ALTERNATING CURRENT ALTERNATING CURRENT AND VOLTAGE Voltage or current is said to be alternating If it is change continously in magnitude and perodically in direction with time. It can be represented by a sine curve or cosine curve I=ksinot or I=hcosot wherel = Instantaneous value of current at time t, Amplitude or peak value 2x © = Angular frequency @ = =~ = nf T = time period {= frequency AMPLITUDE OF AC ‘The maximum value of current in either direction is called peak value or the amplitude of current. It is represented by I. Peak to peak value = PERIODIC TIME The time taken by alternating current to complete one cycle of variation is called periodic time or time period of the current. FREQUENCY ‘The number of cycle completed by an alternating current in one second is called the frequency of the current. UNIT : cycle/s ; (Hz) In India: { = 50 Hz , supply voltage = 220 volt In USA 60 Hz .supply voltage = 110 volt CONDITION REQUIRED FOR CURRENT/ VOLTAGE TO BE ALTERNATING + Amplitude is constant + Alternate half cycle is positive and half negative The alternating current continuously varies in magnitude and periodically reverses its direction f sinomudal AC 1 ‘rlangudor ACAVERAGE VALUE OR MEAN VALUE The mean value of A.C over any half cycle (either positive or negative) is that value of DC which would send same amount of charge through a circuit as Is sent by the AC through same circuit in the same time. fa "Tat average value of current for half cycle = Average value of I = J, sin wt over the positive half cycle ==-0 1 = =0 [Zlesinor dt =0 y= Fe f-cosen]p = 2 ~ = 2 [fa * . . For symmetric AC, average value over full cycle = 0, Average value of sinusoidal AC As the average value of AC over Fullde | (+ve) half ace | (-ve) half excel con ena ke o a ae Idefined over a half cycle which Fe x [be either positive or negative MAXIMUM VALUE + Teasing > ata : +bsind > hy, a tb if aand b> 0) asind+beos@=> I, = are? + ROOT MEAN SQUARE (rms) VALUE It is value of DC which would produce same heat in. given résistance in given time as is done by the alternating current when passed through the same resistance for the same time. sink'@ > I =a (a> 0) ira mr ms value = Virtual value = Apparent value dt rms value of I=, sin at : 7 flo sinotydt 2 pr 1 pt[ 1 -cos2et ift 2ot | es . [fsin?ot dt - LIES, ea =hy el | = fia T Tel 2 2° 2x20) Ye If nothing is mentioned then values printed in a.c circuit on electrical appliances, any given or unknown values, reading of AC meters are assumed to be RMS. J, sin ot I,sin at cos ot = Ksin20t 1,= I,sinat + I,coscat Peak value For above varieties of current rms =Example If 1 = 2 Vt ampere then calculate average and rms values over t = 2 to 4s Solution far Example Find the time required for 50Hz alternating current to change its value from zero to rms value. Solution ot (2%) = op 2\F a sinat — sin ot I-Lsinot 55 Example 1 If E = 20 sin (100x 1) volt then calculate value of E att = E555 Solution z 0b s10v 20 sin |E| = 20 5 = Att = 1 = 20 Sin |100x x —— s E=20Si [ i asl 1 600 Example A periodic voltage wave form’ has been shown in fig Determine. (a) Frequency of the wave form. rot Vin vot (b) Average value. Solution (a) Alter 100 ms wave is repeated so time period is T=100ms.> f= 7-10 He ron 1/2) x 100 x 10 (b) Average value = Area/time period = ——qog, = 5 volt Example Explain why A.C. is more dangerous than D.C. ? Solution There are two reasons for it: * AC. attracts while D.C. repels. * AC. gives a huge and sudden shock. for 220 V ac V,,, = 220 V Hence, V, = V2V,, = 12.414 220 = 311.08 V Voltage change from +V, (positive peak) to -V, (negative peak) = 311.08 - (-311.08) = 622.16 V Ee 311.08 This change takes place in half cycle L.e., in w s (for a 50 Hz A.C.) 10 A shock of 622.16 within 0.01 s is huge and sudden, hence fatal.Example If a direct current of value a ampere is superimposed on an alternating current | = b sinat flowing through a wire, what is the effective value of the resulting current in the circuit ? Solution As current at any instant in the circuit will be, = Ine + Ie = 2 + b sinot Swe fra = 2 fiebsinantar = ae +2absinot +b? sin? aot}dt = fe? + Lee 2 SOME IMPORTANT WAVE FORMS AND THEIR RMS AND AVERAGE VALUE | iy 1 but as z fener =0 and zie" ootdt = 5 Nature of Wave-form RMS Value Average or mean wave form Value I 2, Sinusoidal E : ® [x = 0.707 |, = 0.637 1, Rectangular lo Half wave x lo 2 rectifired = 051, = 0.318 |, Full wave 2ly * d rectifired “> 0.637 | ‘Square or [1 I, InMEASUREMENT OF A.C. Alternating current and voltages are measured by a.c. ammeter and a.c. voltmeter respectively. Working of these instruments is based on heating effect of current, hence they are also called hot wire instruments. D.C. meter A.C. meter hhot wire heating effect of current rm.s. value ACC. or D.C. then meter works properly as it measures rms value ‘moving coil magnetic effect of current average value AC. circuit then they reads zero ‘average value of A.C. = zero Deflection | deflection « current deflection « heat @ « I (linear) 4 < F,, (non linear) Scale Uniform Seperation Non uniform sepration 1-123 4 5 4-14 9 16 25 $= Number }1- 123 45 of divisions |$-12 3 4 5 + D.C meter in AC circuit reads zero because < AC > = 0 ( for complete cycle) + AC meter works in both AC and DC PHASE AND PHASE DIFFERENCE (a) Phase I =|, sin (ot 2) Initial phase = @ (it does not change with time) Instantaneous phase = ot + > (it changes with time) + Phase decides both value and sign. @ UNIT: radian (b) Phase difference Voltage V = V, sin ( at + 4) Current 1 =", sin (ot +4) + Phase difference of I wrt. V o=6- 4% + Phase difference of V wrt. | = 6-4 LAGGING AND LEADING CONCEPT (a) V leads'I or I lags V -> It means, V reach maximum before | Let if V=V, sin ot then I= |, sin (ot ~ 4) andif = V=Vysin (ote) then 1=1, sin ot (b) V lags 1 or I leads V -> It means V reach maximum after 1 Let if V=V,sin ot then I= 1, sin (ot + 4) and if V=V,sin(ot-@) then I= 1, sin ot PHASOR AND PHASOR DIAGRAM A diagram representing alternating current and voltage (of same frequency) as vectors (phasor) with the phase angle between