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e "·Union of Egoist�:· This happens to be
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of �oc1a tty. T. lle described as a.. voluntaryassoc1at1on o f
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ui1ique 1nd1v1d u al s. I1 .
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ly unite together to aspire for

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uals are also endowed w it h t h . e

d ecision to d.epar� from . the
union provided tl1a:t it no longer satisfies or enhances •

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ner gave some exa1nples of.two kids playing together, two
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11.1 e11 go1n l?. t? <i1bar and thousands of people who for1n al'1 alliance together so they ca n
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ca_tcl1 a th ie.f.: T·hese �xa1nples d lineate

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. � his id ea of th e union of �goist s. Addition ally, •
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_ nclud�s that the union can ensure eg
Oists to individuate freely and optim�ze
t 11: e 1 � · �.f' p �opri a tion of th e world fo r their
personal advantages. . ·
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�r:iedriCh Ni�tzsche ( 1844� ·1900)

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�il<e St!rner's philosophy, it is without

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th e cornerstone of �xistenti�l thought. Furthermor •

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e, his ideas were also elucidated in

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pos.t�o�e:rt?-isin �nd · � r.eu d ian·.ps ycl1oanalys�s.
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011e of.t?'7 elen:i�i1ts wqiCh is ce11tral. to NietzscJ1e's.philos

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ophy is illus1rated ih
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' �liS_ famous declaration' .that,. �CGod is Dead!" Th

. is a�irms a compiete rejection Of
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. � � t.apllys� �-� -�-d ;.[�1�.gi()µ,�.. !rY.th� as grounds for reality. Like
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ZSc he : Stirn"er, �NYet
co11tends tliat the spiritual dimension is illuSdrY. To Nieizscrre; - t�e-existe!lce of G od :

afterlife, immor�ality are. pOthing but «imaginar y causes:· In his v ieW, su�? are nothing
but m ere roj e ctions of 011e's psychological de�ire for secl.i!�ty �nd calcu lability in lifu.
p .- �
. This:is e xpress
. e d i11 Nietzsche's work,: The An.ti=-Chri:st�He(Nietz$cl:i�. 1�_68, 137) wrote,
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. I.Q C h J;i sti �nity neither· morality nor re\i.giori corrie i.nt<? .c <?.nta�t.·�t h .
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r�ality at ariy point... Nothi11g but i1n aginary caif.ses ( God', soul c�go·� :'spirir, . -.
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-�free Will' or cui1free will') : ... an i 1n a g f ri ar y pSycholo .

gy (nothing·btit s elf- .
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misun erstandillgs, int.er p re tatio ll s of p leasan� or ·�nplea . san_t _general .
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feeli 11gS , for exciniple th e condi�ion of the nervus sympat hicu�� t? t�� aid �
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�f sig n-Iallgucige of TCligio-moral idiosynCrasy -: . rep e p.t an c;e ; st n g of_ c �

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. consci ence: 'temJ?tatio11 bytl1e Dev.il;·'fl).e proxiJpity_·Of<?o�').: �· . •
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de cl ar at io ll pr es up pO se s . a cie r).i al o f u � 1��r s �� m �f al it y .� �

In .additi � th'e sa id · �� ·

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· · nd uc t. N ie tz sc he be lle v� d · �l_i at on ce th � ex 1s �� 11� � of o d �s': ?.

the basiS fOr· humall cO . . ..
· w s th at G Od ·ca .n ·P, o lo ng er be i� p_
l e� en �d � s· h� � �
un�eiied aS an ili usibn, thell it follo
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. . h iS le ad s to th e as se·
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ioundat1on· .1:or. ulllan ethica
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. pos1t1ons .and �ora 1s w 1·n b ef ou n d ed o i:i th e ·s

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Base d . . . rov1.dence.?',T
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u .p. d in N 1e tz: s ch e s th e o r y . .
answer to this .. query is fo . ·

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sophy , Samuel S�\}mpf (1999, 394)

·

s to . Sar .t re . A
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is tor y· of
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work entitled , S oc ra te
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· .What .iS.g~O~? ~ Ail·.~~cit. h~_ighten~ ·the_. feeli"~~ ~f ·pQW.e·r, t.h e -:~ill to.·..
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power, power itself in man. ·· · · · · ·· · ·-· · · .: ·' .. ·. · ·. .·-· ··

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Wha~ is. bad? - All that proceeds. fro~

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weakne.sS. :·· . · ·,, ··::. • • · ... ..

· · · Wh~t is ~appin·ess? - the.feeling that P~\.~-~·r in~rea$es -'- that a resiStallc~
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Wi.t h tl1is, _master~.~n.<?.!~!i.~X:: holds·_ th~~...g.Og_Qjs ide~tified with ·-~ha~· Whi<;l).:i~ ·1

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powerful and noble. Evil
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line ~ith thiS, Niet~sc:he says th.a(tl1e pr~ctiti<?ners of m<l:st.e~ mOrali~y·. ai:-C the .:e llte ·
"ow ..,,-,,... ' """"' """' •

·class o~ socie_ty, ~h~ n~blemen: rirhiS w:o:rk, B'e);ond Good a~id Evil, N~etzsChe. descf.ibes
the temperariien t of the nOblemen )11 t~e follo·wi11g featur:es. ·To begin with·, .he ·
(Ni~tzsche 197·3 ,195) Says, "The ~£1?leJ..y,.ppe ..OJ..¢:a.n Jeels ·h!.7nselft9 be th~-d~te·~~iner of -,
values, _h e \l.2.~~..!!f>_,J_~~~tQ.J~.~!P~.£2.Y.!.~i. P~.~ J.~dges ·~hathar1ns ·m e is hcirn:iful_i~ . ·-
itself» he knows ·himself to.be '. that
; which(' in• genefal
• first accords 11onourto.thin gs,••:he C: •I ., ·~.

creates values·:· · · · ·· · · · ·· · . " .' · · · · ·· ··

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- Loosely ~pea1:<l~g: ~!!,2.t!~~~fe_ those.~ho -~$!XE~-~~.~. t~:~ ~ ~~[~~~-a~c~:ding to . . .

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their own g~r~Q!!!~":~!!?.,?~d~. They are those who are. ~~1.~~..1.r. ~!!~!,y~u~!~!~· :They. · ·
stand· up for th~ir own beliefs _regardless of what other .pe?ple say~tp.~~P'.e~mo~e, .
•
•

Nietzsche says, "Everything he knows tO be ?- ,part of.h i.mself,. he .h.? ·nours:· s.~ch, a •

morality is self-glorifica tion" (1973 ,_,J95).'.T his me.~ns that ~oble 1n~1v_1du.als.are th~se ... · ...
who satisfy and value their.perso11al WOrth. In .th~S light, ~oblemen are ~go1.s~s. · . . .·
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. . . . ' r,t st111cts s all 1·e leg·a te the i11dividual sel f to a state o f:
i11a1 l)' IU<.11n. Stu1npf ( 199 9 396) 1·11 . . . . ~
, 1111.· .· . . ,- uminatcs Nietzsche's criticism on t-he said maxi1n:
. . s~.•ani.ty contradicts nature when it requires us to love our enen1ies for.Nature's
Jnnction to hate your enc1ny." In line with this, Nietzsche contends rh~t. a person's
• 111 15
•
ieve1·e11ce fo1-- God 11ot only deb ' · · b · · ·
b ., . . . . ases ones instincts, ut it also ushers in an inadvertent
su nlissio~ to an imaginary cause. To l.iis view, t_h is ushers a renunCiation.O fboth tl1e
n1t1ndane life and one's selfhood. ·· . - - · •
•

