REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1. Adam K. Chippindale et. al: They worked on phenotypic plasticity and

selection in Drosophila life history evolution. I. Nutrition and the cost of
reproduction. They performed a series of experiments on Drosophila and
founded that an environmental variable – the level of live yeast inoculate
applied to the substrate- produced a qualitatively similar phenotypic
response i.e. longevity and starvation resistance were enhanced by lower
yeast levels, at the expense of fecundity. They reported that dietary
manipulation experiments with Drosophila melanogaster appeared to
mimic both evolutionary trade-offs between survival and reproduction as
well as phenotypic trade-offs observed in rodent caloric restriction, at least
with respect to some characters. In addition, they also presented evidence
that energetic metabolism determines at least part of the phenotypic trade-
off between survival and reproduction in the populations.

2. Kapahi P et. al: They worked on regulation of life span in Drosophila by

modulation of genes in the TOR signalling pathway. They examined the
role of TOR pathway genes in regulating lifespan by using Drosophila as
in Drosophila, the target of rapamycin (TOR) and the insulin pathways
have emerged as major regulators 0f growth and size. They showed that
inhibition of TOR signalling pathway by alteration of the expression of
genes in this nutrient-sensing pathway, which is conserved from yeast to
human, extended lifespan in a manner that may overlap with known effects
of dietary restriction on longevity. They found that modulation of
expression in the fat is sufficient for the lifespan-extension effect. The
lifespan extensions are dependent on nutritional condition, suggesting a
possible link between the TOR pathway and dietary restriction.