them is called phasor diagram. Let V=V,sinot and 1 =1, sin (at +4) In figure (a) two arrows represents phasors. The length of phasors s represents the maximum value of quantity. The projection of a phasor (on y-axis represents the instantaneous value of quantity ou x ADVANTAGES OF AC + AC. Is cheaper than D.C + It can be easily converted into D.C. (by rectifier) + It can be controlled easily (choke coil) + It can be transmitted over long distance at negligible power loss, + It can be stepped up or stepped down with the help of transformer.GOLDEN KEY POINTS AC can't be used in (a) Charging of battery or capacitor (as its average value = 0) (b) Electrolysis and electroplating (Due to large inertia, ions can not follow frequency of A.C) [—Mnirmum, at that instant when they are near their peak values The rate of change of A.C. — —Mesdrnum, at that instant when they change their direction. For altemating ourent |, > 1,,, > 1,, Average value over half cycle is zero if one quarter is positive and the other quarter is negative. Average value of symmetrical AC for a cycle Is zero thats why average potential difference on any element in A.C circuit is zero. The instrument based on heating effect of current are works on both A.C and D.C supply and also provides same heating for same value of A.C (rms) and D.C. that's why a bulb bright equally in D.C. and A.C. of same value. If the frequency of AC is { then it becomes zero 2f times in one second and the direction of current changes 2f times in one second. Also it become maximum 2f times in one second Example The Equation of current in AC circuit is I = 4sin [100% t+ sa Calculate. () RMS Value (ii) Peak Value (it) Frequency (iv) Initial phase (v) Current at t= Solution 4 @ Ll- b= = 22a (i) Peak value I, = 4A "Be 100% (ii) =v @ = 100 x rad/s *. . frequency f = = 50 Hz x B fiv) Initial phase = 3 W@W Att=O0,1- 4si 10000 + 2]. 4 8 =2/3A Example HI=|,sinot, E = E, cos [ors 3| Calculate phase difference between E and | Solution wl *. phase difference = 5 + Example If E = 500 sin (100 nt) volt then calculate time taken to reach from zero to maximum. Solution 2x 4 hh to maximum = T= tos time taken to reach from zero to maximum = ¢= 355 100x ~ 50 = 100 nT = Example If Phase Difference between E and I is ;? and {= 50 Hz then calculate time difference. Solution T 1 =<: = 25ms 8 ‘im T _ Phase difference _ time difference _ a1 sserence = sore & ane Te. mm T an 4Example Show that average heat produced during a cycle of AC is same as produced by DC with I = Solution For AC, I=, sinat, the instantaneous value of heat produced (per second) in a resistance R is, H=PR |Zsin?ot the average value of heat produced during a cycle is firtdt 20g sin? or Ryde fe” fa However, in case of DC, Hy. = I R...i AC produces same heating effects as DC of value I on heating effect of current give rms value, 1, 7 2 ger [: {st onar= 27] > 4. =(45) R=E,R..( so from equation (i) and (ii) Hy. = H, Jy. This is also why AC instruments which are based DIFFERENT TYPES OF AC CIRCUITS In order to study the behaviour of A.C. circuits we classify them into two categories : (2) Simple circuits containing only one basic element i.e. resistor (R) or inductor (L) or capacitor (C) only {b) Complicated circuit containing any two of the three circuit elements R, L and C or all of three elements. AC CIRCUIT CONTAINING PURE RESISTANCE. R Let at any instant t the current in the circuit = 1 von Potential difference across the resistance = I R. with the help of kirchoff's circuital law E - 1 R= 0 @ E=Esinot E - 1==2sinot =I, sinat (1) = 2 36, sin ot =1R = T= 7Hsinat =I, sinat (I, = 7 = peak or maximum value of current) Alternating current developed in a pure resistance Is also of sinusoidal nature, In an a.c. circuits containing pure resistance, the voltage and current are in the same phase. The vector or phasor diagram which represents the phase relationship between alternating current and al- ternating e.m.f. as shown in figure In the a.c. circuit having R only, as current and voltage are in the same phase, hence in fig. both phasors E, and I, are in the same direction, ‘making an angle wt with OX. Their projections on Y-axis represent the instantaneous values of alternating current and voltage Le 1 =1,sinotand E = E, sinot LA E 1 = 1 Since Bi hence ae > baw AC CIRCUIT CONTAINING PURE INDUCTANCE, A circuit containing a pure inductance L (having zero ohmic resistance) connected with a source of alternating emf. Let the alternating emf. E = E, sin ot dl at E=Esirot When a.c. flows through the circuit, emf induced across inductanceNegative sign indicates that induced emf acts in opposite direction to that of applied emf. Because there is no other circuit element present in the circuit other then inductance so with the help of dl E ® = E=LS so we get 1==*, ( ) a get t= sin| ot Kirchoft’s circuital law E+ (4 ‘) 7 Eo Maximum current 1, aL Hence, 1 =1, sin(or-3) ° 2. In a pure inductive circult current always lags behind the emf by > or alternating emf leads the a. . by a phase angle of > Expression 1, = £2 resembles the expression £=R aL T This non-resistive opposition to the flow of A.C. ina circuit is called the inductive reactance (X,) of the circut X, = ol = 2.x f L where f = frequency of A.C. Unit of X, : ohm (ol) = Unit of L Unit of w= henry sec* — Vek sae Rmmpere /sec Inductive reactance X, « f Higher the frequency of A.C. higher is the inductive reactance offered by an inductor in an AC. circuit For dic. circuit, ££ 0 -. X,= ol =22fL=0 x Hence, inductor offers no opposition to the flow of dic! whereas a resistive path to ac = AC CIRCUIT CONTAINING PURE CAPACITANCE © A circuit containing an ideal capacitor of capacitance C connected with a source of te alternating emf as shown in fig. The alternating e.m.f. in the circuit E = E, sin at When alternating ¢.m.f. is applied across the capacitor a similarly varying alternating current flows in the circuit The two plates of the capacitor become alternately positively and negatively charged and the magnitude of the charge on the plates of the capacitor varies sinusoldally With time. Also the electric field between the plates of the capacitor varies sinusoidally with time.Let at any instant t charge on the capacitor = q E= Eanot Instantaneous potential difference across the capacitor E = 2 Sq°CE 34q~CE, sin at The instantaneous value of curent 1= “= £(cE, sinot) = CE,acosot E, x al- mage) = tesin( or +3) where I, = @CV, In a pure capacitive circuit, the current always leads the e.m.f, by a phase angle of 1/2. The alternating emf lags behinds the alternating current by a phase angle of x/2. 