ASSIGNMENT

1. Different devices are used for the network such as

a) Switch

b) Hub

c)bridge

d)router

e) Gateway

show with the help of diagram in the network using images having network and devices

2. Compare the OSI model and TCP/IP for data communication. Why we call this model peer to peer
model

3. Show packet switching and message and circuit switching

4. Create a network showing the sender and receiver use the sliding window protocol to transfer a
data having 12 bits take the window size as 3, also show all the cases in data communication using
sliding window protocol.
ANSWERS

1.(a) SWITCH
A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a design that can boost its efficiency (a large
number of ports imply less traffic) and performance. A switch is a data link layer device. The
switch can perform error checking before forwarding data, that makes it very efficient as it
does not forward packets that have errors and forward good packets selectively to correct
port only. In other words, switch divides collision domain of hosts, but Broadcast
Domain remains same.

(b) HUB
A hub is basically a multiport repeater. A hub connects multiple wires coming from different
branches, for example, the connector in star topology which connects different stations.
Hubs cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all connected devices. In other
words, collision domain of all hosts connected through Hub remains one. Also, they do not
have intelligence to find out best path for data packets which leads to inefficiencies and
wastage.

Types of Hub
 Active Hub: - These are the hubs which have their own power supply and can
clean, boost and relay the signal along with the network. It serves both as a
repeater as well as wiring centre. These are used to extend the maximum
distance between nodes.
  Passive Hub: - These are the hubs which collect wiring from nodes and power
supply from active hub. These hubs relay signals onto the network without
cleaning and boosting them and can’t be used to extend the distance between
nodes.

(c) Bridge
A bridge operates at data link layer. A bridge is a repeater, with add on the functionality
of filtering content by reading the MAC addresses of source and destination. It is also
used for interconnecting two LANs working on the same protocol. It has a single input
and single output port, thus making it a 2-port device.
Types of Bridges
 Transparent Bridges: - These are the bridge in which the stations are
completely unaware of the
bridge’s existence i.e. whether or not a bridge is added or deleted from the
network, reconfiguration of
the stations are unnecessary. These bridges make use of two processes i.e.
bridge forwarding and bridge learning.
 Source Routing Bridges: - In these bridges, routing operation is performed by
source station and the frame specifies which route to follow. The hot can
discover frame by sending a special frame called discovery frame, which
spreads through the entire network using all possible paths to destination.
(d) Router
A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP addresses.
Router is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers normally connect LANs and WANs
together and have a dynamically updating routing table based on which they make decisions
on routing the data packets. Router divide broadcast domains of hosts connected through it
(e) Gateway
A gateway is a node (router) in a computer network, a key stopping point for data on its
way to or from other networks. Thanks to gateways, we are able to communicate and
send data back and forth. The Internet wouldn't be any use to us without gateways (as
well as a lot of other hardware and software).

In a workplace, the gateway is the computer that routes traffic from a workstation to the
outside network that is serving up the Web pages. For basic Internet connections at
home, the gateway is the Internet Service Provider that gives you access to the entire
Internet.

A node is simply a physical place where the data stops for either transporting or
reading/using. (A computer or modem is a node; a computer cable isn't.) Here are a few
node notes:

 On the Internet, the node that's a stopping point can be a gateway or a host
node.
 A computer that controls the traffic your Internet Service Provider (ISP) receives
is a node.
2.

BASIS FOR
TCP/IP MODEL OSI MODEL
COMPARISON

Expands To Transmission Control Open system

Protocol/ Internet Protocol Interconnect

Meaning It is a client server model It is a theoretical model

used for transmission of which is used for

data over the internet. computing system.

Number of Layers 4 Layers 7 Layers

Developed by Department of Defence ISO (International

(DoD) Standard Organization)

Tangible Yes No

Usage Mostly used Never used

Obeys Horizontal approach Vertical approach

Protocol layers may be defined in such a way that the communications within
a layer is independent of the operation of the layer being being used. This is known
as "peer-to-peer" communication and is an important goal of the OSI Reference
Model.
Each layer provides a protocol to communicate with its peer. When a packet is
transmitted by a layer, a header consisting of Protocol Control Information (PCI) is
added to the data to be sent. In OSI terminology, the packet data (also known as
the Payload) is called a Protocol Data Unit (PDU). The packet so-formed, called a
Service Data Unit (SDU) is passed via a service access point to the layer below.
This is sent using the service of the next lower protocol layer.