Kendyl Brown

Mr. Rhodes

Advanced Placement English Language and Composition

28 February 2019

The Career of an Attorney

The young man dressed in a suit and tie arrives, making his way through the crowd of

people: the young with unceasing voices, the old carrying the burdens of injustice, families united

by travesties, and friends with common hopes. Together they stand, illuminated by the rising sun

amid the shadows of the columned, towering building. The man continues his march, climbing the

white staircase before entering through the aged wooden doors to take his seat at the bar. With the

man leading, countless others file in to witness this historical moment. The people’s attention

moves to the woman cloaked in black entering the room. As all rise, the pounding hearts and

rising voices come to a halt. ​Bang, bang, bang! ​The trial begins. Standing up against injustice, the

young man now ignites a movement, establishing the start of a lifelong pursuit of advancing

American ideals. In the career of an attorney, one must invest in education, dedicate time to a

specific area of law, and ultimately fight for social progress.

Once individuals decide they want to pursue a career in law, they must attend

undergraduate school as the first step in becoming an attorney. Individuals may choose an

undergraduate university offering a pre-law program in order to fully prepare themselves for

future enrollment in law school. Partaking in such programs introduces students to various types

of law and political theories, exposing them to the analytical and communication skills demanded

(“American Bar Association”). While law schools do not require a specific major or particular set
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of courses for admission, students generally enroll in majors such as Political Science,

Philosophy, Economics, History, English, and Business (Nieswiadomy 72). The American Bar

Association (ABA), an organization of lawyers, judges, law students, and professors, claims such

majors lead to higher preparedness for law school enrollment (“American Bar Association”).

Regardless of the undergraduate route taken, aspiring lawyers must individually prepare

themselves for the next step in pursuing their collegiate education.

All ABA accredited law schools in the United States require applicants to take the Law

School Admissions Test (LSAT), an exam scored from 120 to 180 assessing whether applicants

have the potential for success through testing analytical and logical reasoning, as well as reading

comprehension skills (Iyer 102). The LSAT score plays an integral role in the selection process

since admissions officers develop a weighted admissions index based on grade point average,

combined with LSAT score for each applicant (“How is the LSAT Scored”). Although the

average examinee scores a 152, applicants of top law schools generally score at least a 165 (“How

is the LSAT Scored”). However the LSAT, a solely cognitive measure, offers limited value in its

prediction of overall performance. Though LSAT scores may correlate with high grades, they

cannot predict other educational or professional achievement. Law schools acknowledge this by

adhering to a holistic approach during the admissions process, one in which the assessment of an

applicant considers all factors including numerical and non-numerical portions of the application

(Shultz & Zeddick 51). When applying to different law schools, individuals must exhibit strong

scores and notable extracurriculars to impress admissions officers.

After completing undergraduate school, prospective attorneys must make a highly critical

decision: choosing a law school in order to obtain a Juris Doctor (JD) degree, a professional
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degree of the highest level of education in the legal profession (Kauflin). Based on factors

including graduates’ median starting salaries, employment outcome, preparedness upon

graduation and passing rates of the Multistate Bar Exam, scholars of the ​Princeton Review​ ranked

New York University, University of Chicago and Harvard University as the best law schools for

career prospects (Kauflin). Surprisingly, Yale University does not rank in the top 10 because its

first-year median salary of $70,000 fares much lower than other schools as many graduates work

as judicial clerks, assisting judges in making legal determinations and writing opinions; a job that

pays much less than the average legal career (Kauflin). The top 3 schools share many things in

common resulting in their collective high rankings, such as a 98% full time employment rate

within ten months of graduation (Kauflin). These top schools also have very similar costs,

averaging $62,000 in tuition and over $90,000 in annual costs for each of the three years of study,

as well as first-year median salaries at $180,000 (Kauflin). The majority of graduates move to

New York, California, or Washington, D.C., hubs of the legal industry​ ​(Kauflin). After law

school, prospective attorneys have one more major challenge to complete.

