Health Effects of ICT

Eye-Strain
One health issue that can occur after using computers for a long time iseye-
strain (tiredness of the eyes).

This is caused by looking at a monitor which is a constant distance away. The

muscles that focus your eyes do not move, and so get tired and painful. Eye-strain
can also cause headaches.

This problem can be solved:

• Look away from the monitor at regular intervals – re-focus on distant or
close objects to exercise the muscles in the eye.
• Take regular breaks.
• Use an anti-glare filter in front of the monitor to cut down on screen
reflections that can also tire the eyes.

Back and Neck Ache

Many people suffer from back and neck pain after working at a computer for a long
time. This is usually due to them having a bad sitting posture.

This problem can be solved:

• Use an adjustable, ergonomic chair, and take the time to set it up properly.
• The computer keyboard and monitor should be at the correct height for the
seated person (keyboard lower than the elbow, top of monitor at eye level).
• Take regular breaks: get up, walk around, stretch your muscles

Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) in Wrists and Hands

Any repetitive movement (same movement over and over again) can result in a
health problem called repetitive strain injury (RSI).

In particular, typing and using a mouse for long periods are common causes
of RSI in the wrist (it is often called carpal-tunnel syndrome).
This problem can be solved:
• Use a wrist-rest to support the wrists while typing and when using the mouse.
• Take regular breaks from typing or using the mouse.

Safety Issues with ICT

…situations that can result in accidents...

Trailing Cables
Computer equipment is often connected to lots of cables: power, network, etc.

If these cables are laying on the floor, they can cause people to trip over them

Solution: Place cables inside cable ducts, orunder the carpet / flooring
Spilt Drinks
or Food
If any liquids are spilt on electrical equipment, such a s a computer, it can result
in damage to the equipment, or an electric shock to the user.

Solution: Keep drinks and food away from computers

Overloaded
Power Sockets
Plugging too many power cables into a socket can result in the socket
being overloaded, overheating, and a fire starting.

Solution: Never plug too many cables into a socket. Always make sure there are fire
extinguishers nearby

Heavy Objects
Falling
Many items of computer equipment are veryheavy: CRT monitors, laser printers, etc.
Heavy items can cause serious injury if they fall on people.

Solution: Make sure equipment is placed onstrong tables / shelves

Capability & Limitations of ICT

Increased leisure time by ICT
Examples:
1. Washing machines saves time and effort
2. Word processing can correct mistakes easily = saves a lot of time compared to
writing by hand
3. Dishwasher saves time
4. Microwave
5. Cars :
a) more comfortable than before
b) the engine starts up a lot smoother than older cars
c) more reliable and well made
6. Remote controls
7. Robotic vacuum cleaners
8. Public transportation :
a) more reliable
b) less waiting
9. Reduced many labour intensive jobs –
E.g. : printing industry (news parting)
Capabilities & Limitations of ICT
• Capabilities : things you are able to do
• Limitations : things you cannot do
Capability
• provides access to information
• created more higher skilled jobs
• computers have allowed sophisticated control type jobs ( E.g. - air traffic
control )
• accuracy : able to repeat complex calculations over again with complete
accuracy
• can do complex tasks ( E.g. weather monitoring )
• computers can work 24/7
Limitation
• LEDCs don't have access to advanced ICT
• job losses ( manual / low skilled jobs)
• people may become too reliant on computer controls
• less secure IDs
• un-wanted contact from people at remote location
people are too lazy to perform calculations (EFFECT )

What is Hacking?
It is normally taken to mean breaking in to a computer system.

Why Do Hackers Hack?

A hacker may break into a system just out of curiosity or for the challenge - can they get
through the system’s defences? But, it is more likely that they are breaking in to access data,
usually because the data has value.

Can a Computer be Protected from Hacking?

You should:
• Use strong passwords to protect your user login account
• Never reveal your login password to anyone else
• Place a firewall between your computer and any network
• Disconnect from networks when you are not using them
• Encrypt any sensitive information (just in case they get in)

What is Malware?
Malware is short for malicious software.

Malware is the name given to any software that could harm a computer system, interfere with a
user's data, or make the computer performactions without the owner's knowledge or permission.