L~st, Nie~z~che criti~i~es_ ~hr_is~-~~e1-tY. for=~~igp~~g Jt~~~f:.~ith the -'~eak and

-~!:&!~i~1$ qualities of}.!912.ili!Y?.-~!£!.E.g,~h, ._selfishri-ess and .forms of do1nin".rtiO;:J'. He
boldly dec.lares, ((I co11sider. life itself-·iITT.fiil"Ct:f~·~- growih·, for continuance, for
acc~n1~lat~on of forces, for power: where the will .to PoWer ·is .lacking there is
d~chne. (Nietzsche 1968, 129). Here, Nietzscl1e presumes that life'is essentially bestowed
'""i:h an amalgamation of challenges, ordeals, sufferillg and th~ quests for domination.
· With t~at, he assumes that the virtues of Christianity as guides to survival wi.11 only
result in martyrdom and a stagnatio11 of one~s potentials .for self-iCtualizat i'on ..
Therefore, ~ietzsche insists that the~~~P!~s-~9-~ of the ~!J~~·to £~'!.e~}s the most via~le .. ·
w~y to .!1:!£!-~Y~l"'and tl:e perseverance in ~his life._ . · · . -. '.
Given ~is cr~ticisms,' Nietzsche encourages .a c01nplete .lil)~ratio1i,_. from._the · . •

doginas of th~ .Christian i·eligion. This shall allow individuals to' r.estore both faith
~t1 tl1e1nselves and their unique p~t~ntials .. Ill·his vieW (~~68,199)/ ihi~ ·can b~ ·achieved
throu~h a .!3:.~.1!,.t})}l_g_,tjg}J.•.Of_gf!....~g.ls. This is a proc~ss. ~hic~_ii.ec~~~itate_s a s,~i~t ~ron:>­
th_e slave Illorality of the Christian·. religio11-to the 1norality of the"·noble _ari~tocrats,
. master moral~iy. This_Proces~ · ca~ be actualized th:fough a~. a~t_I~~.:.,~~a.!.!i!.1~~~ of ~he
..
~IJJ!ll.di£..fi.o.ns and detrimental repercussions that are r~vealecl.. ill the doctrines of
Christianity. · Once these contiadiction s and r.e.percu~sions ar~'"'bf-;iight '"to ~\ght,
•

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individuals shall··free theITiselves from t'h eir adherence to slave Inoral~ty: ~e:rnd wil.l :. ·
repossess the values 6f.tnaster:m0 rality. "In". doing . so, th'eY.'- shall·not:. only !ea:ffii-m
•
their own s~bjective Standards bu~ moreover." t~ey...~~11 _g~<l:du.~lr}r · reach t)le_ •
•
consciou.sne ss of_ the J.iigher type. of mart~ :_t he Uber~en_sch ·w.~i<;h tran:sl~tes tci th·e · ·
"Overmai:i;, ~r the f~suPerman:" FotNie~zsch~··· the te~peraniellt :OftJ;ie.JJ.l?~i;:~sC:h
shall enabl~ ·individll;als to reyitalize i~~.1J... . in:their .£!~~!i~~. R<?~~e.!:~· ~nd this ·<:_3.rthlr. .
existence. HoWe~er, NietZ.s che ·declares that only not al.I · people c·~n _.attain the ·. •

·awarene~·s of this superi~r· type of indi-Vidu·aL He'.claitils tliat'Only·thos e w~~ -excel in

•

thei~ mental and phy~ical cons~itutio,n·s· can Procure ·~he_ · t~m~era1nen.t · o( the •

. . : .. . . .. . . .....

·Superinan. . · . ·. . ·. · . ~ .
Nietzsche affirms th~ Sµpe'f man .a s 011:~ ·wh<? imPl.em_e nt.s mast~r mo~al!ty ~s his .
mode of Condu~t ..BaSed_on.tli.is, ·h e iS an.in~i;vid~ar .~hp acts a~~o.~di~g_t.o th~ di~t~tes
of the will to power. r~ ~his light, he·b~liev~s· ~hat t~~ key to s~IVI~al ~pd ~elf-af~ri:nat~on ·
rough domination and the exploitation of life for his own
can on Iy b e secure d th .. . . .. . . - _ .
I d p rthermore he extracts ·his. enjoyment of life by 11v1n:g dangerously.
By t 18, t e uperman is . . · · , . . , f . .
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const1tut1ons. onsequen y, the Superman'ac.hieves
. its highest 1eve1 o al,lthent1cicy.
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.. ·.. . tne a11 s O\re or 011.e s fate . Tl1 is......
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M art in I~eidegger (18 89 -19 76 ) · · •
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. - 1n hjs _·w Ork , Be ing an d Tin ie, He ide gg er .PreoccupieS -.hi~self wi th the
met~physical que stio 11: ·W l1a t is ·Bei11g? T~aditional-ly, Be i·n g is someti~es ref err ed to
•

. as ~he . ~ot~lity of exi ste nce . Th e sai d que rY con sis ts of cer tai n com ple xit ies for the
rea son tha t tJ:ie. I~~ture of Be ing is -re gar deq as am big uou s an·d thu s, tra nsc end s all
for ins ·of schen1atlzat#l"on~-- ~ ' . - ~ . : .. - . - -:------·---'
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·. Gi~e1?- thi~ di~em1na, I-Ie ide gge r pro po sed ·tha t in. ord er t~ ·re spo nd.
· the to
·. m~tap~ysical ql?-~S.ti~n .O f ~eing, _Jt. is i~perati~e th~t.. on e· _mu st inq uir e ~hrough a .
_pa rtic q)ra r aspec·t :o~B~~11g~ the ex.ist~ng ind iyi dua l self :-. Fo r·H e:id egg er, the i~diviaual .
sub jec t is aff irm ed as Da sei n ~~iCh t:i,-_ali.slateS as :c:r her i b"eiµ g·_,, Th e_e:xlste·nce Of Da sei n · ·
.~
can be characterize~ i·J?- 'the .'fo1lq»_witj:g: ~ . . ... ~.. : .. .
•
... . .
•
••

To _s.ta rt w~th,.. J?i s.ei n -is po r.tra }re d· as .on e wh~ _.a.4o,pts in _aut hen t_ic ,mo de Of ". ·
• •

·
bei ng. Th is mo de ent ail s the pl: ocu rem ent of self-"realiz~tk»ll-Via the :exi ste nti al <lu~st_ion, ·
(( .. . . .. ...
. W ho am I?'' Fu rth erm ore , ~~eid~gger pre sum es tha t· DaseiJ.?.· pos ses.se's the -:·d riv e to
· . su rm ou nt th~ bo un da rie s of tia dit ion and "to go_bey on d-th e lev ei of II.J.ediocri.rY.' Th
•

is
.. . 'tra.it app ear .s tq par all el the iconocl~sm of the ~ti1·neria~ Egoist ·~n4 the Nietzsche'a~ .
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\ Sup~rinan....
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Secqn4~y,. ~eidegg~r ·conteri.1s ·,t~arba$eiri is a "b~i~g .in the Wo rld :' ·T hls Im pli es .
...
•

