Fine Elements in Analysis and Design xxx (000) 2k Contents lists available at SeienceDiceet Finite Elements in Analysis and Design journal homepage: www. lsevier.conviocatelfine! Computation of absorbing boundary conditions at the discrete level for acoustic waves in the frequency domain Denis Duhamel ede ore arch, Lara Nov, STTAR/CNRS/LPE, 68 Avo le Pel Ci Dacre Champs Mae, 7745, Marea Val, ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT apni ‘The calculation of wave rdiation in exterior domains by finite clement methods can lead te large computations Fie clement ‘even if we consider near probes inthe requeney domain asin thi rile. Here, we study two-dimensional orig any Acoust described by the Helmbol equation. A large pt ofthe exterior domain is meshed and this emp: tational domin is truncated at some distance where local or global boundary conlions are imposed x this anifca! boundary. These conditions at finite distance mist simulate as closely as posible the exact radiation ‘condition a infinity and are generally obtained by dsereiing an operator on the boundary. ere, we propose afferent approach sil sed on the fit element mesod. Instead of ring an absorbing ‘operitor and then dtereiing ae wil estimate the absorbing operator eet tthe discrete evel and build a sparse matrix approximating the absorbing condition. This sree absorbing matrix i added to the dynamic ‘tines mates ofthe problem which i the solved ina classical way. The coeficlens of the absorbing matix are found from the solutions of small size linear systems foreach node on the radiating boundary. This i done wing ase of radiating fonctions fr which a boundary condition is writen. The precision ofthe method is ‘estimated from the numberof function inthe tet stand from the numberof coefficient allowed inthe sparse Frequeny domain ‘matrix. Pally, some examples are computed o vada the method. 1. Introduction Solving the Helmholtz equation in unbounded domains is important many problems of mechanies and physics, for instance fr the acous tie radiation or diffraction around a body immersed in a fluid. Using the finite element method to solve this problem, one has fo define a finite truncated domain whose solution should be as close as possible to the solution on the unbounded domain. For this, it is necessary to define a boundary condition at the exterior of this truncated domain This condition at finite distance must simulate as closely as possible the ‘exact radiation condition at infinity. This boundary condition could be slobal or local depending if all the degrees of freeciom on the boundary are connected or fa given node is only coupled toa limited number of odes around it. ‘Among the global approaches we find the Dieichet to Neumann (DOV condition proposed by Refs. [1,2], mainly for simple exterior ‘geometries such as cireles or spheres for which the solution inthe exe rior domain is solved analytically, or the boundary element method described in many classical textbooks lke [3-6], These methods give rma adress: nis. duamelienp hnps://do.org/10.1016/).fne.2019.103346 accurate results but need full matrices and consequently lead to heavy ‘computations. So they will not be considered in this article and we will concentrate on methods preserving the sparsity of the finite element formulation. In local methods, on the contrary, the condition at a boundary node involves only a Hmited number of neighbouring nodes. They ean be classified into mainly three sets: those involving only the degrees of freedom of the domain, those with additional degrees of freedom at nodes on the boundary and those with an addtional domain. Concern ing the absoeption conditions which do not involve addtional variables ‘or domains, a first possiblity is using infinite elements as proposed by Refs, [7-12]. These are elements extending at infinity and satisfying the Sommerfeld radiation condition. However, it needs the development of special elements based on functions with outwarding propagation ‘wave-like behaviour inthe radial diretion and its efficiency is limited Other absorbing boundary conditions involving differential operators ‘of different orders on the boundary were proposed by different authors [13-16]. These relations were improved by Bayliss and Torkel [17,18] sing sequences of local non-refleting boundary conditions in spher cal and cylindrical