2IMPORTANT POINTS — = 1 the resistance R when both E and I are in phase, in present case they 1 x differ in phase by 7, hence —X is not the resistance of the capacito | fer in phase by © hence Je ie not the resistance of the capacitor, the capacitor offer opposition to the flow of A.C. This non-resistive opposition 1a 10 the flow 0 re capaci Wve reactance X,. Xe ===> to the flow of A.C. in a pure capacitive cireuit is known as capacitive reactance X,. Xe = 26" Fe Unit of X, : ohm Capacitive reactance X. is inversely proportional to frequence of A.C. X,. decreases as the frequency increases. This is because with an increase in frequency, the capacitor charges and discharges rapidly following the flow of current, 1 - Xe=5—= = but ‘small valué For dc. clreuit f= 0 <7 Fqig 7 but has a very smal value for a.c This shows that capacitor blocks the flow of d.c. but provides an easy path for a.c INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS (R or L or C) TERM R L Cc 5 LO. Circuit Supply Voltage | V ve ot V= Vy sin ot V=V,3in ot Current 1= |, sin ot =], sin (at =3) T=, sin (or 5) Peak 6 % t= Me te Voc eak Current loo aE = Tec “Ye ve Vo _ 1 Impedance (Q ) mee yee * Vo _ Vy R = Resistance X,=Inductive reactance. X,-Capacitive reactance Phase difference] zero (in same phase) | +2 (V leads 1) ~F WV bags v 1 — Phasor diagram Vv 7 pV x, 1 Variation of Z with f Rat Xa} f £ R does not depend on f GSS. G=1/R = conductance. |S, = 1/X, S.- WK, (mho, seiman) Inductive susceptance Capacitive susceptance Behaviour of device | Same in L passes DC easily C= blocks DC in D.C, and A.C ACand DC {because X, = 0) while {because X_ =o) while gives a high impedance provides an easy path for the A.C. of high for the A.C. of high 1 frequency (X,« ) frequency | Xe * 7 ‘Ohm's law vr,GOLDEN KEY POINTS Phase diference between capacitive and inductive reactance is Inductor called Low pass filter because it allow to pass low frequency signal. Capacitor is called high pass filter because it allow to pass high frequency signal. Example What is the inductive reactance of a coll if the current through it is 20 mA and voltage across it is 100 V. Solution 100 1 20x10" =5ko Example The reactance of capacitor is 20 ohm. What does it mean? ‘What will be its reactance if frequency of AC is doubled? ‘What will be its, reactance when connected in DC circuit? What is its consequence? Solution The reactance of capacitor is 20 ohm. It means that the hindrance offered by it to the flow of AC at a specific 1 frequency is equivalent to a resistance of 20 ohm. The reactance of capacitance Xe = 56 = 7c Therefore by doubling frequency, the reactance is halved i.e., it becomes 10 ohm. In DC circuit f = 0. Therefore reactance of capacitor = % (infinite). Hence the capacitor can not be used to control DC. Example A capacitor of 50 pF is connected to an a.c. source of frequency 1kHz Calculate its reactance. Solution 1 1 ~ * oC 2ax10"x50x10" oti. ample P ba In given circuit applied voltage V = 50/9 sin 100t volt and ~~ ‘ammeter reading \s 2A then calculate value of L © Solution ‘Reading of ammeter _ Ms 50v2 X28 ~ e,, Vax2 = 2 Q5L= "> = Toon ~ ae 4 Example ‘A 50 W, 100 V lamp is to be connected to an AC mains of 200 V, 50 Hz, What capacitance is essential to be put in series with the lamp ? Solution = 100% ~ 200 © and the maximum curent |= Y= 100 a) R 2002 +. when the lamp is put in series with a capacitance and run at 200 V AC, from V = IZ -: resistance of the lamp R = 2=%=209 4000 Now as in case of C-R circuit 244 T (ooy 2 1 n+ = oo} aay 71610" - (2007 =12 «108 J = Vi «10 =F" + oo = > 1 00 “ipods 9.2, 100n x V2 x 1 iz _—RESISTANCE AND INDUCTANCE IN SERIES (R-L CIRCUIT) A circuit containing a series combination of a resistance R and an inductance L, connected with a source of alternating e.m.f. Eas shown in figure. R L. E-Esinot PHASOR DIAGRAM FOR L-R CIRCUIT Let in a L-R serles circuit, applied alternating emf is E = E, sinot, As R and L are joined in series, hence current flowing through both will be same at each instant. Let I be the current in the circuit at any instant and V, and V, the potential differences across L and R respectively at that instant Then V= 1X, and = V, = IR x Now, V, is in phase with the current while V, leads the current by > x So V, and V, are mutually perpendicular (Note : E # V, + V,) The vector OP represents V, (which is in phase with 1), while OQ represents V, (which leads I by 90). The resultant of V, and V, = the magnitude of vector OR E= irae E Vax The phasor diagram shown in fig. also shows that in L-R circuit the applied emf E leads the current 1 or conversely the current I lags behind the e.m-f Vo Xs Vy, Thus E = V, eV FL R AXIS E. bya phase angle § tang = Inductive Impedance Z, : In L-R circuit the maximum value of current opposition offered by L-R circuit to the flow of a.c. through it. It is known as impedance of L-R circuit and is represented by Z,. Z, = VR? +0°L? = JR? +(2xiL}? The reciprocal of impedance is called admittance 0 R ANN VR? +07? RESISTANCE AND CAPACITOR IN SERIES (R-C CIRCUIT) A circuit containing a series combination of a resistance R and a capacitor C, connected with a source of e.m{f. of peak value E, as shown in fig. @ PHASOR DIAGRAM FOR R-C CIRCUIT Eo Esirt Current through both the resistance and capacitor will be same at every instant and the instantaneous potential differences across C and R are Vo= 1X, and V, = 1R where X, = capacitive reactance and I = instantaneous current. Now, V, is in phase with I, while V, lags behind I by 90 The phasor diagram is shown in fig, The vector OP represents V, (which is in phase with 1) and the vector OQ represents V,. (which lags behind I by 2) The vector OS represents the resultant of V, and V, = the applied e.m.f. E.Hence V,7+V2=E? >E E SEIT R +X.) => lea IR? +X? The term y(R’ +Xz) represents the effective resistance of the R-C circuit and called the capacitive impedance Z, of the circuit. 