· tha t th"e h _u ma n be ing is · depicte"d, _.~s a·_con Sti tue.nt 6£ the~. w~rl~ a~fl)s ..sU:bje~t to. all
.. .
co nd itio ns of ph ysi cal nat \lre arid . th~ '.iso~i~l wor·l~ of hu~ari: be.~ngs. ~ri._ co~junct~on •

wi th thi s, Da sei n i,s on e wh o eng~ges i1l..Ca re 'or Gonce~n"(· s·orge.)_. .Thi~ tra it.d eno tes •
•

tha t the hu ma n Su bje ct re.cogni"~es tha t sel f-re aliz atio D:·and _ein·cl~c:ipati9}1°.can on ly be ..
'
4 - ' ' • •

ob tai ne 4 thr oti ih Communiori · ~it!i <;>tfler s·e lve s. Bu.~ in spit~ ·oft~is, . Heidegg~r.wa~n.s
.
us. tha t the re are occ asi on s wl1ere rDa sei p los es a4t hen t}c it.y tl1 rou g.l1 ~n adh efe nce to
the conditio~s Of th~ hu·1 nan Sp~ ·er€:. As .· t?i~ .ha pp.en s,". Da sei n .. reg res ses ·. to an
· . ina uth ent ic- foi :-m of exi ste ncG , the das ma n:·:M aiy "-W arn ock (W a:r !lo ck 1°970, 5·5)_ gav
ea
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cle ar de pic.tio n of th~ nat i;ir e o(~aS mari 'o_r ~he)~1~ut~entic;: · sel~. : .. · · · · .". ·. · •
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c HA P1'fi R 2 5: : .' . : . t ' : :; : i . . .. I •. !:~ ... . ~ \

.- ' .. ···.:.:~ ·,
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I

Atheis t·le ExJst~nti~JJsm •

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111 s 11111) Je .t er i 11 s l }1 c d - - -
. -
~t, 1J11·es f 01.. " · , as rrz an 1·s one w h o re d · . . ~ .
d . · , a ty pical and ordin ary way of life F pu _iates Corms of super iority and
• as n-zans n1od e of exist ence den1 and th · l . urthe 1.mor e, J..Jeidegger says that the
need s, dispo sitio ns and ideal s a s d. at ~un:ian being s should- ~lig'n ·th:e·ir pe;sb nal
I-Io · , · · · ccor tng to the st d d ·
\\e. ' 'er, l:.:Ie1degger cauti ons th h . an ar s of the com·m on · good .
at t e mind set of th d :
. ~.~ noton2.!:s "''ay of life but inoreov~;=·th.·; .~ .. e.... ~m~!!_not only·!~~ds _tC!. a
•

•
.. ~.1~1q~!!l~!.~: I-fenc e, he urges us ·that in,divid!-!J..§.91.~!_10_~ of ~ndividua1 · ~!!! and
susta ined throu gh the dispo si·t· . f D . .a.l freed om .a nd authe nticit y can be .
•
ion o ase1n . . · ,
, To Heid egge r, Dase in is refer red to a . " . . .. . . •

tl1at the hum an sub)· ect is h . s a proJe ct towa rds the future ." This mean s
•
r-f his also · one w o conti nuou sly a · c : ·b· ·. · · · ' e ..
h. , spir~s ior poss1 rl1t1es in t;he futur
•
• , . . presu ppos es t at ·Dase in is a lf h. h . fl .d . . . .
· How · h ---·----..... ,., se .w IC is u1 ,·· dyna mic and ·in proce ss.
- o an u t1rna te
r:
·f evel In t e cour se of ~tr~ving for possi biliti es, Dasein--1~;_-e;it~bTy beC.oi:n·e.s aWare ·
·b·1· · Th . · · , ·
. . poss i ~ty.. . is is non~ ot}?.er th!lll.·the p~l1e~o1?3-en_On of_,d~~th·: This
1
• • c 1a~m illus trate s that Dase iri Is a Bein g towar O.s·d eath. :: ....,~.:A:·~·. ·_,~,c..,_:· .· .-: .,:.~. · · ..
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. •
• _ . To h~s vi_ew; Heid egge r perce ives .<1.~l~..as the ~xt_i~cti~n of ~n-~'s P~s~·~bilities for ·
self-a ctual 1zat1 on In dd ·t· h h ·. .
,. =-- --:~ ~~-c-o..,~---i · . a I ion, e says t at it is_conv eyed as a subje ctive---::&rM-...-
_'l:r",..,- • =w...... · ::.~ ~" ·~
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phen omen on.
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Th3:t ts ·t<:> say, tha~ ....<l-.~~!!! is somefl-~ing whic h th~ indiVid~a,f .mtis~ face ~ci.lolle . .
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Furt~~rmore, he chara cter- izes it as a dread ful _posS ibilit y. for"-the~ r-eaiOii.'"'th"'i"t:'""lt~ls
-
• • . .· t1Nvitab~e . and h".1-ppens by chan ce. It also obliterat~s pa~'ei'n~ atlrih~te -9f::.B-~i~g._..in -.
• . · the worl d." . ~. - ·· · · · · · .- . · · · :· ·_ -· · . .-.
. •

. I • •

.. . • •

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• Y.RQ!J th.~.~..!!..1.!~.S$ of,5l~~!h, Dase in experi~~~t:s· anxiei:y·(~ngS~)=·.With !hi~, the ·

• indivi~µal self start s to flee from such forrri of anxie~y." ·A s_ this .h~pP.ens? '..Q~e.~!!~· ·
.• .
• r~linquishes auth en.tic ity and_Cl.s!9£!.~ the..qE,~!7:~~ mo~e. of ~~!~!e.~.c_~ .. JPr.Oµg~ this~
IllOde~ the ·h~tnan subje ct tries to d~vote all effort_s .to escap.t: from. th~ ~-rµd~ty of death .
... . This. is s.h own . thro.u gh a comp lete denia l of dea,th as a neceS sary:e ieme: µt .. ofth· e hum an , ·
. . . .. - . . .. . . . . :
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- · con di ti on. . . - .. . · . . · ·. . · ·.·. . · . · · . . . . .·· . .. . · . . .. . · . ·. · ... . ·.·
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Give li this, Heid egge r argu es . that the das·:man·cl.12J2i.oa~h"to the'.j?hen Onie nbn Of :- ·. ·
• • • . ....... , c;,."\.~__.>tYJt~'\i))t:% __~ • .t:::+·q • p SJRt?$C . t .. ••

' : _5!~j\th...s.Jialr onIY..•~~?.:.ll!!.t_~_forms ot,';Y'e.e~~!J-~,,~~an·d· decad~nce :.:cons~:·quent~y._.?e argue~ .

· that on.e's . J:~lE:m.C!tio,n.....Q~~l!.ili$;!1Ji&:ltr. is .s~c1:1~e~.th.rough .~h~-~ftli:mf!tJ£.n·. 9f:_~~.~~h as
an inesc apab le fact.9 .lhui: nanJJ :y]E_ g. This ~ay, the i"?.div idual ~elf tecl3:~ffi:S the _mo~e._of .· · .
Dase in and aChie ve-s liber ation ffom th·e al\?Cjety· of · d~cith. Jn; th}S -mari i:ier,! the · self ·. • • 1"'9 • •

obt3.~Ils self-e mpow erme 1_1t over' life its·e~f. · ·: ... :. . .. .