Graduates must take the Multistate Bar Exam (MBE) in order to become a licensed

attorney. A six hour examination developed by the National Conference of Bar Examiners, the

MBE consists of 200 questions from each of the 7 subject areas: Civil Procedure, Constitutional

Law, Contracts, Criminal Law and Procedure, Evidence, Real Property, and Torts (“Jurisdictions

Administering the MBE”). Each state administers the MBE twice a year to assess law school

graduates’ abilities to apply legal principles and reasoning, ensuring they can successfully

practice in their jurisdiction (“Jurisdictions Administering the MBE”). Scholars praise this exam

for presenting a complex theory of law in which one best answer exists, disregarding the politics
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of law, and rejecting the questioning of laws’ justness and morality (Solove 1406). Despite this,

the Bar Exam still approaches law humanistically as the questions describe how law affects

people dealing with horrific crimes, bungled contracts, tragic accidents, and corporate

malfeasance, among other losses and wrongdoings (1406). When considered comprehensively,

the Bar Exam paints a powerful picture of the legal system in which good people undergo terrible

experiences and personal morals do not always coincide with rulings. Once prospective attorneys

pass the MBE, they face the challenge of finding employment.

Once an individual enters the work field, he or she must participate in lifelong education,

even after seven years of collegiate education and admission to the Bar. Although each

jurisdiction holds separate discretion dealing with regulations and requirements, the majority

require attorneys to stay up to date with changes by taking a certain number of hours of

continuing legal education (CLE) each year (Neal). Attending CLE courses allows individuals to

stay abreast of the many changes in law dealing with appellate rulings, legal cases and new

statutes (Neal). Since the information gained in these courses greatly affects one’s application of

the law to legal casework, those who do not complete such mandatory courses risk losing their

United States license to practice (Neal). Successful lawyers embrace CLE and integrate it into

their practice throughout their career.

Due to a wide gap between expectations and reality, many attorneys eventually question

their career choice. Television shows such as ​The Good Wife​, ​How to Get Away with Murder, a​ nd

Law and Order​ paint glamorous pictures of the legal industry, heightening one’s expectations of

the field (Harper). While individuals eventually realize the falsehood of such portrayals, one may

choose the wrong career path due to confirmation bias, the tendency to focus solely on
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information supporting one’s beliefs (Harper). The further one’s career strays from his or her

preconceived notions, the higher the level of dissatisfaction. According to a survey conducted in

2007, 6 out of 10 lawyers claim they do not advise young people to attend law school (Harper).

These results differ greatly from data collected in previous years, such as a survey conducted in

2000 where three-quarters of respondents claimed extreme-to-moderate career satisfaction,

suggesting the current high rates of dissatisfaction result from the media’s increasing unrealistic

portrayals (Harper). Those looking to enter this field must keep in mind the importance of

learning of the reality before pursuing this career.

Although the media’s representation of the career likely will persist, the gap between

expectations and reality may narrow because of an increasing number of initiatives to combat this

problem. To aid the expectations side of this issue, many undergraduate schools now offer

pre-law courses dealing with reality therapy, giving undergraduates the tools to make more

informed decisions regarding choosing their careers (Harper). Such courses expose students to the

reality of the industry dealing with things such as office work, long work hours, and the

competitive nature of firms (Harper). If individuals do not expose themselves to the reality of the

field early on, they risk spending a large sum of money on an education for a career not suited for

them. To influence the reality portion of the gap, many lawyers now loosen firm regulations in

order to increase employee satisfaction and create a better balance between work and personal

life. To accomplish this, one may decrease the amount of billable hour requirements, allowing

employees to spend more time at home (Harper). Other solutions include limiting growth

motivated by making a profit at the expense of fair employment practices, closing internal gaps

within equity partnerships, and encouraging a sense of community by developing incentive

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structures rewarding loyalty and mentoring (Harper). Such approaches increase employees’

morale, contributing to an increase in productivity as well as an overall better work environment.

Anyone entering the workforce must confront the challenges of dealing with one’s expectations

compared to the reality faced.

To aid the transition from law school to the legal industry, many firms implement mentor

programs. Partaking in such programs allows young lawyers to begin practice development and

gain experience with clients early in their careers (Alpert 34). Employers offer such programs in

hopes of retaining new entrants since they often consider mentorships as a factor in deciding

where to look for employment. Firms across the United States annually lose eight percent of first

year associates, most of whom cite a lack of mentorship as the main reason for leaving (34).

