THESIS PROPOSAL WRITING

ROLE OF CODE MIXING AND CODE SWITCHING IN

LANGUAGE USAGE OF JAKARTA SELATAN’S YOUTH TO
SHOW IDENTITY

Accomplished by:

Dzakiyyah Rusydah

15020154076

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS

ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM

2018
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter is an introduction of this thesis, things which the writer is going to
explain. They are background of study is in 1.1, research questions are in 1.2, purpose of
study is in 1.3, significance of study is in 1.4, scope and limitation of the study is in 1.5,
definition of key terms are in 1.6, and the organization of study is in 1.7.

1.1 Background of Study

Every region has their own languages with unique features which distinguish them from
one another. Java with their Javanese language, Bali with their Balinese language, and Jakarta
with their Betawian language. Bahasa Anak JakSel becomes a popular topic nowadays,
because of the mixing between two languages, Indonesian and English, in its usage. One
person speaks or knows two language called a bilingual. The theory of Fromkin (2011), he
states that bilingual is an ability of someone to speak two or more language and it is called as
individual bilingualism, or within in a group or society it is called societal bilingualism.
People speak using dialects and language, both of them are called code (Wardaugh, 2006). A
person who is a bilingual usually does switching two language when they are communicate.
The process of using two languages in one sentence or utterance to convey message is called
code switching. Code switching can be found in more than a language group, such as
bilingual and multilingual communities. This could occurs in some social occasions as well
enriching the vocabulary of the speakers (Fromkin, 2011). There are two type of code
switching according to Wardaugh’s theory, they are inter-sententially which occurs between
sentences and intra-sententially which occurs within a single sentence. Later on, code
switching can cause an identity marker of a person even a group (Wardhaugh, 2006).

Language could be the identity of a nation. As for an explanation of identity in usage of a

language is an unique part of individual, free, and cannot change in any context (Bucholtz &
Hall, 2007). The users of language could show their identities just for labeling and might not
affect them. Social identity seen from historical and political sides of personal experience of
someone. This social history used by individual within language. Sometimes, histories are
defined based on gender, social class, religion and race. A man and woman would has a

1
significant level of difference as well as rich, middle class and poor. Also the religion, we
might born as a Muslim, Christiant or Jews, it could be taken as the identity of someone.
Geographical region also could defined identity of someone, like in Central Java where the
people speak in Javanese slowly as well as their slow move in any occasions. Western Java
where the people speak straight-forwardly and they move fast. Every geographical region has
their own identity which can related to the language most of the people used. With the
boundaries in nation, they comes up with westerners or easterners as part of Bahasa Anak
JakSel identity. Afterwards, the people who have common things are gathered as one then
they become a group, identity of a group.

The phenomenon of Bahasa Anak JakSel comes up around September 2018 spreads fast
on internet then become a shocking phenomenon. Using two languages, Indonesian and
English, it is involved code switching in it. There are some English specific words often used,
as if literally, which is, prefer, around, and many more. This becomes more interesting
because the label of the language used, JakSel. As we all know, Jakarta is the capital city of
Indonesia located in West Java. Capital city tends to be with popularity, middle up to high
class lifestyle, advanced economic sector, advanced development and numerous also
adequate public facilities. As well as a capital city, Jakarta is the center of national economic
growth, and the center of Indonesia's business growth. From all parts of Jakarta, JakSel or
South Jakarta is not an economic center, but a center with a high consumptive level1. As the
area with a high consumptive level, there are many leisure business pops up in South Jakarta
which has relations with lifestyle, dress style and relationships. Where many conglomerates
live in high class lifestyle now and then. These things are encouraging young people to make
Jakarta to be the center of attention and role model in Indonesia in terms of socialization and
trends. Social inequality still exists, even in a capital city. South Jakarta is different with any
parts of Jakarta, because South Jakarta has lower social inequality rather than North, East and
Centre Jakarta. Malls, coffee shops, and English courses would be one of the reason why
South Jakarta is popular now and then as a gathering place for rich and funky kids.