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Albe rt·Ca inus .(191 3-60 ) · · · · ·. ·

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es~ence of Cam us, .ph~iqs?pliY. ~entefS :~~ ~~. ~~iSt~i:itial.i~~ue ?f ···. ·

Gene ially , the
. ~P.~~~:4i~.. ThiS -.issu e ~ighli~hts the :bt:I!~f.. th.a~ ..~!f:~. . in· _g~~¢r~~ ·i.s J\IJJ..d:!~~l}~~!~t · ·
... ~ea~i:qgle~~:. ~dd~t~o°:~lly, .i t illus~rat_es .~o': the...~~!!.ili.y•.2-~t.!a~_al<?~s;..ca~···~p~~~ach ~nd .
• conf ront the noth ingn ess of the hum an J~ll)..!!X~.... :. . ·. · '.. · . ·'
.. ...... ·$ ••·· , C... ..... ·-;--: ·:: ... -~h·~-'"~b,
y ... d. ·t f 1· .c1e 1··5 ·11co· Uncle d ori ·h.iS .'n egati oii of G·od"as ..the
To a 1nus s view, t e· a sur 1 yo . 11 . . "'""~..:..~·~·•-.,oi?JJiY~, •:ruwv••- i · ..

b as1c · ·5
~oun
n t·on
~a 1
of hu~
~---~~A;
a~ ~x•st Pnce.
~ ~ -~ '···~~
As .. a resul t,:he argue s .th<l;t ·hu1n ,an .bein .g s ~re .
~
v~id ~f ~nY p;-;~;dai~ed esse~ces .. this regar~, he p_f~sµ~es ·t~at: the exi~t.~J~~~ c:>f the
.. - . .... . . ••

In'
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~,~·:'.; ; . .. · ~RN~~GE.IRM. V~LLACOR'

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•
fA
.h u n i. i1 ,, u t i t a _
·
...,1 .. l 1 - - - .. . i .

I -· " a l t11·1 - .
~
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'~ t t l t l'.l 1s 0.1 l:l u s

l! •

"i '" f . . . up . r fl u n an d t h .
d t . r11 in db th. . .. . : tl1 :it ur d su p1 s th at ~ t.1s , tne an ing l <.:. ss. In I inc
a irn 1 tl1 . d' . ~ ubJ t1ve '\V- 1ll of th ind ivi l . l L.l:1l l 1~1 or, 1ls an d sta n lp oin 1s are
. 111 l ' ' l du < 1 s If a , th e so le I . . u i\ . i c St 1rn t r an d Ni c tz h .
·d . . · eg 1t1 n1 ate au th or it f . · c, n1u s
tl . ·I yo sta 11 da1 ·ds a11 cl vt 1
- lua tio 11 s .
c. . I . fro111 tl11s,..Ca 1n us a},
·h · . . . iat t le ab su rd ity of
.1ron1 th a' ar e ss t at.!!.:f2. _".!?econ1es un ,re ile d a ...... .,..... . . e iu1 na n co nd tti ou ste ins th I . . .
. . - . ne
1 !.£~ '
i11
. Oi le of hi s ~uotes . extracte d·f ~o n his ~;. --~ ~ ·~ ~ . ·~ ~l. .a1 :~§ .~l
1 tO. H il. 1'h is is clai-i'f ieC:f
19 92 , 40 6) wr ite s, . 'T he Ni yth ofSysiplzus. C am us (O ak Ja nd er
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...
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· Ri sin g. , s t ree tca r, cio ur ho ur s in · tl1e offi . . . .
fo ur ho ur s of wo rk m . l I ce or th.e f~c ~or y, n1 ea l;s tr: ce tca r,
- , ea ' s ee p an d M on d T d ~ .
Th ur :s_<:lay, Fr id ay ~nd Sa tu rd a ac e . . ay , uc s ay , W ed ne sd ay ,
•

is ea sil y fo lio d . y . or d1 ng to th e sa me rh yt hm ..:. thi s pa th

-. . we m~ st of th e tim e . .Bu t on e da y th e "w h ,, . d
•

ev er yt hi ng be gi1 1s i11 th at we ar in es s tin ge d w1·th th e y ar1 s~s an •

. . . _ · _ am az e1 ne nt .
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:!'lit . • . .. •
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. a111 u s, to et
. 0fh . .. . . . -
-In iv1 u s ar e es tra ng ed in all
·.. · · 11f ~. bo o.!c ...
So cra tes to Sa rtr e:
th h ·z · . as pe cts um .all: ·Jn ·.he
rc
r
on te nt io n·i ~ fo ll 6~ ng
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e ~ t qsopht~ques~. L3:vi ne (1 9~ 4. ; 33 3~ co ffi ple nie ntS t4 ei the
tex t. . . · ·'. · . ·. •
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W e ar e . als o es tra ng ed , sa y th e e?C ist e~t ial ist s, (ro m hu ~a n in sti tu tio n's
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- bur~aucratized go ve rn me nt 'o i1. th ~ fed era l, sta te, an d loc al lev els ;· na tio na J •

·. po lit i_ ca l. pa rti es , _gi an t bu sin es s co rp or at io n; , na ti ~J na i ~e li gi ou·'s •

• •

organ~#zations - all of th es e ap pe ar to b_e va st, .im pe rsq na l so ur ce s of p

· Ow er . •
• •

wh ic h .h av e· a ·lif e of ·th e. i r ow n .. A
· s in di vi d tia is· we ca n un .
de rs ta nd th eir ·:· •

.
•

wo rk in gs .\ W e liv e in .al ie1 1a tio n fro m ou :r ow n· in sti tu tio ns ...

· Al ien ati on · •

. an~ ho sti iit y ar iS e wi th in th e fa m ily be tw ee n pa re nt ~ -al ld Ch .i ld~ en: •

•
_Al ien ati on aff ec ts all so cia l ari d wo rk rel ati on s, a~ d mo r~ · cru ell y, ali ~· n ai~ 0 n . •

re la i
t- on sh ip o"f lov e. . . . ~
dolll~inates th.e • • • '. : •
r
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e
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~ · _Gi ve n th~se iq. sta nc es , Ca mµ s co nc lu de s th at th ~_ est ra. Q.g em~ n:i -of tii ii1 div idu al • " • <\.
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:. he re ~ po ~n t~
• •

l w:o rld .· . Fr om Ca mu s·
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sh all . be ~o~sidered ':l- p~rpetua fac t of .th e ab su r4 •

er OJ? . th e pe re n~ ia l qu es tio n .
OU t ~h~t th e awa_renes~ of th.e ab su rd dr iv es on e to p9 nd
Ho we v~ r;
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ue of su ici d"e en ter s th e P.i ctu (e. he - : ·

