CLIMATE CHANGE

CLIMATE CHANGE
• shifting weather patterns
• threatened food production
• rising sea levels – food

UNFCCC – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

• Climate Change – in/directly to human activity that alters composition of atmosphere

GREENHOUSE GASES (GHG)

• natural
• essential
• keep sun’s warmth and refect it back to space

SIX MAJOR GHG

1. Water Vapor – evaporation from water bodies
2. Carbon Dioxide – combustion of fossil fuels and forest fres
3. Methane – animal husbandry, irrigated agriculture, oil extraction
4. Nitrous Oxide – burning fossil fuels, nitrogen based fertilizers, ploughing farm soils
5. Ozone – protective layer from UV ; natural & manmade ; smog + air pollution
6. Chlorofuorocarbons (CFCs) – chlorine containing gas, aerosol sprays, cleaning agents ;
depletion of ozone

SCIENTIFIC LINKS
• GHG is directly linked to average global temperature on Earth.
• Concentration is rising steadily along with global temperatures.
• CO2 – most abundant GHS. (2/3) – burning fossil fuels

IPCC – The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

WMO – World Meteorological Organization

IPCC
• set up by WMO and UN environment
• scientifc information
• role of human activities in C.C.
• 5th assessment report (2013)
◦ CLIMATE CHANGE IS REAL AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES ARE THE MAIN CAUSE.

5TH ASSESSMENT REPORT

• cause of sea level rise
• estimate of CO2 emissions since pre-industrial
• CO2 budget (2 deg. Celsius)
◦ 1880 – 2012: temp increase by 0.85 dec Celsius
◦ warm oceans
 ◦ snow and ice diminished
◦ sea level rise
◦ 1901 – 2010: sea level rose by 19 cm
◦ ice in Artic shrunk: 1.07 x 106 km2 loss per decade
◦ global temp will continue to rise, ice melt
◦ 2065: 20 – 30 cm (ave sea level rise)
◦ 2100: 40 – 63 cm (ave sea level rise)

GLOBAL WARMING OF 1.5 DEG. CELSIUS

• 1.5 deg. Celsius is more sustainable and equitable society

UNITED NATIONS LEGAL INSTRUMENTS

1. UNFCCC
2. Kyoto Protocol
3. Paris Agreement
4. Climate Summit in 2019

UNFCCC KYOTO PROTOCOL PARIS AGREEMENT CLIMATE SUMMIT

- combat C.C. - Secretary General
- sustainable low Antonio Guterres
- Earth Summit - strengthen global
carbon future - bring world leaders
- 197 countries response to climate
- brings all nations of governments
- prevent dangerous change
into a common cause together
human interference - emission reduction
to combat C.C. - Luis Alfonso de Alva
with climate system - 197 (C) + 192 (K)
- below 2 dec. Celsius : Mexican diplomat,
- 184 countries special envoy

NOBEL PEACE PRIZE

• 2007: US VP Al Gore and IPCC
• efforts to build up and disseminate knowledge about C.C.

HOW TO MITIGATE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF C.C.?

• Be aware of C.C issues and encourage others.
• Practice 3R’s.
• Conserve electricity, water, & natural resources.
• Advocate use of renewable energy.
• Encourage reforestation.
• Use CFL’s (compact light bulbs)
• Encourage population control.
• Organic farming.
• Environment-friendly appliances.
• Walk, bike, or use mass transportation.
FIRE HAZARD

HOW TO USE A FIRE EXTINGUISHER

1. PULL the pin.
2. AIM at base of fre.
3. SQUEEZE the lever.
4. SWEEP from side to side.

BFP FIRE CAUSES

• faulty electrical wiring
• LPG related
• neglected cooking
• cigarette butt
• torch
• candle/gasera
• matchstick/lighter
• direct fame contact/static electricity
• neglected electrical appliances
• electrical machineries
• chemicals
• ignited fammable liquid
• spontaneous combustion
• pyrotechnics
• bomb explosion
• lightning
• forest fre/vehicular fre

FIRE
• chemical reaction
• rapid oxidation of fuel producing heat + light
• heat + fuel + oxygen