2 fR7+ x? = ne +(2) oC. In R-C circuit the term JR?+XZ effective opposition offered by R-C circuit to the flow of a.c. through Hence, in C-R circuit : Capacitive Impedance Z, : it. It is known as impedance of R-C circuit and is represented by Z, The phasor diagram also shows that in R-C circuit the applied e.m-f. lags behind the current I (or the current I leads the emf E) by a phase angle ¢ given by COMBINATION OF COMPONENTS (R-L or R-C or L-C) TERM RL R-C Le Circuit © Vis same in R & L 1s same in R & C Lis same in L & C wi 1 Phasor diagram \ Vi = view Vi= Vi+ve V=Vy-VV>Vd V=Ve-V¥, WOM) Phase difference | V leads 1 ( = 0 to 5 V lags 1 ($= - to0) V lags 1 (6 =f. XOX) in between V & I V leads 1 (6 aha X>XQ| Impedance Z= JR? +X? Z= YR* +(x.) Variation of Z as 1.24 as {f, Z first + then? Zz Zz with £ Rl Rl \ ‘ f t Atverylowf |Z" RK, +0) 22x, 2X, At very high f = |Z =X, ZIRK>0) zix,Example Calculate the impedance of the circuit shown in the figure. a aon Solution R +X = (30% + a0" = Ja500 = 509 Example If X, = 50 Q and X, = 40 O Calculate effective value of current in given circuit. Solution Z =X -x, = Me 80 Lay 1 - "2 > 10 Sl 7 22 A Example ¥-A0se 100% vole In given circuit calculate, voltage across inductor a V-? Solution =VtVy OW - Vir V=10082 sirot volt \v?=vi = Joo —(60F = yeaoo - 80 V Example In given circuit find out (i) impedance of circuit (ii) current in circuit a a2 Solution ww W — Z= YR? +Xz = ¥(6) +18)" - 100 Vv. 20 2 : 1202 e020 got = 2 - \V-205nnt volt Ww) Vez = AG ln Jp 7 VBA Example When 10V, DC is applied across a coll current through it is 2.5 A, if 10V, 50 Hz A.C. is applied current reduces to 2 A. Calculate reactance of the coil. Solution For 10 V D.C. « 10 = IR -. Resistance of coll R= >= 4 For 10VAC. @# V=1Z> 2-4 20 70752 22 +X =5 9R?+X?=25 = Xj = 5-4 K-30 Example When an alternating voltage of 220V is applied across a device X, a current of 0.5 A flows through the circuit and is in phase with the applied voltage. When the same voltage Is applied across another devicé Y, the same current again flows through the circuit but it leads the applied voltage by x/2 radians. (a) Name the devices X and Y. (b) Calculate the current flowing in the circuit when same voltage Is applied across the serie combination of X and Y. Solution (a) X is resistor and Y is a capacitor (0) Since the current in the two devices is the same (0.5A at 220 volt) When R and C are in series across the same voltage then 220 R 220 cast Vorns 220 aXe = 2o 2440 0 2 Ig = ee = 220. 220 Ca R?+x2 aaa +a? — 440V2 = 0.358INDUCTANCE, CAPACITANCE AND RESISTANCE IN SERIES (L-C-R SERIES CIRCUIT) i A circuit containing a series combination of an resistance R, a coil of inductance L and a capacitor of capacitance C, connected with a source of alternating e.m. of peak value of E,, as shown in fig. “on E-E,rot PHASOR DIAGRAM FOR SERIES L-C-R CIRCUIT Let in series LCR circuit applied alternating emf is E = E, sin at ‘As LC and R are joined in series, therefore, current at any instant through the three elements has the same amplitude and phase. However voltage across each element bears a different phase relationship with the current. ule Let at any instant of time 1 the current in the circuit is 1 Let at this time t the potential differences across L, C, and R V,= 1X, Vom 1X, and V, = TR . “ee Now, V, is in phase with current I but V, leads I by 90 While V, legs behind 1 by 90 The vector OP represents V, (which Is in-phase with I) the vector 0Q represent VL (which leads I by 90) and the vector OS represents V, (which legs behind I by 90) V, and V, are opposite to each other. IF, > V¢ (as shown in figure) the their resultant will be (V, ~ V,) which is represented by OT. Finally, the vector OK represents the resultant of V, and (V, - VJ, that is, the resultant of all the three = applied e.m.f, Thus B= JVZ+(y,-VoF = 1YR7+K, X= Pato ~ IR? +(oL-L) Impedance Z= JR? +(X, -X<) = JR (ou 4) The phasor diagram also shown that in LCR circuit the applied e.m.f. Xi =Xe leads the current I by a phase angle ¢ tang =SERIES LCR AND PARALLEL LCR COMBINATION ‘SERIES L-C-R CIRCUIT PARALLEL L-C-R CIRCUIT 1. Circuit diagram R R Lojic 1 ‘a Viseme for RL and C I same for R, L & C V same for R, L & C 2. Phasor diagram = Le @ IEV,> Ve then @ fl, > then vu] 1 lel vi Ve fe fi) IV. > Vy then (i) p> Ty then vuf af v 1= Ji aii) = View, -Ve i) Vig +0, -1 Impedance Z = fR? +! cP Admittance Y = VM -V s.- tang = ETE = tang = (Ww) Impedance triangle (iv) Admittance triangle Ix-x-*. ss LZ) GOLDEN KEY POINTS Se Parallel (2) if X, > Xe then V leads 1,6 (positive) (a) if S_ > S, (X,< X_) then V leads 1,6 (positive) circuit nature inductive circuit nature inductive (b) if X> X, then V lags 1, (negative) (b) if S.> S, ( X_ < X,) then V lags I, @ (negative) circuit nature capacitive circuit nature capacitive « In A.C. circuit voltage for L or C may be greater than source voltage or current but it happens only when circuit contains L and C both and on R it never greater than source voltage or current. In parallel A.C.circuit phase difference between |, and I, isExample ca Find out the impedance of given circult. 40 Xo Inductive) Example Find out impedance of given circuit. ~ 88D. Solution 1 YF =G? + (8, - Su 3g y- 29 5 ~ a (capacitive, because X, > X,) 6 ve e Example Find out reading of A C ammeter and also calculate the potential difference across, resistance and capacitor. Solution V, 100 _ 10, yon, (202 100 2=\R7+%,-XF=1020 = eis Oe eF = 10 Z"i0e a" 0 ammeter reads RMS value, so its reading = z alg | E-100sinot100nt volt 5 10-50V and YW=5 10=50V so Y, Example In LCR circuit with an AC source R = 300 2 , C= 20 pF, L= 1.0 H, E,., current in the circuit. = 5OV and f = 50/x Hz. Find RMS Solution la = ee he fo 2 00? + | 2x x52 x1 -—_1___- of ™ 20 x10* x2n x ® 50 > Ine = 2018 10°F poe (300) +) 100 - —— 2 Example Calculate impedance of the given circuit : S455. WAY ST retin, 2— zon [HOD we 0 “i 20) ainolution () It is parallel circuit so Y is evaluated 11 1 =8,-S,=2-+.,1 = Y=S,-S. 2072407 *240 0 2 ~ 240 2 (inductive) (i) V2 = 5? + 12? = 169 => VV, = 13 volt therefore Z= (ii) R = 30, X, = @L = 1 as (o = 1) x2 += -sa so Z?