"Is lif e wo l-t h liv in g at all?,, In eff ec t, t4 e iSs
dO es no t prescri~e su ic id e as . a vi ab le
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ap pr o
. a·c h to -. t4 e cib su r4 iti es ~f life_. T<? hi s v
· iew ,
co in pl et e su rre :ri de r to th e vo i
_dn" "es s qf hu ma ~ · .
th e ac t of s.u iC idC 'is on e th at en tai lS a
ex ist en ce . Fu rth er ni of e, he disapprov~s th e ..·us ~ of "p h.i lO so ph ica l sui ci< :fe ." Th i
. s-i s an ._
at te m pt to ex pl ain r~alit y ac co rd in g to i:n eta ph ys ica l as su mp tio ns a~ d :un iV erS al tru th s.
p.t is de em ed '. aS a de vi at io n fro ni t. h e ap su rd re~ iti es. Ca se
Fo r Ca 1n us , su ch all at te in
l ph .ilo so ph ie s W hic h· ad vo ca te un iv er sa l tru th s as
in po in t: he wa s ag ai ns t tfa di tio na
n (O a~ ~~ et
ap pr op ria te ,w ay s to th e ~cquisitio of kn ow led ge . In hi s. vie w; :(:a mu s
an th ro po m or ph ic " an d ha s no ot he r me an ~n g . .
19 92 , 40 8) wr ite s> "All th ou gh t is ..
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! .. ·~ ;· .. ··~ .:.. : ~ ·: .
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CH-APT6R 2S:;. !· . : ·;. ! : •
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Athei$t1~ ~lsiehtiau th'-_.:~·

' , ' ... . . • ,..,' . ·' , . -- ' - I
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• , ,~ •. ,~-- .. ' ... .: . - . .. . • ...' , . I • • ·, . •

•
.. I n tl1 r \vo rds, h e , . .· . . . . .
ul . c t . postul ates tl1at t rutJ . . 319
J · Con e qu e ntl y tl . 0 ·~ )Is.c!_~12endent o ·tl · . ·
~,
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ofa u 111versal
. fac t f ·i ;) 1e 11 o t1 0 11 oft· · h :
• r ut is unv .1 d
n 1ev1ew.noint f ·I . . .
· ~ -.:.~!:"~ .o . t 1eo;1nd1v1clt1al
. · o 1 u111a n I·fi ~ ~. ~:,.., ei e as.re la ti . ;~'Yf • •..,.,,, - - ~
u

.. ~n appro priate w ay of de . I ~-. Alongs ide this, Camu s d;-'u·,~~ C<?._11£~.J?:.99..!.1 :i~stead
. test_s the ~ se .Pf reh g1o n as
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is 11o thing bu t abng w1tl1 the absurd l-Ie l
•
• . . Ca1rius pr a~1 amalgamatio n Of imaginary . . s 1are~ N1et~sche's Yi.e w:thci.t religion .
.. · esu1ne that a .
resignatio n to r .· . causes M o reso b · h · . ·. · ··
"'•
••
-re .. · • ot Niet zsche a nd ·
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• mus encourag es us th . h . . . :· . .
· real· t · · b · . at. ~ e m ost feasibl .h . ·.
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~ ....,,.~_i.J~§ is Y. .kY}JJK,]j~_!YJ.thout ho'"" "":""~ .....,,.. ---~~·--:e,.,~l?J2.~~~........~<?-<?..!e~c;.<?.~~ th~-~~~-~~ ,
•
co nfron,tatio11 of the ab ~ d · ·· ..,. ·.-~., .'P. .f:J., or meaning. This'-.1$:actu,alized throu gh the
•

h ·· . · sur as necessary el f , · · · . · · . ·
t e .s elf achieves authe t. · . .. ements 0 con~rete ·human-life. In ~his way, .
n lClty and ·prevails ove th -"b
parallel to Nietzsch ' d · . · ,, a· I
. r . ea. sur W?f: d . ·T his ap pear s to be . .
.
• . ·. · .. es .octr1ne of Amor Fati." . · · -. · . ..
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. . . th ds ; ~ , t e m ·ain c~a~a_cter Sysiph:us was a.Gr-~ek ffiof tal who rebelled agclinst .
•• • 0
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. ·. · · · e . s and was thereby·!elegated to. .the underWOrtd .to elldu~e a certain.form of
~· pun1sh.Illent This pu11i·s h · · t · di · ·k · · ·. · ·
: · men_ w~s an ·en ess tas of rolhng ·a boulder up to the ape-?<=
of a mount d h. · · · - ·
• · · . .. ain_an .. watc ing it 9.eScen·d do~ the slope. ·A.rid aS·the·stc»ry goes, Sy.sii:}h_u s · ·
...
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• • p~rfo~~s this ·absU:rd _task foi e.ter_nity. ·But -not.w ithstanding this,. ?YsiphUs-- .~as a~le · ·
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to ove_rcome his predi~~~nt_P.Y .P~:fS~~~iing and i.tri_l?ui.ng;!fie~ri~~g.J~.9.-i~'~t~~k: :In. thi.s ..: ·

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-. ~ e· grad~al~Y.: h~~,s -~ lf. be~o~· ~ p.g· , _ . m <?.i~ - . po~~-~ ful:.t~~:µ·,:tfye. Go_d ~:.
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• manner, foll..Q..d : · ·
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Consequently ,. Sis}rph,us jneYit~fi~y:foup.P. JOy:~iD:. h!s ;~t.i:iigg~e.'.~.s :· c~.niii·s ·;((>°akl~nd~.r
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·· 199~, : ··419 )_ ~z:i tes·; cc~he stru:ggle itself toW:a:r;~_·the~ ~-i-ei.gh~s._.is_ -~~(?~gh. tc»fl11' Cl: irian·s .
. .. heart. Op.e must imag"ip.e . Sisyp_hu~ 4~p'py."_ : · ~ ... . ·.-: ... .::· ·.. : . . . · ·· .. : ·.. _ •

•
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·: ::· From: a practical vie':V» the : story ·of Sisypl:rq.s not ·Only-. signifie.S one's struggle ··
. With the me.aninglessn ess of h:u.man.. life. Mor.eover, it' ·illust.r.<ites ·how .-iiidl'vidiia:I
. . . . .. . .. . . . ~~-~ ('.'......
·: .:~....'!.Y..th~J!.tLQ..ty can be·;Sr~~!el.n~Q. by~12E.~S~ng· th~ futility_9fhuma11 l_if~ an4to p.er:ceive .
• ••
. each cind ever}r st.r uggle as a E.:~.S~J.~!.EX£h~_!Lt:;.!i~~--f'?fS'ef'f:"p-rrrgr~SSt"'~~· ·· · .. .-:-~~·:·~."~"'~.- . ·
f.!J,......~...,.,...~~1-U ~~ l!I'?~;..
.. ..
• .... •
. . ~
.
• ...

... .
•

.. ..~
• ••

. . .· ... . .. ..
.. . '
.. .
•
....
. . ..
• • ..•

"'
..

. .... ..
• ••
. .
.·.. Je ~ :p.a ul ·sa~tr~ (19.o s-.8~) _: .__..." . . . : · . '". . .. . '. · .· ·: .. , ·- :.. .: .:-: :. , .:· . · ·. .. . '·: ·: ..: ...... ·. ·:
• • 1111 • ,.,. • • • • • • • • • •

' • • ' • ' ' I -

.. .
•
: . . . . . . . . , \ . .
• '
. ' I
•
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• •
.
•
•
•
. . •
•
. . • ..
# •
• • ••
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t • •
..
. . . · . .Jt i~- generally kno:w11 ~ira~ ~art~e~~- p,h_ilosophy i~ identifie~ ·a:~ .~J:ie)E~~~.iruii&m . · · .
in eid.stential th.o ught ..The semirial ideas in his exis.tenticil theoty·of.the:h uman being ..
• A~~~.-:;::r-:._'. .- ._•• ··.:;.-;~J ...... : ~,. ... o ' 'o 0 01 • •

ai~ dClineated in his.mcij.or work,' B'e ing.0:_n d·N othi·ngn.ess. '~!1" ~his work~ $~~r~:m~ntioD.s ." ·
' ' e •• o o • ' ' •' ' o ,,.• -

• that there are two regions Of ~eiilg_:· '.I'he being'-in itS.~~( (~1'.'i:sf>i). 3.iicl.th~ Be~ng .for·it~elf •

.(po.u~ soi) .. Acc~~ding". to.~·$3.f_tr~».1-~~-~~$.i.ti£;~.!Ji~.U~~~. ~~ o_~~-: whic.h _. 1~·- ~~-~2..~.~-. Of. · · .