SAFETY MEASURES
• smoke alarm
• fre extinguisher
• emergency exit plan

C – ENERGIZED D–
A – LIGHT B – FLAMMABLE K – COOKING
ELECTRICAL COMBUSTIBLE
MATERIALS LIQUIDS FUELS AND OILS
EQUIPMENT METALS
paper Kerosene plugged Sodium Frying oil
plastic paint computers Zinc greases
rubber solvents servers Magnesium animal &
 adhesives
gasoline
petroleum
greases Titanium
motors
wood tars Zirconium
transformers vegetable fats
leaves oil Lithium
appliances
oil-based paints Potassium
alcohols
propane
butane

TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

CARTRIDG
E
WATER CARBON DRY WET CLEAN WATER
OPERATED
AND FOAM DIOXIDE CHEMICAL CHEMICAL AGENT MIST
DRY
CHEMICAL
Multipurpose Multipurpose
: A, B, C A (primary), : A, B, C
A only B and C K, A (some) A, B, C
ordinary:B, C (safe) ordinary:B,
C C
heat
prevent re-
heat
Take away ignition Interrupt
Oxygen and Chemical Halon and
heat and (barrier Heat chemical
heat reaction halocarbon
oxygen between reaction
oxygen and
fuel)

VULNERABILITY AND RISK

VULNERABILITY
• predisposition to suffer damage due to external events
• susceptibility and resilience under threat of a hazard event

SUSCEPTIBILITY
• fact of being exposed
• be susceptible but not vulnerable
◦ landslide threatening a house but owners built a wall to protect it

EXPOSURE
 • state of being physically affected from a hazard
◦ involuntary: air pollution, food contamination, water pollution
◦ voluntary: choice over where we live and activities we engage in

RESILIENCE
• ability to adjust and recover
• be susceptible but if resilient, not vulnerable
◦ owners of a house threatened by a landslide. They have a second house. They reside
there during rainy season.
• Components:
◦ access to resources
◦ individual skills
◦ beliefs
• diffcult to assess than susceptibility

CAPACITY
• positive conditions which increase ability of a community to deal with hazards
• may have:
◦ physical
◦ social/organizational
◦ attitudinal/motivational components
• refected in preparedness of community to face a hazard
• susceptibility is very low, high resilience = minimum vulnerability
◦ Displaced population in emergency settlement. Susceptibility to measles is high. However
all children are immunized.
• High susceptibility, low resilience = maximum vulnerability
◦ children are not immunized

PREPAREDNESS
• measures taken in anticipation of a disaster to ensure effective actions are taken in the
aftermath of the hazard

RESPONSE
• actions taken immediately following impact of a hazard event

SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS
• IHD – Indicator of Human Development
• low IHD, low mean wealth, literacy, and health state. (increased vulnerability)
◦ GDP per capita
◦ life expectancy
◦ adult literacy

DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
• high population, unfavorable socio-economic parameters. (high vulnerability)
RISK
• likelihood or probability of hazard of a certain magnitude occurring
• measures threat of hazards
• actual exposure
• product of probability and loss
• elements:
◦ PHYSICAL
▪ infrastructure
• roads
• railway
• bridges
• harbor
• airport
▪ critical facilities
• emergency shelters
• schools
• hospitals
• nursing homes
• fre brigades
• police
• utilities
• transport
• communication
• government services
◦ ECONOMIC
▪ business and trade activities
▪ access to work
▪ impact on work force
▪ opportunity cost
◦ SOCIETAL
▪ vulnerable age categories
▪ low income group people
▪ gender
◦ ENVIRONMENTAL
▪ loss of biodiversity
▪ damaged landscape
▪ physical and chemical changes

QUANTIFICATION OF RISK
1. Hazard Occurrence Probability (p) – probability of occurrence of a natural hazard
2. Elements at Risk – inventory of people or things exposed to hazard
3. Expected Loss (L) – degree of loss
◦ direct impacts: loss of life, housing, infrastructure
◦ indirect: utility services, transport, labor supplies, suppliers, markets
RISK = hazard (probability) x loss (expected) / preparedness (loss mitigation)

➔ Greater hazard probability, greater risk.

➔ Greater loss, greater risk.
➔ Greater preparedness or capacity, lesser risk.