Mentorships appeal to firms looking to invest in the future since such programs allow young

lawyers to build interpersonal skills to generate business once they partner with their firm after

mentoring (34). Firms offering such programs boast low attrition rates and offer mentees valuable

experiences dealing with casework and communication, rather than research alone as done in

firms without mentoring (34). New entrants reap many benefits from exposure to the inner

workings of the legal industry through participation in mentorships.

New graduates enter a field drastically different than those from years before because of

the effects of the Great Recession subsiding. In the years following, those in the legal field faced

severe layoff issues, high unemployment rates, and a surplus of graduates entering the industry

compared to a small number of open positions, creating the worst legal market in a generation or

more (Ebner 31). Although employment steadily improved throughout the 2010s, only recently

has it reached employment levels similar to those before the recession (31). From 2016 to 2017,
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graduates saw almost a 10 percent increase in full time employment (31). Despite the economy’s

overall recovery, those in the legal industry still experience prolonged effects of the recession.

The economic downturn forced those with Juris Doctorate degrees to find new employment,

resulting in 40% currently not working in firms (31). Even today, the number of graduates slightly

outnumbers the amount of open positions; however the current situation does not compare to the

severe rates directly after and during the Great Recession. One must take into consideration

situations such as these in order to understand that economic downturns affect even the highest

earners.

As publicly known, lawyers may earn large salaries for their expertise, however this varies

greatly depending on job placement. The average individual in a large​ ​firm earns a yearly salary

of about $100,000, while those in smaller firms earn about $10,000 less (“Salaries Soaring”). By

contrast, new entrants to the public sector earn approximately $40,000, while those with more

experience earn about $60,000, almost half the average of private workers (Clark). Furthermore,

because of the lack of funding for defense offices in many districts, public defenders earn about

$25,000 less than public prosecutors (Davis & Sciacca). Along with receiving many variances in

pay, attorneys engage in many different practices of law.

One of these many private practices includes bankruptcy law. This consists of the

evaluation of assets and filing of petitions for bankruptcy, a federal court procedure allowing

consumers and businesses rid their debts and repay creditors (“Rights and Responsibilities” 3).

Bankruptcy filings fall under one of several chapters of the United States Bankruptcy Code:

Chapter 7 involving the liquidation of assets, Chapter 11 dealing with corporate reorganization,

and Chapter 13, personal reorganization (Kosseff). Attorneys must determine which best suits
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their clients’ situations in order to​ ​best represent their case. Specifications of bankruptcy filings

vary among states, leading to differing filing fees based on the amount of time needed to complete

the process​ ​(“Rights and Responsibilities” 6). In order to successfully guide individuals and

businesses through the long, complicated process of filing for bankruptcy, lawyers must educate

themselves on judicial decisions.

Scholars regard ​Central Virginia Community College v. Katz​ as one of the most

significant cases regarding bankruptcy law. The supervisor of a bookstore declaring bankruptcy,

Bernard Katz, filed a suit to collect debts owed by Central Virginia Community College (CVCC)

and petitioned to prevent the school from filing claims to collect due to the business’s bankruptcy

status (“Leading Cases” 126). CVCC, an arm of the state of Virginia, argued that Katz did not

possess the authority to sue due to state sovereign immunity holding that a state must consent in

order for anyone to bring forth such legal actions (127). However, judges of the bankruptcy court

disagreed, claiming the Bankruptcy Clause found in Article I of the Constitution allowed the

waiving of states’ sovereign immunity in bankruptcy cases (127). Once brought to the Supreme

Court, the majority supported the lower court’s decision, although for different reasons; relying

on precedent of the interpretation of the Bankruptcy Clause regarding state sovereignty as existing

within a limited sphere, the Justices held that individuals have the authority to sue states in

​ entral Virginia Community College​”​). Through this case, the Supreme

regards to bankruptcy (​“C

Court majority limited the powers of the state, ensuring it does not act above the law.

Another area of law individuals may want to choose to focus on includes environmental

law. These attorneys represent those affected by legal issues dealing with laws regarding

pollution, climate change, water and resource management (Down 17). These attorneys possess a
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skill unique to the demands of their practice: understanding highly technical material such as

chemical and biological data, as well as scientific literature (18). Such individuals must apply this

knowledge to their interpretation of laws in order to approach cases from both a scientific and

legal standpoint. To fulfill these demands, those planning to pursue this career path often enroll in

science majors such as Environmental Studies as undergraduates before attending law school

(32). With backgrounds in law as well as science, environmental attorneys continue to make great

strides in the fight for justice.