·consciousnes s and-is s-µbject
~-
.to:-the. causal .laws"of
eo;IJr-;:tt.,,,,..,~.""•'•" ~Uoi'I
t;latt~re.
~z:r:P":i'~--.
·~t . 1~ tl}e~e_fore, . a11 unfree .
'<) • 1' e·& S • e: et1ah flit Iii ..,., I ... ~; '4..r,.•4 .., •as Jt'llQ'..t.i?:..... • • • , 5 , .....

.S.!U\~ 1.:h.t-~~!!$.J2r.l!§.,tlf on th'e 0th.e r han~.~~s o~~tfi~t.12~s!~~~.~<:9~s~~.~~~~a...nct .......

"'

· · ....freedom. Sartr.e ·classifies determinate · qbje~t.s: of.th~ -un~ver~e - a$: en .s_oi ~hilt: the
, . 'eXiSi'Jii';;~ ef a human being i~ affirmed as a CoP,scious subject~.~r ~ Bei~g for:"itself.
• • • • • • • •

Fiom h·e re, Sartre.cqmmen:c:e·s _his discOu~s~·on the htimap fn?i~dual~~S a P~1:'r so!.
JI
•

·.
To Start witP~ he _cJaims that aS :S<2!?-.J.~i2P~~,.,~h!pj~!~~~,l!.~~ ~ei.~g~. ~~e-awar~ ~~ obje·c~s . . ·
and ai:~~I?.~1.?J..~ of.~~!!:;£.~~8;~~~~.;, ln line wit~. this, Sa~~re-t~lls .u~ t~at..~~nsci~us ..
• • • •
•
• •
• •
• •
•
•
•
I •
• • • • •
• •• • •
•
• • • •
• • • •
I • •• • •
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I • •

b i11g, l1a\re the capa.b ility ofiilJ·e t. . · , .

_ _ ·~) _ - - c ing .noth.111g11es - · . h l -
( 1956, XX\r11 ,_ Sartr·e ays of in an th . h . (( - . s into t e world. Acco rdi11g to Barnes
· · at e is the b · b'
- tJ1,e '"'orld. ~, 1"'hrou,g h i1otl1i11g- n . A . -·.. e1ng y whom nothingness co mes into
. - ess> 111u1v1duals be . . -
bet\t\Tee11 themselves as consciou b. come c9nsc1ous of the demarcation
· . s su Jee ts and the · fd . -
In add~t· . S . . . region o eterm1nate objects.
" l io11, art~e - argues that th . .
2-~~t..~-Q~,~~ of the ((aq_se11 ce,, of th· , The .J2?~!:._Q.f,... !l~!!.1 ?-g~!s necessitates the
't)o>l·po~~~~-..r..;.-r.-zy~~ ~ in gs. ese ass u1ne ·the £ f I ks
an d possibilities: Thls ·asserti"O~-G,- d . ·: orm 0 ac ,. expectationS ·it .
. an appointnie~t · witl1 . Pier;e at a IC u:,traT .te _in Sartr~·s ex~ple of-arriving late for
· · · ~- · aie. o Sartre,s · - h· . .
e?Cemplified.as . the absence of Pieri~ b t · h . .. VIew, not IJ?.gness is not onl)r
- · - u event e existence of the Ca£' ~ l - th- ·
Sar.tre argues_that the .existence of the C ·£, . ·full fb . . e. .o exp' a.in is.-
to see Pierre~ the whole c t' · · d · a e is · ·~ · : ~~·_ !"fowev.er, ~hen Sartre fails 1
.. . a e is re need to a mere 1ns1gn1ficant eritity v.rhich amounts
· to no th ~ng_. . · .·
. •
. . . - .
·. '.Aside f th f · · ~ - - ·
•
•
,
'f." · · rom e power o nothingness~ Sart~e declares tliat~~'!.IJl.C!-J!.J2~elngs are .
f ir.rried,as free a11d·self-dete rminin . H.
a('E · · · - ~ · .-- ~
. · ~ ,_ .. . _... ~,. ~ '\':S••=---~--- .•• __g,.. is as_sum.ption 1s grounded on the prmc1ple
& ..

xistence::n.rec d E · >> I h. · - · · · ,
. ·.:~.~.... ·~,;., :<3>'"~~~.;;-:;~;;::."~s:-:~·~!~:gf~~ n i~_es_~ay, Existentialism as a·Hu.m anism, Sartre gives
-4

. a C:Ief1n~t10? ?f !j1s sa1~ ·pr~n~1pl~. He (S~rtre 195'(.,.15) writes,_".W hat is meant by·saying
that ex1st~~c~ p i;-ec~~e~· ~.s ·sen~~ ?~ I~:iri~an~. t~at; first .o f.all, !.H..a!Ltaj.~i:i. ~~D.s up, ap{>e~rs
• on the .s cene, 3=Ild,· only·afterwar ds, de.f ines hiinself:', ·
-... • .?.4 -.,;a. • .,.-fl =:t . s:t~
- . . ··
J& U i::C
·· · :
. .. • • :S
•
•
- --- .--.,,. . . .. - .....l;]i; --.- ...- , *4'<S t • C ""'T"~ • •

. .. . · The ~tated_ quot~ cai-iies fue ·i~Pltc~ti-~~ ·tha~.!!~~1!'-~itl>~!_~gi have·~ij9 __- ·

• • •

..e~e,?-_~~!!:~~!:~~~B. S:.~.§. or ll~ture. ·To Sartre, hunian"indiVi duals are tfuOWn into .
Situ~t.iOns_ and ~ubsequeritly ·define therr essences ac¢Ordin·g1.Y thi-oUgh·their own
. . choices. In t~is' ·l ight, Sartre -(1957,15) .asserts that <'Mari ..
is _nothing else but "rhat .
he
""

· filakes of hitnse·If." His assert.ion is supported-in his _b elief that there_:is n.o God: \!\Tith
. .this, s ·a rtre .beiiev~~ th.cit .th~~~~~.!_e~.,s:~e of~bRw-~·being~ is=~9 · 4...9t~IlY~m~.?-.nI!!..g ~nd
•
•
•
•

. purp Ose. H ere~--s·artre: s~ares tP.,e·vieWs of the _prc;:vious.atQ.~istic· exi~t~n~ialists :V\Th? •

. ·affirin the indiVi.dua:I self·a s :th~ bisis for-all no1·rns_ ~nd·v~alUes. ~oro~lary to ·this,
inOiVidual~~~;~-:·f;~;~;~hoa"se·.~hi~h P:o·s~ibfi. ~c"t:i~"h't'O"'pu'i:Su"e~·Th:ey:ar~ "rh~t th~-y
• • • • • • • •
• • • • •

·.inal<e 0£ thelllselves . . · · · · ' . .. • • • • •

• • • !'