coordinates. Comparisons between infinite elements Received 19 April 2019, Recelved in revised form 18 August 2019; Accepted 18 October 2019 ‘Available online XX (168.874X/0 2019 Elsevier LV All rights reserved Picase cite this article ax D, Duhamel, Computation of absorbing boundary conditions atthe discrete level for acoustic waves In the Frequency [domain Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, https//doi.org/10.1016/} nel 2019,103346and these absorbing boundary conditions were also made by Ref, [19] Finally [20,21] modified the conditions to get absorbing conditions for waves at some discrete angles from the normal, However, all these con- ditions are difficult to implement above the second order because of the high order derivatives involved in their formulations and ean have difcultios at comers (22) ‘More efficient houndary conditions can be obtained by the addition of variables on the exterior surface asin Refs. [23,24] or more recently by Ref. 25]. A review of these methods is made by Ref. [26]. They involve only second order derivatives ofthe auxiliary variables and so can be efficiently implemented, However, they need additional degrees of freedom and a special treatment ofthe differential operators on the boundary. ‘Another possibilty isthe surrounding ofthe computational domain by absorbing layers as was frst considered by Ref. (27,281. This was Improved by Refs. [29,30] who proposed the perfectly matched layer by surrounding the computational domain with a layer of elements in whieh the wave equation is analytically continued into complex coor: dinates. With a correct choice ofthe size ofthe Iyer and the parame- {ers ofthe absorbing layer, very efficient absorptions of waves ean be obtained. This however ean add a non negligible number of degrees of freedom to the problem and the optimal parameters in the absorbing layer are not so easy to Find, Several developments ofthe method and its optimisation can be found in Refs. [31,32]. Comparisons between high-order boundary conditions, perfectly matched layers and diferent absorbing conditions were studied for instance by the review papers of [33-251 ‘Most of the precedent absorbing boundary conditions are writen at the continuous level, but it can be interesting to write them at the discrete level. For instance, boundary conditions at the dserete level using the properties of periodic media were proposed by Ref. (36) In Ref. [37] boundary conditions based on the PLM were written after dis cretisation of the equations and were found to be more efficient than their continuous versions. In Ref. [35] the authors proposed to build a discrete version ofthe DIN map. They obtained efficent results but the ‘matrix giving the boundary condition is fll in term of degrees of free- «dom on the boundary. Such a disrete approach is used in this paper in the aim of building an approximate absorbing boundary condition leading toa sparse matrix which ean be efficiently integrated into the Se Bo Sana = - Le » Damon Pre emo in Ans and Deon xx ec) ce *E Sangean 8) leading to : eT iem 9 wth My = i Mroinfous [moa 7 ‘As lation (0) is tre for an arbitrary one gets Sagi FE Pawace, on so that in matrix form, one has wea =MAMp a2 ‘with d the vector ofthe notmal derivatives ofthe pressure at the nodes fF, p the vector of the pressures at nodes in O and A the matrix ‘made of the Ay coefficients. From relation (12), one ean remove the invertible mass matrix MP and finally the vectors p and dare linked by d= AM aay and one has to identify the absorbing mattix A = AMP. 2.3. Determination ofthe absorbing matrix “The solution ofthe problem can be expanded as pir.) = Satire a ‘The completeness ofthis expansion on the boundary was proved by Refs [59-41] One now sto find an approximation ofthe matrix [A= AM. One loks fora discrete operator acting on the pressure at nodes inside £2 such tha the matrix A sparse and the relation (13) {s sated for outgoing waves sch as thos invelved in the expansion a, For anode (a point x on the boundary, one considers N nodes at points x, in withj = 1-3, in the neighbourhood of and such thats, = So thine othe matrix wil have nonzero exces ony at nodes To ind these ecient, one writes equation (13) for Hankel funetions of different order. Choosnga point o interior to 4 the exgn forthe expansion (1), ne should have a 4 ar tks