Code switching phenomenon that exists in Bahasa Anak JakSel, it turns out that it has
been there around the 50s until 70s, where at that time people were considered funky because
of mixing Dutch and Indonesian together. While around 90s until 2000s, there are mixing

1
https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/trensosial-45499464
2
between English and Indonesian caused by public media2. Young people in Jakarta are proud
of themselves because they live in Jakarta as the capital city where as the center of the
trendsetter of many things. They want to be followed, be leaders and be different, by showing
their prominence, in this case using a language also. The appearance of Bahasa Anak JakSel
is nothing to do except their existence, they want to people identify and labelling them as
Jakarta young aged by using Bahasa Anak Jaksel. Most of Jakarta young aged are brave to be
and look different than others, whether from how they dressed, what their vehicles brand and
how they speak of course. As we know, Indonesia has not made English into a second
language, but as a foreign language. Using foreign language might look cool, because it could
determine your knowledge outside your country and could means open-minded person. As
what the writer already mentioned above, South Jakarta as the area with high consumptive
level, leisure business, and where all the rich people live, learning English is mandatory for
them. Not surprise that many of South Jakarta people are good in English, because there were
English courses then.

In connection of code switching, there are many researchers who done several research
about code switching or code mixing, such as (Rahmaniah, 2016) who explains code
switching used by Kimmy Jayanti in “iLook” program on NET TV. The writer found that
Kimmy Jayanti as the presenter of “iLook” program on NET TV used two kinds of code
switching, inter-sentential, intra-sentential switching also tag switching. She found the
reasons used of code switching are to talk about particular topic, to quote somebody else, to
show empathy about something, interjection, to repeat for clarification, as the intention
clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor and to express group identity.

1.2 Research Questions

Based on the explanation above, the writer has two questions to answer later on:
1.2.1 What is the type of code mixing and code switching used in Bahasa Anak JakSel?
1.2.2 How could code mixing and code switching in Bahasa Anak JakSel take a role in
showing an identity?

2
https://www.kompasiana.com/darazha/5b9800956ddcae6eb472484c/sejarah-dampak-gaul-
jaksel-yang-literally-sangat-which-is
3
1.3 The Objective of Study
Related to the questions mentioned above, the objective of study purposes to find out:
1.3.1 To mention the type of code mixing and code switching in Bahasa Anak JakSel.
1.3.2 To analyze the role of code mixing and code switching in language usage of Jakarta
Selatan’s Youth to show identity.

1.4 Significance of Study

This study has two significances, first is theoretical perspective and second is
practical perspective. It is supposed to enrich the theoretical perspective on code
switching used by Jakarta young people in Bahasa Anak JakSel, which is involved both
of Indonesian and English in their utterance, especially associated with identity in
language. It is provided by kinds of code switching according to Wardaugh (2006) and
Hoffman (1991) theory that might use in Bahasa Anak JakSel. Also the relations with
identity theory in language, specifically in Linguistics uses theory of Bucholtz & Hall
(2007).
For the practical perspective, this study will help the readers and others researchers to
know the reasons of many Jakarta young people using Bahasa Anak JakSel and revealing
the reasons of the kind of code switching is called Bahasa Anak Jaksel.

1.5 Scope and Limitation of Study

The focus of this research is Jakarta young people who live in Jakarta. This research
finds data from the utterance of several recorded conversations with some of Jakarta
young people at Jakarta, using bilingualism theory of Fromkin, Wardaugh’s theory for
code switching and Bucholtz and Hall for the identity in language. Examining the types
of code switching and the reasons of Jakarta young people using Bahasa Anak JakSel
(switching Indonesian to English). This study has limitation in using Bahasa Anak JakSel
by Jakarta young people. The focus is the using of code switching between Indonesian
and English. Which this kind of code switching can deliver identity of someone or a
group.