•
•
•
•
• ... • •

•
Sartre·also r~:nounc~s .all tfpes .o f de~~ri:ninisms; whe~her .tf1ey <;tre:S~inner~an c;>r ·
Freudian. Sartre (1957~ 23) pi-:oclaims, ~he "there is no ~eterminism~: ma~i_s free, man .
· 1s· f ree oni. Here·, Sartre is rul~d .by the 11otion that situatjons do. nOt _deter1nin~ o~e·s
d. : ,,
. ... . , · ·.· Th'" ·
•
.t. R ther one determines th. e· situations ·through ·011e s c 1101~es. . · is 1s ·,
vo l 1 1on s. - a . , . . · . . .. . ~ . .. . #

•
elucidai:ed.i.n his theOry·of Facticity versu.s Tr~nscend~nce. . . • .' · · '.. ··: ."·· · . ·
. "' ·. I h .; .-. y · S.artre .d efines .fa.cticity_ a~».the· conting~ncies surr"oundin·g qur ·
·.:th
. n t IS. eor:r , !~~:.Y..oA;)ll r . . • l c f ) b. h .
f · ..1 Ste nee» These assume:t 1e lorm o ones. · irt ,
I

· · · · ·· · «C
state of ciffairs; or.- the .J.~.<1.t§_ .<?,,_2_1JL ~2S .-.. ~..~ . · ·. · f: · .. ·ty · · ries.cap~ble."~ HOWever
educa tion culture,.socia l Status, etc .. To·Sartre, <?ui:. act1c1 . is_' . h . h
, · · ~ c .. h. . ,
' · .
·· · ·erthe1rfact1c ·
· 1~-ybyc . h oos1ng · the meaning t ev 1 ave .19r t . elll.
·1n d.1v1·duaIs .can .conl1U e't=~"',tt.. --... ·~-·~~·~-_.._._.,....... -,.. ·
. ~,,,.~__..,~-~ . ···~~-•a ~. \
comp. et1.t1·on can ibe ~ ...
-~ . .
•
~. -?:-..'<l'J'r-i.r~ . ~.,..., erform well .i.n a certain . . . . •

For example, · -t he .f~ l.ur~ t P . th e red· i·canlent

1 .in
.
op~~111i~.
, , \ . ..
t 1c way.such as an.
" ,, rce1ve I • ·
ment ase · , . . ·· ·
facticitJ' of the sajd q ua11d~~y throug . ·.. - . ·. .. , . · .. . . . . ·
of the individual self. . < r . ... . . .
•
. • .
• • I

• • It

' I
,
 •

...

Jo, tev r l . ,
that fr d . • c pite the affi , . -
. . . ~ oi.~ involv s . .1rn1ativ as e . . - . . 3 1
I o11d 111 n . d t ·~ ~ a certain com ) . p .ct of human freed . .. . .

ar b artre, hum b . - in plies that f. . i11 ~he· ph1·ase · ((

. a andoned . . an e1ngs a . reedo1n iS a h . ' n1an
and ever r
-
in s1tuation,s \vhere hre not given the option
} moment of life
enomenon that ~s
. t ey are demanded
to:.
_e born a11d ·yct, tl1ey
. connotes th . h
. . at u1nan be · . , one is . end .
O\ved w.ith· a h to . inal<e . ch .
o1ces. Thus, each
respo11sible for . wl1at th ings ar~ not only tot~lly f c bo1ce. In additiol)., .the· Phr-ase
11 e)' mal'"e 0 f h ree ut mor ·· · ·
0 excuses that th c
ereJ.ore it . .
'- t ems elves G · · h. ~over, .they are tota·Ily
. _1ven.t is, Sartre . . = .
consequences of , , Is .imperative th t h . ·. asserts t~at ·there are.
• ones actio B . a uman bei .
overall view to d . . ns. ut,apart ·from. thi·s s· . , -........ ngs in~~t . accept the
. war s respo ·b·1· . , artre appears t . b ., .
Carrie~ the Wei l . '. -!lSl 1 Ity. H~ (1957, 52) Write (( . . . 9 . ~ sexe.re in his
• a11d for . g 1t of tl1e whole wqrld On his Sh . . ~-~ .1 :~a~ conq.e.Il}-ned to ~e fTee
... . , himself as a way of beiiig ,, . ,,, h. . ou~der~; h~ ~~responsible for th.e ·world
one s de · ·
· ...--~. --£.15· L<.2_ns · . · · J.. 0 is,·VI e w, Sart t 11 · · : h · · · · · ·: ·
5 ~~..
Ill one way or an· th . . -· · re, ~ ~. P~ . t Cl;t .1.n c~rta1n situations ·· ·
t
o er can in.flu h . 0 · ,. · · · •

~ ~!~~ t e ~h !f.~~-2fothers. Thus hu11""'ans

• ·-t' - -. • • • ,
· sc h. a II realize that the'-r ar . . · ..
e n 0 t Just res .b I fi . ~J.
·· · JS!p;IQ l nEW'· ••
c
.
po.ns1 e . or tJiemselyeS, bUt c·~n .b~· <i'cco-~ntable .
I I "' . • > •• --- r ;

-
ior .the welfare of othe . F
pos.s ibly it1J· ure or k1· 11. rs. or exa!Ilple; one's decisioD:. of firing a _pistol 1:0 the sky. ca~ -
•
someo11e who · h b 1 · · · · ,
Can be held accountable£ i... ~s oi;i.t_ e a cony of~ skyscraper. Given t}:i_is, one · .
,r .... or tit.e prec:I1cament of an Other. ,· . - : .. - ,
• -.. Acco_rding to Sartre the issue of·responsibil. .· 1. ffi·.1· . . . ·: .- .. ~ . . . . . .
"'"·'" ..., ~..,. ..,,,..,.,.._ .~!f . s. . ~ -~..!!~~~~~~ ~J:i,e;.{~el!ng _o f· .
•
• •
•
anxiety. Sartre sa h · .
f_ • "d"!'f f?'""""'"l . ys.: ett in ce_rta1n cases,-human beings fiQ'.4 .themselVes:.expe rienCing
•
i icu t.y In _accepting the Oll:tcomes of t~eir ~ecis~o:q.S~; _«~speciallY,_:thos~ ~~J:!.vOl.v~ng a : .
•
•

.gr~at magn1~ude ?f pr~s.sure. Consequ_entlY:; .o~:e .i.s CiriVe~·~ to escap·e ~ frOffi . the
•

~9nseque~~~s of his dec1s1ons. As this happen~, the indivicii:i~tf iS· place~ in.a state ·of ·'. •
••
•
zna:uthentzcity . .Sartre terms this as Bad fai~h. · . ·.. :. . , .·/ _· . .
.. . . . .
• .. :
- . .. , ..
.· In bad faith,_tJ::ie ,individual self dig~esses from .the nature· o~ a "free .subje~t tO ~hat
..
· of a ~etermi11:ate object, a being in it~elf. This is shown when on~ flees fron;:·hiS decisi;iis .
through ~orms o,f excuses. Sar.~re illuStra~es·thi~i.10 his_f~m.o·.us _exaffiple ~f co~rtship..
••
•
• .
•
In this example, a JI?.a~ and a ';\'Om<l;n are out qn a· d,~te :· The1lian: s~~denly h014s.the ·
• J
wo.qian's hand a~d tries to ii;iitiate an affa~r': As ·~:result~ ·t lie·womarl iS:Corifronted with .· ·
the d~cision ei~her to aCc~pt ~he nian's pfoposa:l for tl;i.e ~ffiirr.· bY. respolld_i1i·g;i~\r ,.Vay · ·
•