obi) = Yat, = ope) as) aka ‘Tablet Boundary error e, oF N= 20 points fr diferent sates for choosing the nodes in A Naa bos bore Nz2 noe ons(a) ole (o) Fig. 3. Nodes associate to. reference node forthe three possible strategies (2) Closest noes, (b) random nodes an () mised satgy. The reference node 0 the boundary is noted yx, the nodes on the Boundary are gren andthe nodes Inside the domains ae bve. (For interpretation ofthe references to colour in this igure legend, the eae is refered the Web version ofthis article) te eens Anas and Desig ee (ee) ee for-N ——o.08 bao gastos =a bie Sects bos asero+ boos = taste? =a (a) Matrix K (c) Matrix K —M' ig. 7. Non ers elements forthe mates K and K— A ‘ot non meses Average half bawdy 1% 20 (b) Zoom on matrix K Be Eeegegees (4) Zoom on matrix K —M’A vaare given in Table | for the Frequency 100 Ha and the valve N; = 20. So for N < 1 we choose the strategy of taking the N; nodes closest t0 the boundary node while for N > 2 we adopt the mix strategy. ig. & presents the nodes associated to a reference node on the boundary for these three possible choices. 3.3. Influence of eiferent parameters Ing 4 four solutions in term of modulus of the pressure are plotted for different truncation orders N. The first three solutions are obtained 30m 0m (a) (b) Fig 8. (@) Square domain and (its mesh. Pre Somos in Anas nd Dag ee) nce by the present method with respectively N = 0,N = 1,.N = 2 and the last one is the analytical solution for the frequency 100 Hz. These solutions are obtained by taking N, = 20 coefficients for each bound ary node in the building of the matrix A. It ean be seen that these solutions are a good approximation of the analytical solution even for the erudest solution with N= 0, ‘The numerical errors on the boundary and inthe domain are given {in Table 2 forN between O and 4, Inereasing N leads to a lower error as can be expected. The boundary error is a litle larger than the domain certor. One cain see that the value N= 1 leads to good results. This value will be taken in the following unless otherwise specified. In Fig 5 the solution is plotted versus the numberof points N; used to build A with N = 1. Using N; = 2 is clearly not enough. How: fever, one can see that N; = 5 gives a rather good solution which i Still improved by using more points. Numerical values associated t0 Fig. 5 are given in Table 3. As excepted the error is decreasing when N; increases as more nodes can be involved in definition of the absorbing ‘operator which becomes mone accurate. One see thatthe error at the boundary isa litle lager than the error on the whole domain, For a sven value of N these errors should be limited and would still decrease EN is increased. Finally Fig. 6 compares the analytical solutions and the numeri- cal ones for different frequencies. Only N; = 2 points are used which leads to crude estimates, While the solution at 100 Hz shows important error, the results at 300 Head 1000 Hi ate much better. This shows ‘that the condition fora limited number N, of nodes is more efficient as the frequency increases as for other usual absorbing boundary condi tions. 34. Comparison with other absorbing conditions ‘We will compare the solution ofthe present method to the comput tations obtained by the use of the following local and global boundary conditions + Sommer 6) 2 = tp + rst order Rais and Turk (FBT) ce Rf. 17) «Second order Bayliss and Turkel (SBT) (see Refs. (17,42)) S12 eae? oak an BR te ae + Second order eng (SF) (ee Ref, 451) os an 8 2a * eRe * DER 00?” + uN boundary condition ona ice given by (se Rf. (11) Be on ke 3 [meena HY hae) m0) 0 Kt a cos a) winere the prime close othe sum means that a factor } multiplies, the term with n = 0. This condition should be very curate and ‘il provide a reference solution. For the following examples 11 terms re hep in the sm which war Found to be siicent forthe frequeney 2000 Hr However the computing time is mich longer than for the other boundary conditions.