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Gradient 9-5 and 9-6 Mo PDF
Gradient 9-5 and 9-6 Mo PDF
A T=25
B
2
Directional Derivatives: definition
T=15
The rate of change of T in the direction
specified by AB is given by:
(20-15)/AB = 5/h T=20
an examples of directional derivative
A T=25
B
T ( x + h cosθ , y + h sin θ ) − T ( x, y )
Du (T ) = lim ,
h→0 h
where h = ( ∆x ) 2 + ( ∆y ) 2
3
Directional Derivatives: definition
4
The gradient vector: grad
A vector field, called the
gradient, written:
grad F or ∇F
can be associated with a scalar
field F.
At every point the direction of
the vector field (∇F) is
¾ orthogonal to the scalar field
contour (C) and
¾ in the direction of the
maximum rate of change of F.
∂ ˆ ∂ ˆ ∂
∇=i + j +k
ˆ ∇ called ‘del’
∂x ∂y ∂z
5
The gradient vector: grad
Gradient of a Function
Given : w = F ( x, y , z )
∂F ∂F ∂F
∴ grad F = ∇F ( x, y , z ) = i +j +k
∂x ∂y ∂z
Example:
Given : F = xy / z , Find ∇F
2 3
6
The gradient vector (Cont.)
Key points:
¾ ∇F direction is the normal vector to the surface
∇F • tˆ = 0, tˆ is a tangent unit vector to F
¾ |∇F| magnitude gives the rate of change (the slope) (rate of
change) of F, when moving along a certain direction.
¾ ∇F points in the direction of most rapid increase of F.
¾ -∇F points in the direction of most rapid decrease of F.
¾ F is a scalar field while ∇F is a vector field.
¾ ∇F is not constant in space.
7
The gradient vector (Cont.)
Generalization of Directional Derivative in u direction:
tˆ
F(x,y)=C
∇F
u
Du ( F ) = ∇F • uˆ , uˆ = unit vector
The maximum value of Du(F) is ||∇F|| and occurs when u and ∇F
are in the same directions.
The minimum value of Du(F) is -||∇F|| and occurs when u and ∇F
are in the opposite directions.
r
Example: F = xy /( x + y ); u =< 6,8 > Find Du (F) @ ( 2,−1).8
The gradient vector: Some Applications
Engineers use the gradient vector in many physical laws such as:
d = −∇T ( x, y ) = −4 xi − 2 yj
= -16i- 4 j
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Equation of Tangent Plane
A vector normal to the surface F(x,y,z) = c
at a point P (xo,yo,zo) is ∇F, and can be
denoted by no.
If ro is the position vector of the point P
relative to the origin, and r is the position
vector of any point on the tangent plane,
the vector equation of the tangent plane is:
r r r r
no • (r − ro ) = 0, no = ∇F ( ro ) at P
The equivalent scalar equation of the tangent plane is:
(x − xo)Fx (xo, yo, zo) + ( y − yo)Fy (xo, yo, zo) + (z − zo)Fz (xo, yo, zo) = 0