Environmental attorneys exposed Americans to the importance of their practice during the

water crisis in Flint, Michigan. An archetypal example of the twenty first century’s economic

decline and deindustrialization experienced by many American cities, in 2014 Flint resorted to

drastic measures to reduce debt, including the building of a new pipeline from Lake Huron, and

use of an old water treatment plant to reduce the cost of water for citizens (Chavez et al. 12).

However, as soon as the switch occurred, residents reported complaints of the taste, odor, and

color of the water along with health issues such as rashes (13). The first of many denials and

tampered data, city and state officials assured residents that the water met regulations. In reality,

officials did not include a corrosion control system and demanded the additions of excessive

levels chlorine causing the creation of harmful byproducts, breaking several federal laws

including the Safe Water Drinking Act (13). Overtime, a culmination of such illegal water

treatment practices created immensely high levels of lead in Flint’s water leading to lead

poisoning, detrimental effects on the growth of children, and deadly diseases (Hanna-Attisha et al.

283). After months of protesting, residents filed a multitude of class-action lawsuits on behalf of

those affected, garnering support from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) as well as the
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National Resource Defense Council (Halcom). Under pressure from civil unrest, lawsuits and

countless investigations organized by residents, city officials released data exhibiting toxic levels

of heavy metals in Flint’s water, causing the state to declare a state of emergency and the attorney

general to charge many high ranking officials with crimes (Chavez et al. 14). Even today,

individuals continue to bring charges against Flint due to representatives not taking enough

drastic measures to improve the city’s water. The Flint water crisis, in which the government

failed to live up to its responsibility of accountability and transparency, shows the power of

assembly as well as the intersectionality between environmental, human rights, and criminal law.

Within private firms especially, the legal industry ironically has a large problem with

sexual harassment. The industry’s hierarchy of a high concentration of power in a small number

of men, lack of power allotted to minorities and new entrants, institutionally negative attitude

toward equality, as well as sexual misconduct, and disciplinary system siding with the perpetrator

at the expense of the accuser creates an environment susceptible to sexual harassment (Mehta 8).

Two-thirds of women experience sexual harassment in the workplace, and high ranking staff

allow 95% of unwanted advances to occur without punishment (8). Lawyers have not addressed

this issue until recently in the wake of the Me Too movement, beginning with the Law Society

and the Bar Council ensuring every firm and barristers chambers has protections for those issuing

complaints and appropriate actions put in place through rigorous investigations (8). Those

participating in the movement began other legal initiatives such as Time’s Up, an organization

fighting against sexual harassment in the workplace through lobbying, as well as the providing of

legal advice and funding for victims (8). While the legal industry has a bleak history dealing with
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the issue of sexual harassment, the Me Too movement’s influence indicates a better future for

women.

Although women continue to advance within the legal industry, they face careers

drastically different than those of men. Like most careers in the United States, women receive

lower salaries than their equally qualified male counterparts due to many factors influencing the

gender pay gap, including employer bias, social norms, lack of efficient legal protection for equal

pay, and penalties for raising or having children (Bohanon & Styring 23)​.​ The gap increases with

age; females under 35 years old earn 9 percent less than their male counterparts, while females

over 35 years old earn 22% less than their male counterparts (“Number of Women Lawyers”).

The earnings of the 10th percentile of female attorneys fall $200,000 below the 10th percentile of

males, an astounding 40% difference (“Number of Women Lawyers”). Like all minorities in the

legal industry, women experience underrepresentation. Although women account for nearly half

of the United States’ workforce, they make up only one-third of lawyers (“Number of Women

Lawyers”). Based on trends since the 1960s when women first broke into historically

nontraditional occupations, the number of overall diversity in the field will continue to increase

(“Number of Women Lawyers”).

