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FOREWORD

HISTORICAL ANALYSES
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The article explores the challenges and possible approaches
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and for the needs of operational policy-making. The starting point of the analysis is
an overview of the history of Roma presence in Europe, which provides the argument
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Roma” are analysed. Those challenges are stemming from the patterns of coexistence
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during modernity. Many of those elements still remain valid today.
“Roma” is not just a meta-group, but a complex construct and its meaning
differs depending on the interpretative frameworks of the different sides involved in
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vis-à-vis the non-Roma (the Gadzo). Seen in historical perspective, this pattern of
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the Roma. The discrimination and prejudice themselves were an inevitable outcome
to the process of modernisation, in which the way of living of Roma was increasingly
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with the consolidation of nation-states in the 19th and 20th century.
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facing challenges similar to those faced for centuries by Roma. This is the challenge
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absorb the multiple identities of the post-modern citizens. Seen from this perspective,
Roma inclusion could provide valuable insights.
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example of such methods from the area of quantitative sampling surveys.
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