=R¥+(X,-X,)? = 3+ (1-5)*=25 32-50 © @t ; eee 23ESONANCE A circult is said to be resonant when the natural frequency of circuit is equal to frequency of the applied voltage. For resonance both L and C must be present in circuit 13 776.52 There are two types of resonance : (\) Series Resonance _{il) Parallel Resonance SERIES RESONANCE la) At Resonance ti) XX, (i) (i) @ ~= O (V and I in same phase) fv) Z,,, = R_ (impedance minimum) W Lat z (current maximum) (b) Resonance frequency + 1 c (= KoXe 2 ek og = & ie > Wie > '“ anfie (c) Variation of Z with f () ES f, thenX) then xX, > x, circuit nature is inductive,® (positive) —— Variation of I with f as f increase, Z first decreases then increase . (d) as f increase, I first increase then decreases ‘At resonance impedance of the series resonant circult is minimum so it is called ‘acceptor circuit’ as it most readily accepts that current out of many currents whose frequency is equal to its natural frequency. In radio or TV tuning we receive the desired station by making the frequency of the circuit equal to that of the desired station. Half power frequencies The frequencies at which, power become half of its maximum value called half power frequencies Band width = Af = f, - f, Quality factor Q_: Q-factor of AC circuit basically gives an idea about stored energy & lost energy. = 25Maximum energy stored per cycle ‘maximum energy loss per cycle (i) It represents the sharpness of resonance. (i) It is unit less and dimension less quantity KO, Ke), | Aah f mM QR RR ‘band widthMagnification At resonance V,_ or V, = QE (where E ~ supplied voltage) So at resonance Magnification factor = Q-factor Sharpness Sharpness « Quality factor c Magnification factor R decrease => Q increases => Sharpness increases PARALLEL RESONANCE re (a) At resonance HIF WM S.=S. W heh Gi) =O OBO. (i) Z,,, = R (impedance maximum) Vv () Ig = g (Current minimum) 1 (b) Resonant frequency {, = r= © Tp Variation of Z with f as f increases , Z first increases then decreases @ IEF <4, then, > S,, @ (positive), circuit nature is inductive ! @ If f > fthen S, > S,, @ (negative), circuit nature capacitive. (d) Variation of I with f as f increases , | first decreases then increases 1fa_ Rk L 1 R Note : For this circuit = >- Ii o-Te 2am" ao For resonance (=> ir GOLDEN KEY POINTS Series resonance circuit gives voltage amplificaltion while parallel resonance circuit gives current amplification. At resonance current does not depend on L and C, it depends only on R and V. At half power frequencies net reactance = net resistance. As R increases , _ bandwidth increases To obtain resonance In a circuit following parameter can be altered @e uy) C (iii) frequency of source. Two series LCR circuit of same resonance frequency f are joined in series then resonance frequency of series, combination is also f The series resonance circuit called acceptor whereas parallel resonance circuit called rejector circuit. Example For what frequency the voltage across the resistance R will be maximum. Solution pwr qH It happens at resonance 1 500 Hz 2n i 10* x x 1 2nVLCExample ‘A capacitor, a resistor and a 40 mH inductor are connected in series to an [AC source of frequency 60H, calculate the capacitance of the capacitor, if the current is in phase with the voltage. Also calculate the value of X and I. Solution At resonance 176F OL 4 FL 4x x(60F x40x10 v_ 10 - - and 1= = UO <0: Viz, 3 X=1MOV and Is p= 75-058 Example A coil, a capacitor and an A.C. source of rms voltage 24 V are connected in series, By varying the frequency of the source, a maximum rms current 6 A Is observed, I this coil is connected to a bettery of emf 12 V, and internal resistance 40 , then calculate the current through the coil Solution al< At resonance current is maximum. 1 = = => Resistance of coil R = E 12 is cone uy jh it then 1 = ——— = - When coil cted to battery, suppose | current flow through it then I= 5—— = 44 15 A Example Radio receiver recives a message at 300m band, If the available inductance is 1 mH, then calculate required capacitance Solution Radio recives EM waves. ( velocity of EM waves ¢ = 3 x 10* m/s) 3x10 1 Zo 7 WHE Now f= ee e=th = fe Example In a L-C circuit parallel combination of inductance of 0.01 H and a ‘capacitor of 1 iF is connected to a variable frequency alternating current source as shown in figure. Draw a rough sketch of the current variation as the frequency is changed from IkHz to 3kHz. Solution L and C are connected in parallel to the AC source, 1 1 10° so resonance frequency { = 2nVLC 2nV0.01x10% 2x -6kH2 In case of parallel resonance, current in L~C circuit at resonance is zero, so the I-f curve will be as shown in figure.POWER IN AC CIRCUIT The average power dissipation in LCR AC circult Let V=V, sinut and T= 1, sin (at - 4) Instantaneous power P = (V, sinati{l, sin(at - 4) = Vy), sinat (sinatcosd - singcosoxt) Average power