1.6 Definition of Key Terms

1.6.1 Bilingual is an ability of someone to speak two or more language and it is called as
individual bilingualism, or within in a group or society it is called societal
bilingualism (Fromkin, 2011, p. 460).
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1.6.2 Identity consists of socially constructed, reflexive, a product of social dynamically,
historical and political circumstances of someone’s experience in life (Bucholtz &
Hall, 2007).
1.6.3 Code switching is a speech style which contains uniqueness to the bilingual people
and they do switching the languages fluently between a sentence or within sentence
(Fromkin, 2011).

1.7 The Organization of the Study

This study consists of five chapters. Chapter one as the introduction of the study which
consists of background of study, research questions, purpose of the study, significance of the
study, scope and limitation definition of key terms, and also the organization of the study. In
chapter two, there are theories of some linguists’ which are related to this study and also
some previous studies of scholars which have similarities with this study which are included
in review of related literature as well. Chapter three is the research method which include the
research design, the subject and setting, the data and source of data, the research instrument,
technique of data collection, procedure data collection, and data analysis. Chapter four
explains the result and discussion also to answer the research questions in chapter one.
Chapter five is the last chapter of this study which consists of conclusion and suggestions.

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 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter explains the existing literatures of related theories. The theories that are
covered namely; bilingualism in 2.1, code switching in 2.2, and language and identity in 2.3.
From point 2.1 until 2.3 also explain the information in detail which is related to the theories.

2.1 Bilingualism

In modern era, people should know or understand another language different with the
official language of a country. This phenomenon mostly happens in many countries including
Indonesia. Another language than Indonesian exists because modern era needs people who
can engage with other people from other countries. In this case, English is an International
language which used as the standard of language in communication across countries. There
are so many theory of bilingualism which can be found in many textbooks or even journals
by many researchers.

Bilingualism is a situation when there are two languages used. While, bilingual is an
ability of someone to speak two or more language and it is called as individual bilingualism,
or within in a group or society it is called societal bilingualism according to Fromkin (2011).
Even though the bilinguals speak two languages, it does not mean have the same level of
ability in language (Wardaugh, Ronald, 2006). Some people might use two languages
natively, whilst some of them use the two languages regularly proficiency but does not stick
to the linguistics rules. That is why a bilingual might be master in spoken two languages, but
not in other parts of writing and reading.

2.2 Code Switching

Code switching is one of the phenomenon of language used in daily life. That
phenomenon occurs in the middle of the speech act consciously. The various purposes of the
actor’s speech act who uses the code switching can be found from the utterance. Code
switching defines by (Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2011) is a speech style which contains
uniqueness to the bilingual people and they do switching the languages fluently between a
sentence or within sentence. Code switching tends to use by bilinguals when they are either in
speakers’ turns or within single speaker’s turn (Wardhaugh, 2006). This process of switching
in linguistics is called code switching. By doing code switching, people can choose into what

6
codes they want to switch, or which codes they want to mix, usually it is in a short utterance.
This action could sometimes become the new code. Bilinguals are asked to choose a
particular code when they speak to determine a primary code that would later be mixed or
switched with a secondary code. They would also determine the time and situation to switch
from one code to another in the act of utterance. Sometimes, in the act of utterance itself, the
speaker could form a new code as a product of code switching (Wardhaugh, 2006). Code
switching can be defined as the code-alternation of words or phrases from language A into
language B. In view of code switching allows the change of code, there are several factors
which cause code switching. The topics which easily involves code mixing are family,
school, workplace, pop music, fashions, and politics. Those are the things support bilinguals
to do code switching.

2.2.1 Categorizing Code Switching

According to Wardaugh in An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, he mentioned

there are two types of code switching, when it occurs between sentences it is called
inter-sententially and when it occurs within a single sentence it is called intra-
sententially. Inter-sententially occurs for example when your first sentence is in
Indonesian then your second sentence is in English or maybe the opposite. You can
put Indonesian first to engage maybe other Indonesians then you switch to English to
sharpen your English skills. You can also put English in your first sentence to make
people interested in your topic, then you switch to Indonesian to make it more detail.