‘The boundary condition with the present method is obtained for N; = 20 and N = 1. Table 4 presents the errors in the domain for ‘hese different boundary conditions. It ean be seen that the Sommer- feld condition is inaccurate except for high frequencies as it would be ‘expected. The present method Is denoted DLAC (Diserete Level Absorb- {ng Condition) For DLACI the parameters are N = Land, = 20. For DLAC, one has N= 4 and N; = 100. The error with DLACI method Js stable over the whole frequency range and is especially much better than the other local boundary conditions fr low and medium frequen- cies. The condition is not as aecurate as the DEN condition but it is ‘much faster. For 2000 He the density of the mesh isthe principal fac- {or limiting the accuracy of the solution. For DLAC2, one recovers precision close o the DtN with still a much faster solution except for high frequencies for which a simpler condition is better to avoid con- Alitioning problems. This is described in relation (20) The matrix to be inverted suffers some conditioning problems. Another balancing of the ‘matrix allows to reduce the errr to 1.510", The optimal balancing of (a) Analytical sohition 50 Hz Presa (c) Analytical solution 1000 Hz Pre Somos in Anas nd Dag ee) nce the matrix according to the number of points and the frequency needs further study. 3. Sparsty of matrices ‘Without absorbing boundary conditions one has to solve a problem withthe matrix K while with absorbing boundary conditions the prab- Jem is solved withthe matrix K—MTA. In Table 5, we compare the ‘number of non zero elements inthe matrix MA for different values ‘of Nand for the frequency 100 He. The case N, = 0 means that we consider the matrix K only. ‘We soe that even for the case N; = 20 the inereae in the number cof non zero element i limited to 10% and is only 1.99 for Nj = 5.1 ‘we consider the half bandwidth the increase is more noticeable. is. 7 ‘resents the sparsity pattems for matries K and K—MVA forthe ease 1, = 10. The reverse Cuthll McKee ordering has been applied to make the matrices closer tothe matrix used i the mata solver. One can see that matrix MA adds only a limited numbers of non zero elements ™ 4 (a) Analytical solution 1000 Hz Fig 9, Solutions for a square at 50 He and 1000 He‘Tables Error ¢y on the boundary of ‘the square for dierent frequencies. Freeney DAG 100 te 0.008 S00 He 0a 1000 oo 3.6. Case of domains with eormers We consider now the case ofa square of size 0.6 m x 0.6 meentred fn the origin as an example of a domain with corners, see Fig. 8). The square ie fully meshed (see Fig. £(b)) and the absorbing condition {s put on the exterior boundary. A unit point souree is located at point (0.1 m,0) such that the analytical solution is stil given by formula (24). The computation is done for N = 1 and N, = 20. The mesh is made 0f 52567 nodes and 104456 elements. Table 6 presents the error on the boundary versus the frequency. It can stil be seen thatthe proposed ‘method leads to Tow errors at low and medium frequencies. ‘The precedent Bayliss and Turkel method or Feng method would nor be efficient on this type of boundary with straight lines. Fig. & shours the comparison between the numerical and analytical solutions for the frequencies 50 Hz and 1000 Hz. In both cases one can ee that ‘he numerical solution i very close tothe analytical one. 4. Conclusion ‘A now numerical method has been presented for computing absorb- {ng boundary conditions for the Helmholtz equation It builds discrete absorbing matrix directly from the finite element discretisation of the problem. This can be applied to any shape and does not require add ‘ional variables or additional domains, So the number of degrees of freedom is the same as for the problem without absorbing houndary conditions. Examples show the accuracy ofthe method. So, among the ‘methods which do not increase the number of degrees of freedom, this method can be more efficient than those presently used and is rather simple to implement. Ics more accurate than these method and much faster than global methods ike the DIN. Similar approaches could be ‘wed for other wave propagation problems such as forthe propagation of elastic waves, Appendix A. Supplementary data Supplementary data to this article ean be found online at hitps:// oi org/10.1016 fine. 2019.108346. References Uy J ter Git xc som eecting boundary contin, Comput Pas 22) (989) 172182, (2) Gil 8 Kber, A rite clement moto for rg oman, Comput, Methods ‘ol Mesh. En, 76 (1) 1989) sh 1B) GA treba, Wir, Boundary Flee Techni in Engineing, Newnes Butterworths, 1980. 1 RD. Catowis CA eb, Soundary Bean Maods ia Acoust, ‘Comprational mechanics pubes seer Appl seca, 199. 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