of a definite integral comes from the
limit of a Riemann Sum as the delta approaches 0. Series are sometimes our
only hope of gleaning information from a problem. Series are useful because
they turn functions into polynomials, which have nice properties.

5. Approximation
Linear approximation, or linearization, is a method we can use to approximate
the value of a function at a particular point. The reason liner approximation is
useful is because it can be difficult to find the value of a function at a particular
point. Approximation is a primary building block of the calculus. Approximation
is foundational to understanding the fundamental concepts in calculus.
Approximation can motivate the study of calculus topics and-or make calculus
topics more meaningful to students. Approximation has relevance to real world
or applied problems, which are rarely exact. Approximation is a critical
component of the knowledge base of science, technology, engineering, and
mathematics majors. Approximation ideas have historical significance to the
development of the calculus.

6. Reimann Sums
A Riemann Sum is a method for approximating the total area underneath a curve on a
graph, otherwise known as an integral. It may also be used to define the integration
operation. a Riemann sum is a certain kind of approximation of an integral by a finite
sum. The sum is calculated by partitioning the region into shapes
(rectangles, trapezoids, parabolas, or cubics) that together form a region that is similar
to the region being measured, then calculating the area for each of these shapes, and
finally adding all of these small areas together. This approach can be used to find a
numerical approximation for a definite integral even if the fundamental theorem of
calculus does not make it easy to find a closed-form solution.

7. Parametric and Polar Equations

Parametric equations define a group of quantities as functions of one or more
independent variables called parameters. Parametric equations are commonly
used to express the coordinates of the points that make up a geometric object
such as a curve or surface, in which case the equations are collectively called a
parametric representation or parameterization. The polar coordinate system is a
two-dimensional coordinate system in which each point on a plane is determined
by a distance from a reference point and an angle from a reference direction.
Another advantage of parametric equations is that the parameter can be used to
represent something useful and therefore provide us with additional information
about the graph. Often a plane curve is used to trace the motion of an object over
a certain interval of time. It is useful to be able to convert between rectangular
equations and parametric equations. Converting from rectangular to parametric
can be complicated, and requires some creativity. Here we'll discuss how to
convert from parametric to rectangular equations.

8. Continuity
Calculus and analysis (more generally) study the behavior of functions, and
continuity is an important property because of how it interacts with other
properties of functions. In basic calculus, continuity of a function is a necessary
condition for differentiation and a sufficient condition for integration. But
continuous functions have other nice properties. For example, they are easy to
approximate by simpler functions. Taylor series, Fourier series, and Weierstrass'
approximation theorem are just a few methods for approximating a continuous
function with polynomials. We need to distinguish continuous from discontinuous
mathematical functions because the very world we observe exhibits continuity
and discontinuity.

9. Optimization
Optimization, also known as mathematical programming, collection of
mathematical principles and methods used for solving quantitative problems in
many disciplines, including physics, biology, engineering, economics, and
 business. The subject grew from a realization that quantitative problems in
manifestly different disciplines have important mathematical elements in
common. Because of this commonality, many problems can be formulated and
solved by using the unified set of ideas and methods that make up the field of
optimization. Optimization problems typically have three fundamental elements.
The first is a single numerical quantity, or objective function, that is to be
maximized or minimized.

10. Transformation
Transformation of graphs of functions has been a major component of many
levels of algebra as well as of more advanced courses in mathematics. The
transformations that occur when an equation is modified in its particular
characteristics helps the learner to understand families of functions and their
relations to each other. This can be particularly beneficial in showing how
transformations are applied to mathematical functions on the coordinate axis,
and how the equation of a function can be systematically modified to transform
the graph of any function.

2. With your present know-how and capabilities, can you rate yourself from 1-5 you
stand as civil engineering student (1 as outstanding and 5 as failure), explain
your answer briefly.

I rate myself 3 as I stand as a civil engineering student in Mapua University. I’m

still adjusting with the way of teachings, the culture of the university and the
environment. I’am a STEM Student in my senior year so I already have a
background about the topics in calculus. I’m an average student and even though
I have studied a glimpse of the topics in calculus in my senior year I’m still
doubting myself if I can fully understand the different concepts in calculus. There
are topics that were really easy for me but when it comes to the derivatives of
radicals, I tend to forget the process of it. But as I stay here in Mapua I know and
I hope that I will get used to the way of teachings and thoroughly understand the
different concepts in mathematics as I move forward in the university.