There are three types of code switching according to Romaine in Susanto

(2008:47). The two of them are same with the theory of Wardaugh, they are inter-
sentential and intra-sentential, the different one is tag switching. Tag switching occurs
when there is an insertion of a tag from a language in one utterance which is the
utterance is in other languages (Rahmaniah, 2016). In bilingual society, it is difficult
to use only one language.

1) Inter-sentential
e.g: Dia jago nge-dance loh.

2) Intra-sentential
e.g: Dia bilang dia bakal cepet datengnya. I was waiting on him in 30
minutes. I will wait until 5 minutes later.
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 3) Tag switching
e.g: You know, kan?

3.2 Code Mixing

According to Bauer (2004), code mixing is bilingual’s linguistics behavior which

putting one word or phrase from one language to another. The cause are the speaker, the
addressee, the setting, the change of situation from formal to informal, and the topic (Mass et
al., 2013).

2.3.1 Categorizing Code Mixing

Code-mixing is changing one language to another within the same utterance or

in the same spoken or written text (Nababan, 1993). Muysken (2001) concludes that
there are three types of code mixing, insertion, alternation, and congruent
lexicalization.

a) Insertion (word and phrase)

Insertion is insertion of material (lexical items or entire constituents) from
one language into a structure of the other language. Insertion is the process
of code-mixing which is conceived as something similar to borrowing: the
insertion of an alien lexical or phrasal category into a given structure.

1. Insertion in word
Example: Ih sumpah gue sebel banget deh liat jokes tentang anak
JakSel itu.
The word “jokes” is a single word which means funny story, it is a
noun.
2. Insertion of Phrase
Example: Abis dinner baby.

b) Alternation (Clause)
Alternation means the alternation between structures from languages, it
occurs when the speaker mixes the languages with a phrase.

8
 Example: Seru banget gue tuh urus semuanya sendiri gitu disana,
which is good for me.

c) Congruent Lexicalization
Congruent lexicalization is the influence of dialect within language use. It
common used in mixing between language and dialect which are close to
each other in structure.

Example in Indonesian Language

Aku udah dijalan ya baby
(I’m on the way, baby)

In Bahasa Anak JakSel, code switching and code mixing could occur in formal or
informal situation. They have several codes which they used often, such words like literally,
prefer, well, basically, even, around, actually, which is, good and many more. Bahasa Anak
JakSel provides the speakers to switch from Indonesian to English or vice versa.

2.4 Language and Identity

When someone speaks, it could reflect the identity of the speaker, because between
language and identity is inseparable. It common happens to young people which they make
their own language to show their identity. The definition of identity according to Joseph
(2006) is your identity is become who you really are. Going deeply to what Joseph’s saying is
that there are many factors to identify someone. It is a complex term because it involves other
fields such as psychology, sociology, and anthropology (R. Fielding, Multilingualism in the
Australian Suburbs, 2015). Identity consists of socially constructed, reflexive, a product of
social dynamically, historical and political circumstances of someone’s experience in life
(Bucholtz & Hall, 2007).

2.4.1 Social Identity

When we communicate with someone, we are involved with someone else

which is part of society. Talking to someone could reflects the histories of ourselves
as the member of society. Society is formed depends on social groups which can be
differentiated based on gender, religion, social class and race (Bucholtz & Hall,
2007). We could differentiated between males and females from their structure of

9
body, physically. Every religion has their own custom which might can be the identity
of certain religion and they could be identified apparently. Muslims in Indonesia has
sarong as their custom for praying, because sarong represents as the custom for
Muslim in Indonesia. Geographical area is also parts of social identity, Asia, Europe,
Africa and so on of course has their own identity. The geographical factor leads to
national boundaries, which is wider, such as westerners or easterners (Bucholtz &
Hall, 2007).