= FJ sin? ot cos $ - Vol, sin ot cosatsin ¢)dt =Volo fat cosh 1) notconetsntt] = We cosb-0 sind] ° 3 Vol, cos! > Pe Yeacot = Vi. 1, cos Instantaneous Average power/actual power/ Virtual power/ apparent Peak power power dissipated power/power loss Power/rms Power P-vl P= Vins Tags COS PVA lam P=V, ly . |. c0S@ is known as active part of current or wattfull current, workfull current. It is in phase with voltage. 1,,, Sind is known as inactive part of current, wattless current, workless current. It is in quadrature (90°) with voltage. Power factor : Average power P =E,,., ,,, cos = rm spower xcos > Average power R TmsPower Md OHH Power factor : (i) is leading if | leads Vii) is lagging if I lags V Power factor (cos $) = GOLDEN KEY POINTS PL SP... + Power factor varies from 0 to 1 Pure/Ideal 4 v Power factor = cosp Average power 0 V, 1 same Phase 1 (maximum) Vine I e V leads 1 0 ° K > V lags | Choke coil +5 V leads 1 0 2 At resonance power factor is maximum (= 0 so cosg= 1) and P,, = V,., J Example 1 ‘A voltage of 10 V and frequency 10° Hz is applied to— uF capacitor in series with a resistor of 5000. Find the power factor of the circuit and the power dissipated. Solution _ 1 1 Xe = Se peng? 220" =5000 R?+x2 = (600) +600)" = 500/20 x R 2 Power factor cos@: z == » Power = -V_ 1 cos. cos} = (oy dissipated ™ 500V2Example If V = 100 sin 100 t volt and 1 = 100 sin (100 t + 4 ‘mA for an A.C. circuit then find out (a) phase difference between V and 1 (b) _total impedance, reactance, resistance (c) power factor and power dissipated (d)_—_ components contains by circuits Solution (2) Phase difference 4 (leads V) 100 (b) Total impedance Z = 7° = 755 G55 = IKGLNow resistance R = Zcos60* = 1000 x reactance X = Zsin60® = 1000 x & 5009 3 () =-60 => Power factor = cost = cos (-60) = 0.5 (leading) 100 01 1 Power dissipated P = V, 5 W ohn 089 = EE KOE (4) Circuit must contains R as te and as 6 is negative so C must be their, (L may exist but X, > X,) Example If power factor of a R-L series circuit is ; when applied voltage is V = 100 sin 100nt volt and resistance of circuit is 2000 then calculate the inductance of the circuit. Solution R_1R <== cosg= F> F-FoZ= RoR AKER > X= TR ¥BR~ V3 «200, _ 23, - PBReg VB x2005 2V3 |, ols Ve R= o 100% ™ Exempl A circuit consisting of an inductance and a resistacne joined to a 200 volt supply (A.C.). It draws a current ‘of 10 ampere. If the power used in the circuit is 1500 watt. Calculate the wattless current. Solution Apparent power = 200 10 = 2000 W True power _ 1500 3 “Power factor cos °F oarent power 2000 4 h-(3) 20%, Wattless current = I,,, sin @ = 4 Example A coll has a power factor of 0.866 at 60 Hz. What will be power factor at 180 Hz. Solution Given that cos ¢ = 0.866, @ = 2nf = 2x 60 = 120m rad/s, o' = 2nf' = 2x 180 = 360x rad/s Now, cos 6 = R/Z => R= Zcos $= 0,866 Z 052 _ 052 But Z> YR e(ol) > ol Ygr—RF ~ \2-(0.866 ZF ~ O52. b= = When the frequency is changed to o' = 2x 180 = 3 120n = 300 rad/s, then inductive reactance o L= 3ol=3 052=152 New impedence Z' = JfR'+(o'LF] = (0.866 z/+0.5 Z = 2 0.8667 +(.5)") = 1.7322 s. New power factor = & = 98662 _ 4 2 17322CHOKE COIL In a direct current circuit, current is reduced with the help of a resistance. Hence there is a loss of electrical energy I? R per sec in the form of heat In the resistance. But in an AC circuit the current can be reduced by choke coil which involves very small amount of loss of energy. Choke sterter coll is a copper coil wound over a soft iron laminated core. This coil is put in series with the circuit in which current is to be reduced. It also Pa} known as ballast cheke call Circutt with 2 choke coil is a series LR circuit. If resistance of choke coll = r (very small) The current in the circuit 125 with Z= (R47? +(oL)* So due to large inductance L of the coil, the current in the circuit is decreased appreciably. However, due to small resistance of the coil r, r r : The power loss in the choke P= V,, 1, cos @ > Ov COSb=> rot aT? om +e? ol GOLDEN KEY POINT Choke coil is a high inductance and negligible resistance coll Choke coil is used to control current in A.C. circuit at negligible power loss Choke coil used only in A.C. and not in D.C. circuit Choke coil is based on the principle of wattless current. Iron cored choke coil is used generally at low frequency and alr cored at high frequency, Resistance of ideal choke coil is zero Example A choke coll and a resistance are ‘connected in series in an a.c circuit and a potential of 130 volt is applied to the circult. If the potential across the resistance is 50 V. What would be the potential difference across the choke coil. Solution Wievi > Vy, v V? Vz = i130} - (507 = 120 v Example An electric lamp which runs at 80V DC consumes 10 A current. The lamp is connected to 100 V - 50 Hz ac source compute the inductance of the choke required. Solution a. 1107 Let Z be the impedance which would maintain a current of 10 A through the Lamp when it is run on v 100 Volt 2c. then.2= Y= 10 io abu 2 YAP HOLT Resistance of lamp R = 80 = 0.02H 2 Rim (107 - (8)? - -& 6 > (olf = 2? - RY» (OF - (B= 36501 = 6> L= > - FG Example Calculate the resistance or inductance required to operate a lamp (60V, 10W) from a source of (100 Vv, 50 Hz)Solution R (2) Maximum voltage across lamp = 60V Vinge +My = 1000 = 40v Wattage _ 10 1 Now current througth is = = 100V, SoH low current througth Lamp votane "807 € But V," IR > 40-2 => R-2400 he (b) Now in this case (V,_,)° + (V,)' = (VF (60) + (V,)? = (1007 => Vv, = 80 V 100V, SOHe Also. V, = x= Ex, so 0 6 = 4809 =L (2x) > L=15H A capacitor of suitable capacitance replace a choke coil in an AC circuit, the average power consumed in @ capacitor Is also zero. Hence, like a choke coil, a capacitor can reduce current in AC circuit without power dissipation. Cost of capacitor is much more than the cost of inductance of same reactance that's why choke coil is used. Example A choke coil of resistance R and inductance L is connected in series with iene —t 2 capacitor C and complete combination is connected to ac. voltage, Circuit resonates when angular frequency of supply is o = ay (a) Find out relation betwen ty, Land C evo (b) What is phase difference between V and. at resonance, fs it changes when resistance of choke call is zero. 1 Solution (a) At resonance condition X= X= oL= GE > > R + cose= > g. = 0 No, It is always zero. LC OSCILLATION The oscillation of energy between capacitor (electric field energy) and inductor (magnetic field energy) is callec LC Oscillation. UNDAMPED OSCILLATION When the circuit has no resistance, the energy taken once from the source and given to capacitor keeps or oscillating between C and L then the oscillation produced will be of constant amplitude. These are called undampec oscillation,Alter switch is closed #Q.i ++ a=-0 a ‘ic? By comparing with standard equation of free oscillation [Steere =o 1 