Within the last 50 years, the composition of the legal profession drastically changed from

a solely white male institution, to one encompassing women and racial minorities, however, the

industry has yet to see equality in all facets. Women of color face high attrition along with many

barriers in advancement such as bias and skepticism from other members of the legal system,

causing this group to overall claim the highest rates of career dissatisfaction and perceived unfair

treatment among all genders and ethnicities (Collins et al. 1643). Black and Latina women face
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similar obstacles such as individuals writing off their credentials as a product of affirmative

action, or assuming they hold less-esteemed positions such as translators, reporters, or other court

personnel (1644). Asian women undergo a different experience in the workplace since society

sees them as the model minority, capable of hardwork and possessing high intelligence, although

not sufficiently assertive to command the confidence of clients and legal teams (1644). Overall,

female minorities face discrimination because their gender and ethnicity deviate from society’s

image of the stereotypical white male lawyer, however, due to an increasing presence of women

as well as minorities in the field, this now has begun to change.

Loretta Lynch exemplifies one of the many women who changed the legal and political

field despite social norms. In 2015, President Barack Obama nominated her as the first African

American Attorney General (Braun 11 - 12). Growing up in the South during the 1960s, Lynch

experienced​ ​the struggles of the civil rights movement early in life which inspired her lifelong

fight for justice (12). After pursuing a JD at Harvard University, Lynch initially faced many

hardships finding employment because of her status as a woman of color, although she eventually

found employment in a private firm before working as an United States attorney (19). One of

Lynch’s most impactful experiences includes her time working for the International Criminal

Tribunal where she prosecuted those who committed human rights violations during the 1994

tribal genocide of Rwanda (25). Due to these credentials, the Senate unanimously confirmed

Lynch to several federal appointment before becoming Attorney General in 2015 (35). With this

position, Lynch used her platform to speak out against police brutality and racially motivated

crimes, ultimately invigorating the movement to fight against racial inequality in America (37).
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Stories of those such as Loretta Lynch would not exist without the women who paved the way for

them to do so.

Many regard Ruth Bader Ginsburg as one of the most notable women in the legal industry,

especially in regards to women’s rights activism. Inspired by her own struggles as a woman in a

male-dominated field, Ginsburg founded the Women’s Rights Project at ACLU, which continues

to urge the courts to view gender based discrimination in the same constitutional manner as race

discrimination (Roland 22). During the time she led this project, she presented six cases to the

Supreme Court regarding women’s rights, five of which she won, helping women make great

strides in achieving equality (23). Later in Ginsburg’s career, after serving under President Jimmy

Carter as judge of the United States Court of Appeals in Washington D.C., President Bill Clinton

nominated her to the Supreme Court of the United States, making her the second woman and first

Jewish woman to serve (27). As a Justice, Ginsburg viewed the Constitution liberally, as a living

document open to evaluation and modernization through influences from foreign law as well as

the process of judicial review, and ruled as an activist, open to using judicial power to overturn

previous decisions when necessary to achieve her interpretation of justice (21). Ginsburg’s unique

interpretation of the law continues to shape public policy and address social injustices, leaving her

mark on American society.

Justice Ginsburg weighed in on many landmark Supreme Court cases and demonstrated

her dedication to fighting for equal rights. In ​United States v. Virginia​, the Virginia Military

Institute (VMI) did not allow women to attend their institution (Roland 31). The Supreme Court

Justices ruled VMI’s exclusively male admission policy as in violation of the Fourteenth

Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause, ensuring states guarantee the same rights and privileges to
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all citizens, as interpreted in Ginsburg’s majority opinion (31). The decision in ​United States v.

Virginia ​won a huge victory for women as it guaranteed them the opportunity to receive the same

quality education as men. Another important case during Ginsburg’s time in the Supreme Court

includes ​Stenberg v. Carhart,​ in which Justices deemed a Nebraska statute criminalizing the

performance of all late-term abortions as unconstitutional (Berkowitz 337). This case upheld

previous decisions supporting the right to an abortion such as ​Roe v. Wade,​ in which the Supreme

Court recognized a woman’s decision on whether to terminate her pregnancy as a part of the

Fourteenth Amendment’s right of privacy, sending a strong message regarding the paramount

importance of women’s health and rights (339). In such cases, Justices demonstrate how the

powers of their branch can impact American society for the better.

Tasked with a duty of the utmost importance, attorneys continue to defend America’s

highest constitutional ideals. Advocating for economic, gender, and environmental justice, among

other issues, attorneys have undoubtedly left their mark on the American judicial system and will

continue to do so well into the future.

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