Besides the appearance factors, the activity in certain places such as school,
house of worship, workplaces, and family also could identify someone. These kind of
activity must have role-relationship which involved other. At school someone might
have role as a student or teacher. It is same whenever at workplace, there are people
who have roles as a boss or an employee. Everybody in every place definitely has a
role which can identified identity of themselves.

Values, beliefs and attitudes are associated with memberships of group in our
society which can impact to develop social identity in any parts of communicative
activity and certain resource of linguistics to realize them which to pick. Another
word, we cannot giving label to anybody depends to our intention just because we
pick certain resource of linguistics in our activities. So they make history for
themselves which could be develop time to time by other members of group. The
identity cooperates with certain sets of linguistics action to create the activities
include of attitudes and beliefs towards them. Knowledge, skills, beliefs, and attitudes
contains various social identities which affects our way to act, think and feel in certain
ways and to feel the existence of others in our life (Bucholtz & Hall, 2007). When we
are in communicative event, we will show our identity by the way we speak or our
chosen language but it is important to be adapted to whom we speak. In sum, who we
are, who we think people are, and who people think we are intercedes us to how use
linguistics action in communicative events.

2.4.1.1 Contextual relevancy of social identity

We might have considerable social identities which intersect with each

other, it is a proof that not all of our identities are relevant. In communicative
event some of identity could approach others depends on the activity, the goals

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and other participants’ identities. The one which easily to look up is when you
travel abroad, the most prominent thing is your national identity, it is more
relevant than your gender or social class. Even when we are at work, we
position ourselves as employees, boss or clients not as parents, child, Javanese
or Sundanese (Bucholtz & Hall, 2007).

2.4.2 Agency, identity and language use

Most of our identity and social roles in society are arranged by group
or community which belong to us, we also participate in its forming.
Traditional linguistics believe that agency attaches to individuals or in
sociocultural is called as ‘socioculturally mediated capacity to act’ (Bucholtz
& Hall, 2007). We choose the identity to show while in the same time we
build other identities, but individual have their own capacity. Contrarily, that
is ‘an aspect of the action’ (Altieri, 1994: 4) which could occur in certain
social and culture situation.

This aspects tells us that we produce our identity from our movement
or attitude. If we were involved in communicative event, we do as an
individual from our certain history of social identity. The linguistics actions do
not determine our identity but they influence us. We can pick which words to
say and how to say to someone, we have options to choose. We could show
our identities and others then lead to unpredictable purpose, because our
identities cling to histories and political sides. Individual agency ca not
separate from its individual action.

2.4.2.1 Giddens’s theory of structuration

Individual agency is an activity of semiotics, construction of

social, ‘something that can be made, maintained regularly in every
individual’s activity’ Gidden’s (1984) (Bucholtz & Hall, 2007). Our
social actions (prevalent and established things) happen regularly and
there should be social construction. Later on, the social construction
creates us as the social actor which we take control to make the social
system becomes larger, bringing all types of groups, from small circle
to larger circle, to social network then to large organization. Our

11
actions that made from our daily attitudes are the process of making
and made by our social actions itself. This social theory of Giddens
show us the relation of individual agency and society.

2.4.2.2 Bourdieu’s notion of habitus

Habitus is a latin word which means habit. Habitus is formed

by disposition of our bodies as the result of our attitudes in daily life.
We are as the social actors, our habitus are continuously reshaped
through our historical sides.

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 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter is about the research method which contains of research design, subject
of the study, instrument of data collection, source of data, data collection technique, data
validity and data analysis technique.