Frequency of oscillation f = Charge varies sinusoidally with time q ~ q, cos wt current also varies periodically with t I = a = 4,0 cos (ord) If initial charge on capacitor is q, then electrical energy strored in capacitor is U, = pie At t = 0 switch is closed, capacitor is starts to discharge. As the capacitor is fully discharged, the total electrical energy is stored in the inductor in the form of magnetic energy. lip U, > gl where I, = max. current oe lip c = 2 1 Unalre “ Cnuvoe 2 DAMPED OSCILLATION Practically, a circult can not be entirely resistanceless, so some part of energy is lost in resistance and amplitude of oscillation goes on decreasing. These are called damped oscillation. R Le Angular frequency of oscillation © “aalie a 1 RF oscillation to be real if [<= -4rz>0 frequency of oscillation R? Hence for osclation to be real (=> aigGOLDEN KEY POINTS In damped oscillation amplitude of oscillation decreases exponentially with time. ray stored Is completely magnetic. ‘energy Is shared equally between L and C 1 faben charge is rreximum, current + Phase difference between charge and current is > |when chorge is rinierumi caren rexdrun Example ‘An LC circuit contains a 20mH inductor and a SOMF capacitor with an initial charge of 10mC. The resistance of the circuit is negligible. Let the instant the circuit is closed to be t = 0. What is the total energy stored initially, What is the natural frequency of the circuit At what time is the energy stored is completely magnetic. () {d) At what times is the total energy shared equally between inductor and the capacitor. Solution fa) (b) 1g _ 1, @0x107)* ® Un Fe 72" 50x10 1 ® o- L-—_1___ Vic 20x10" «50x10 () * q= 4, c0s at Energy stored is completely magnetic (i.e. electrical eneray is zero, q = 0) = 10" rad/sec =f = 159 Hz T 3T 5ST at where Tat = 6.3 ms (4) Energy is shared equally between L and C when charge on capacitor become “F> energy is shared equally between L and CSOME WORKED OUT EXAMPLES Example#1 For the given circuit {A) The phase difference between I, & In, is 0 {B) The phase difference between V, & Vp, is 90 {C) The phase difference between I, & Ip, is 180 {D) The phase difference between V, & Vp, is 180 Solution Ans. (B) The phase difference between V. and Vy, is T/2 rad or 90 Exampli A periodic voltage V varies with time t as shown in the figure. T is the time period. The r.m.s. value of the voltage is :- y ¥.| Tr Tt Y mv od » » Me % (A) 8 (B) 2 (C) Vo (0) 4 Solution Ans. (B) 2(T MiG) few Root mean square value = T 4 2 Example#3 The potential difference V and current I flowing through the AC circuit is given by V = 5 cos((ot ~ 1/6) volt and 1 = 10sinoot ampere, The average power dissipated in the circuit is 25V3 aw (8) 125 W (25W (0) 50 WSolution Ans. (B) V=5 cos (@t - 8/6); 10 sin @t = 10 cos (cnt - 1/2) Example#4 The radius of a coll decreases steadily at the rate of 10-? m/s. A constant and uniform magnetic field of in- duction 10 Wb/m? acts perpendicular to the plane of the coil. The radius of the coll when the induced e.m.. in the coll is 1p1V, is = 2 3 4 5 ) 2 om 8) Fem Orem ©) > em Solution ‘Ans. (D) a 2] dr = = (eB) = 2B Por= Example#5 A time varying voltage V = 2t volt is applied across an ideal inductor of inductance L = 2H as shown in figure. Then select incorrect statement aH ; "00070719. _« (A) current versus time graph is a parabola (B) energy stored in magnetic field at t = 2.5 ts 43 va (©) potential energy at time t = 1s in magnetic field is increasing at a rate of 1 J/s (D) energy stored in magnetic field is zero all the time Solution Ans. (D) veasif-nase S-no4 £ 3b -2a> a > a tat Zi int greph parat a 1 1 aw a eae gu 2 2 4=4J and aU at 2 z t=P= lis Example#6 A circular coil of 500 turns encloses an area of 0.04 m2. A uniform magnetic field of induction 0.25 W/m? is applied perpendicular to the plane of the coil. The coil is rotated by 90 in 0.1 second at a constant angular velocity about one of its diameters. A galvanometer of resistance 25Q2 was connected in series with the the coil. The total charge that will pass through the galvanometer is - (a) 0.4 c Bic (o2c {D) Zero Solution Ans. (C) Induced current 1= == =£=|P)— 5 q2%2 5" soda Fien Bt 500 «0.25 x0.04 Total charge a7 a 02Example#7 A condenser of capacity 6 uF is fully charged using a 6-volt battery. The battery is removed and a resistanceless 0.2 mH inductor is connected across the condenser. The current which Is flowing through the Inductor when one-third of the total energy is in the magnetic field of the inductor is :~ (A) 0.1 A (B) 0.2 A (044 (0) 0.6 Solution Ans. (D) Total energy = Intial energy on capacitor = 2 CV2, Magnetic fed energy = dur lvF _ [exto*x6x6 OS I Va“ Vaxz0x107 ~ 984 For the circuit shown, which of the following statement{s) is(are) correct? Example#8 40 12H AWW LUBEETED. 0 o 80 AWW k 4a 12. (A) Its time constants is 2 second (B) In steady state, current through inductance will be 1A. (C) In steady state, current through 4Q resistance will be 2/3 A. (D) In steady state, current throgh 8Q. resistance will be zero. Solution Ans. (B) Low 40 ia rebiiy, Time constant t= == 75 “ ca a0 120 “a 4a In steady state #2: a 0 “a " i Ly 4a lev key current through 4Q resistance =Example#9 In the circuit shown the capacitor has charge Q. At t = 0 sec the key is closed. The charge on the capacitor at the instant potential difference across the inductor L, is zero, is beat pw c Q 2Q “aq @> oF mo Solution Ans. (D) When V0, = 01 Example#10 The figure shows a rod of length ( with points A and B on it. The rod is moved in a uniform magnetic field (B.) in different ways as shown. In which case potential difference (V,-V,) between A&B is minimum? Solution For (Al: Vpn V2 3 Bat! =; - Vy =~ 2 Bot For (B) : Ya -Va= For (C): V,_V, = 0 Example#11 A bent rod PQR (PQ = QR = ) shown here is rotating about its end P with angular speed @ in a region of transverse magnetic field of strength B. 1A) exm4. induced across the rod is Bool? (B) emi. induced across the rod is Bol?/2 8 (C) Potential diference between points Q and R on the rod ts Bua(?