Some examples of malware:

• Spyware (spys on you)
• Adware (pops up adverts all the time)
• Root kits (allows a hacker full access to your computer)
•
What is a Computer Virus?
A computer virus is a piece of software that can 'infect' a computer (install itself) and copy
itself to other computers, without the users knowledge or permission.
How Can a Computer Be Protected from Viruses?
There are some simple things you can do to help prevent a virus infecting your computer:
• Install anti-virus software and keep it up-to-date (this is the most important thing you can
do!)
• Install anti-malware software (stops software installing without your knowledge)
• Never download and install software from the Internet unless you are certain it is from a
source you can trust
• Don’t open e-mail attachments unless you have scanned them (even a file that seems to be a
picture can contain a virus)
• Don’t click links in websites that seem suspicious (if a site is offering prizes / free stuff / etc.
be suspicious!)
• If someone gives you a memory stick or CD-ROM, run a virus scan on it before opening
any files.
• Don’t trust cracked versions of software from file-sharing sites (often these have viruses
and other malware added to them - a Trojan horse)
•
What is Software Copyright?
Illegally copying software is often referred to as software piracy.
Holding the copyright for software means that you have the protection of the
law if anyone tries to steal your software.

Under copyright law, people must not:

• Copy the software for other people
• Lend the software to other people
• Rent the software to other people
• Install the software on a network when other users can access it
(unless it is a special ‘network’ version)

Internet Developments
What is Web 2.0?
The original World-Wide Web ('The Web', WWW, or 'Web 1.0') was a collection of
mostly static websites that published information. You could visit the sites, read the
webpages, look at the pictures, but you couldn't really interact with the site: you
couldn't login, leave comments, tag images, discuss things, etc. The original Web was
a mostly one-way experience where information was delivered to you.

'Web 2.0' (pronounced "web two-point-oh") is the name given to the recent
development of interactive websites that are quite different to the old, static
websites.

Many websites on the Web today allow users to:

• share information (e.g. notes and photos on Facebook)
• interact (add comments, chat, etc.)
• collaborate on content (e.g. creating pages on Wikipedia)
• create their own content (e.g. videos on YouTube)
•
Web 2.0 is often called the 'Social Web' because of the way that users can interact
and share. It's also been called the 'Read-Write Web' because much of the content is
now written by users (they're not just reading)
Blogs and Blogging
A blog is a website where someone (usually a normal person - not a professional
writer) writes about a topic.

Blogs can be personal (someone writing about their own life, or their personal
views), based on an interest (e.g. football), or some businesses also use blogs to write
about new products, etc.
A blog allows someone to be a writer and publisher on the Web with very little
effort or cost. A blog can be setup with just a few clicks, whereas a few years ago
you'd need a lot of technical knowledge to create your own website.

Many blogs have systems that allow readers to leave comments and begin discussions
connected with the blog posts.
Blogging (the act of writing a blog) has become very popular over the past decade or
so (there are well over 200 million unique blogs).

Some blogs are very popular and have hundreds of thousands of readers, but many are
only read by a tiny number of readers (probably just the writer's family and friends!)

Blogs allow people to publish their views and opinions very easily, without anyone
else checking what they are writing. For this reason, it is very important that you do
not take the viewpoints expressed on blogs as facts - they are just one
person's opinion and maybe factually very wrong.
The word 'blog' is an abbreviation of 'web log'.

A 'log' is a place where a list of information is written down, so a 'web log' is a place
where people write a list of things on the Web.

One form of blogging, where people publish very short posts, is known as 'Micro-
blogging'.

The most well-known micro-blog is Twitter.

Wikis
A wiki is a website that allows users to collaborate (work together) to create the
content. The pages of a wiki can be edited by everyone (or those who have the
password) so that different people can add to the page, edit things, fix errors, etc.

Wikis often automatically create automatic links between pages. E.g. if a wiki page
exists called 'Camels' and you write the word 'camel', the word will become a link to
the Camel page. This feature means that wikis are very useful for creating sites
containing lots of connected information.

Wikis are used for websites such as:

• Encyclopaedia (e.g. Wikipedia)
• Help sites (e.g. This site for Ubuntu Linux)
Because many people can edit pages on a wiki, you have to be aware that the
information you read may not be entirely accurate - sometimes people edit pages and
write things that are wrong. Usually the errors are noticed and fixed by other wiki
users, but not always.

The most famous wiki iswikipedia - a user-created encyclopaedia.

Media Uploading Sites

There are many websites that allow users to create, upload and share their own
media such as photos, music or video. Usually other users can rate or comment on
the media that is uploaded leading to these sites often being referred to as 'Social
Media' sites.

All media upload sites have rules about the type of media that you can upload - you
have to either own the copyright to the image / music / video yourself, or have
permission from the copyright owner.
The most famous video upload site is YouTube.

Social Networks
A social network website is a site that allows user to connect with other users who are
friends / relatives, or who share similar interests.

Connected users can then share information / pictures / files with each other, send
messages, chat, etc.