1.8 Research design of the study

Research of this study has purpose to find how the code switching in Bahasa
Anak JakSel becomes an identity whenever Jakarta young people speak in it. The
writer gets the data by doing the research on the spot, talking with Jakarta young
people then interview them. The data is collected by writing the transcript of the
conversation between the writer and Jakarta young people. The data will be in
from of transcript.
From the description above, the writer uses the qualitative method to analyze
the data. Qualitative method involves interviews, documents, and observation
(Neill, Alan O, 2018). This qualitative method generally includes data sources
which contains observation and respondent observation, interviews and
questionnaires, documents and the researcher’s impression and perception (Neill,
Alan O, 2018).
Shortly, to know the detail about the code mixing and code switching take a
role in showing the identity of the language used by Jakarta young people in
Bahasa Anak JakSel, the writer applied descriptive qualitative research design,
because it is important to describe the phenomenon of Bahasa Anak JakSel used
by Jakarta young people. That is why these methods are believed as the most
appropriate methods to analyze code mixing and code switching take a role in
showing the identity of language used by Jakarta young people in Bahasa Anak
JakSel.

1.9 Subject of the data

This study used the participants as the subject of this data source. The subject
of this study is several Jakarta young people in Jakarta.

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1.10 Data and Source of Data
The source of the data taken from conversations and interviews which are in
form of recording then turn them into transcript. The data will be in the form of
word, phrase, clause and sentence gotten from the recording.

1.11 Instrument of the study and Data Collection Techniques

Collecting the data or information needs an instrument, because it is the
important thing finish this study. To make it simple and easy to understand, the
writer will use table as the instrument. Later on, the data will be classified based
on types of code mixing and code switching, the structure of phrase and sentence,
the utterances based on the transcript, and type of language and identity.
The writer collects the data uses recorder as the tool of this study. The writer
will record the conversations and interviews with Jakarta young people. When the
writer gets enough data then the writer will turn it into a transcript.
No. Research Questions The Specific Aspects

1. RQ-1 a. Types of code

mixing and code
What is the type of code mixing and code
switching.
switching used in Bahasa Anak JakSel?
b. The structure of
phrase and
sentence .
RQ-2 a. The utterances.
2.
How could code mixing and code switching b. Types of
in Bahasa Anak JakSel take a role in language and
showing an identity? identity.

For this study, the writer should done several steps. First, the writer should go
to Jakarta to take data with some of Jakarta young people. Second, the writer
should prepare the recorder, in this case the writer would use phone recorder.
Third, the writer should re-listen to the recording, then turn it into a transcript. The
last, the writer is ready to analyze the data.

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1.12 Data Validity
Validity becomes a measure which can quantify the level of an instrument’s
validity according to Arikunto (2010). A valid instrument is able to quantify needs
of the writer then it can reveal data based on the variables studied appropriately.
Sugiyono (2010) argued that validity is the level of accuracy between the data
gotten from the object of research and the data gotten by the writer. A valid data is
gotten when there is no difference between the data of the writer and the real data.
There are test credibility, transferability, and conformability as the test of data
validity for qualitative research. This study uses triangulation credibility test.
Triangulation credibility test consists of three types, such triangulation of sources,
triangulation of data collection techniques and triangulation of time (Sugiyono,
2013). From those techniques, the writer choose to use the triangulation of
sources. The writer will get the data from recording the conversation and
interviewing from first source (Jakarta young people). Triangulation of source
technique is used to test the credibility of the data by checking the data which all
gotten through several sources (Yuliana, Luziana, & Sarwendah, 2015)

3.6 Data Analysis Technique

In answering the research question, this study used table which can show the
specific aspect to get the data for answering research questions start from RQ1 and
RQ2.
3.6.1 Research Question 1
To get the answer of the first research question the researcher uses
Wardaugh’s theory for code switching and Muysken’s theory for code mixing.
The data will be made in the script form to ease the writer in analysis process.

Sentence Type Process

Dia jago nge-dance loh. Intra-sentential Code Switching

3.6.2 Research Question 2

To answer second research question, the study will uses and Bucholtz
and Hall to explain identity in language.

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