/2 eft a (D) Potential difference between points Q and R on the rod is zero Solution ‘Ans. (B,D) The rod in equivalent to a rod joining the ends P and R of the rod rotating is the same sense. L\Example#12 ‘A conducting loop is kept so that its center lies at the origin of the coordinate system. A magnetic field has the induction B pointing along Z-axis as shown in the figure (A) No emf and current will be induced in the loop If it rotates about Z-axis (B) emf is induced but no current flows if the loop is a fiber when it rotates about y-axis. (C) emf is induced and induced current flows in the loop if the loop is made of copper & is rotated about y-axis. (D) If the loop moves along Z-axis with constant velocity, no current flows in it Solution ‘Ans. (A,C,D) If the loop rotates about Z axis, the variation of flux linkage will be zero. Therefore no emf Is induced. Consequently no current flows in the loop. When it rotates about y axis, its flux linkage changes. However, in insulators there can not be motional emf. If the loop is made of copper, it is conductive therefore induced current is set up. If the loop moves along the Z axis variation of flux linkage is zero. Therefore the emf and current will be equal to zero.n Example#13 Initially key was placed on (1) till the capacitor got fully charged. Key is placed on (2) at t=0. The time when the energy in both capacitor and inductor will be same- ¢ (2) zy L ‘Cc Li vi SxVic Savi ta) EE MC o= py) Sve 4 2 4 2 Solution. Ans. (A,C) a da, a £4, ot For glen stuation L+L =O 924 9 =0->28.40'q=0=5 q= 4, cos OF & i= -gOsinar @ 1a dcotot_ 1) ee ding to given conditions = 2 Li = 12828 OF 1) gto? sin? ot According to giv ditions Jee gL = OE a VLC 3nViC SaViC 7RViC 4° 4 4 4 => cot’wt = 1 > wt = Example#14 For an LCR series circult, phasors of current 1 and applied voltage V = V, sintot are shown in diagram at t =O. Which of the following is/are CORRECT? (A) At t= 2, instantaneous power supplied by source is negative. 20 2 {B) From 0 <1 < 5, average power supplied by source Is postive 5x (C) Att = 2%, instantaneous power supplied by source is negative (D) If @ is increased slightly, angle between the two phasors decreases.Solution iw ‘Ans. (BCD) The graph shows V & I as function of time Current leads the voltage by %/3 Power is positive if V & I are of same sign. Power is negative if V & I are of opposite sign 1 Kot > Gq} thus angle decreases. Example#15 to 17 MRK KKK KKK Consider a conducting circular loop placed in a magnetic field as shown in xx xx figure. When magnetic field changes with time, magnetic flux also changes xx Rx xx xx a XXX KKK XK X and emt ¢=~SP is induced If resistance of loop is R then induced current is ise For current, charges must have non-zero average velocity. Magnetic force cannot make the stationary charges to move. Actually there is an induced electric field eet! in the conductor caused by changing magnetic flux, which makes the charges to move, fE-d¢ = -# This Induced electric field is non conservative by nature. 15. A cylindrical space of radius R is: filed with a uniform magnetic induction B x aB Parallel to the axis of the cylinder If “j= constant, the graph, showing the variation of induced electric field with distance r from the axis of cylinder, Is E E E E ) 8 | © | () Px : a = : aB 16. A square conducting loop is placed in the time varying magnetle field (@ +ve constant. The centre of square coincides with axis of cylindrical region of magnetic field. The directions of induced electric field at point a, band c.4.0). o.o 17. A bine charge 4 per unit length is pasted uniformly onto the rim of a wheel of mass m and radius R. The wheel hhas light non-conducting spokes and Is free to rotate about a vertical axis as shown in figure.A uniform magnetic field B exist as shown in figure. What is the angular velocity of the wheel when the field is suddenly switched off? 2nda’B mha’B 3mha’B mha"B aR OR OR O) oar Solution 15. Ans. (B) Forre-0 19. Ans. (C) ri Be 3Bly =E-ir=Blv- PO Nd= V=E-ir=Bly ano” 1 4 Ic 20. Ans. (C) _BABO) _B'Cy_ Biv aN aN 4k F =Bit Example#21 Magnetic flux in a circular coil of resistance 102 changes with time as shown in figure. @ direction indicates a direction perpendicular to paper inwards Column-I Column-Il (A) At 1 second induced current is (P) Clockwise (B) At 5 second induced current is (Q) Anticlockwise (C) At second induced current is (®) O5A (D) At 15 second induced current is (S) 5A (7) None of theseSolution Ans. (A) Q,R (B) T (C) P,R (D) QR oe =5.1 4 . For (A) at Step 2 A, Anticlockwise For (B) a O= FO = zero ¢ fet 5 Bd For) a Tog Clockwise For (D) r=5 => 1= 75 = 5A, Antclockwise Example#22 In the circuit shown in figure E=25V, L2H, C-60 HF, R, = 5Q and R, = 100. Switch S is closed at t = 0. L L RI R Column-I Column-It (A) Current through R, at t = 0 ° 0 (8) Current through R, at t = 0 @ 5A (©) Current through R, at t = 20 ®) | 2.58 (D) Current through R, at t = 20 © 754 (1) None of these Solution ‘Ans. (A)—>(Q), (B)->(P), (C)>(P), (D)(R) Att=@ el if - RoR = 25 1,-0 LR 7 7g 7254 Example#23 ‘A uniform but time-varying magnetic field Bit) exists in a circular region of radius a and is directed into the plane of the paper, as shown. The magnitude of the induced electric field at point P at a distance from the centre of the circular region is proportional to 1/r". Find the value of n. Seanad Solution Ans. 1 do $¢ -Eam)aeaton=1 dt rExample*; oer + 20) a cpt fe = 62) and ressonce 0) ommeced wots WAN 9 A ine voage outpt of AC source is ven by V = 10 cos 27 50 Find the instantaneous p.d. between A and B when the voltage output from source Is hall of {ts maximum Solution Ans. 3 Example#25 Faure shows a uniform circular loop of radius ‘a! having specie resistance P placed ip 2 uniform magnetic field B perpendicular to plane of figure. A uniform rod of length 2 & resistance R moves with a velocity v as shown Find the curent in the rod when it has moved a distance 5 from the centre of circular lop. 9 [oven B = V3, a =2, v =3, P= gz, R= 2/V3, all in SI units B x x x x a x fxpa x STR x x Solution ‘Ans.6 7 19 30 = - __18 i 18 = iaZH6A aV3xBxv=18V