·· that entices I;.im ?r to r~ject it thr?ug.? .forms of m~sd~m~~~or. BU~ .~ristead ~~ pti~suing . .
these 9ptioris, th.e woman ex~mpts h.~rself fro!Il the situation _b.y l.e~ving her hand in ·
the man's palm while she engages-Jn ~n ..intelYe.c ttlal dis·cot1~s<::· ab?11:t life. Gi':'en this, .
the woman is. acctised ·9f practicfng bad f':l-ith: Ho:weve~, Sci~tre· Says th~t _b_ad faith· .
•

promOt~s forrils of weakn~ss··an,d ~ow~rdice. ~i.th. that:·.he ·prop?~.e~· ~J:iat indiyidu~l " .
· autheriticity·
.
is at:tained throug~
.
accepting
.
and deal. ~
. ., .
ng . w
.
!th _th~ . c ?.1:1se~~~n~es of ones . ,
. . . . - .. .. . ~

•
decisions. · · . . -. -. . . , .
. Another ~leme~~ which i.s integral t~·S~rtre'S· e~istentiali~·m is his VieW:of sqcial

an and two women. (one of whom-was a es ian . Furthermore all .

c h ara~ters: one m . . · l l · ,, · ~· ·
·e and· are rel.e gated to an antique hote room. cnown as : Iiell ,, As
three ch arac t ers ·dl .. . · . _,. . · ·
artre discloses that all three characters end ~p in. ~n ar~ay Of relentless
t h e story go es , S •
. · . . • •
·
•
•
•
• •
•
•
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•
 ·r . ' \- I
t" ,. r-.;1
. •
a• • I • • I . . . I
-
;:in ~"f :'._::i (: : ·~1tNE~~H1.~ M.VILLf.CO~A
!. , ': · • · . :· ,_1 . • • . ·.. .· ., .

I( I" 1 j -l. ll t , l'. . I' l } --. - . .·.-1.··.,.l\1•.·,_,,' .I : . · .I. ••

11 n i r all threes! 1· . .
. . 11 1 . .. . .
. .. . an. n . t1 n1 u t "1-:l . . o-..v y i eahze t.hat I-I ll . . . .
t 11f ' II. 11 ti -· l .. ell is tl1e Otl1err>> 1 · S . e is not the eter11al plane
.. -. . 11 t 1 c t t 11 tl ~ . · o art re tl1 is · h d
l l I\ i , uali r. .1er is anyone who d . . ' · P · rase enotes the
• . . . un ermines both one's freedom and
I 11 l' l'l i 1o · 6 h · l · . . ., '
t . r .• : p I Ca l~npl1cations " . . . .

. r l t ~o each·qther. Ii1·the sa· .d··. ··1·· Y. ~h1ch s?o~s how .conscious individual
. 1
' ;:o
- I ·· · ·
e;xists ·in awOr1d togeth . . . ·h - , artre argues· that the·hurilan subject is
I · t 1eory s •

h.ares ·t11e:vie-\VS of Heid er ~1t :.o ther conscious selves. Furtherm'o re Sartre . -
. . _. -·· egger and Buber wh 0 h . , .
epe11dent on its relatiotlsh·
j . h . ·..· argue ·t at the existence of the _s elf is ·
. . d
· . ip wit . an,. Othe · 11 h
r. · oweyer, t rough thi~ relation·; Sartre
· 111 ica.t es that the exist ~ · f h : •

- · · . ei1 ce o t e 1nd1v1dual · d df · -. . .
· to alLobj~ct for·another self. ·T h' . . .. : . . ~s r~ ..~c:e rom ~- conscious f~e: subJect •
the·voy.eti1· . . . h . is is shown .in Sartres .c ase of.a voyeur. In this instance •

• • •

p~eps t rough an open· 0f h 1 . . . . .

~ng a ote room: At this po1_n t, the voyeur _i~
•

·e ngrOs·s·ed with ·h'is e . ...

- . -:. . . . . . P_ rcept1on ai1d ackQowledges himself as· .the subject of.· his •
•

va l uat1ons . ·However · h c · · ·· . . · ·· · · · ·
·-- . · .. .., ~·:· . . ,.. e_.s~11ses iootst.e ps behind him and real~zes that .he is being .- .
•

._ perceived -by ·a11 OtH·e r I t, . h h · 1 . . - . ,. . . .. ··. •

. : .. ·. .:-,. . _. _ . · .. , . ' ..~ _s say_. t e ote detective. At ·this -.instance·~ ~ .t he· .v oyeur
• . ex:p.erie_:°~e~ :~?ame ·~n:~:.is·_ther·~.bY.· reducecfto an object for arioth-er. self. · :· · .
.
·
· . ,. ·· · ·. · .
· · · ;. - -
·· · ·· · ·
•
Sar - "
•

. : tre P?Ints o:u,~ t~at . there are two consequences wheri t·he self becomeS ·
• •
. •

- ObJ_ec~1f1ed by the perceptron of.the Other. . '.

•
' .. . . .
• - •

· : ·
• . .
F.i rst, .the look of the Other u·n dernlines one's free do~~· This occurs When the self
.. . .

~e<:omes d~fined acCordlllgly to the ideal~, calcula,tiolls and ~xpect~tionS of the Other.
•

•
To ?artre, 'this destabilizes both one's freedom . and subjectivity. ·In effect, the individual •

not only becomes enslaved by t_h e dictate~. and projects of·the Other.· This, in effect, •• ••
aliglls the iµdividual with the regioil of physical objects.'.As Sartre (1956, '.?54) wr:oi:e,
·~whe"n I apprehend .the Other's lool<, ·this happens - that suddenly ·r exper~erice a. - •

• •

~ubtle alienatio.n of an
my possibilities, Which are'_ no~ associated.with Objects of th.e •
• • ..;,,
•

world, far from .me in tl1e ·midst of the world:'. . · · . : ~ · · . · - ·: ... : . •

•
. . . . . . . . . .. . ,... . " ...,,,,,,-
•
'

. Sec;:O~dly, Sartre says th:ai the enslavement of the ·self by the Other necesS~~ly . -. ·
•

leads to a certain outcome: Conflict. Lavin~ (19.8 4, 378) illust.i atesSartre's •

assertion in •
•
'
•
•
• • II

~the following passage. · ·. . r . , · •. • . .

•
'
•
• •

•
•
•
•• • •
• • • ••
• • • • •
• • •

The ·o ther negates, destroys .my fr.C~dom thr9Ugh his lool.<~· ·~e ~ed~c·e~ . •
•

me by his rook to the state of an -Object, a body, a:nd· I experien~e this a:s ..
•

• •
•
~'

. being possessed by hi1n. I .tr)r to get f~e~ fro1n hirri.. I try t<;> po~~~ss the .
• •
'· •
•

·o ther by making.the O.thCr·an .object:"''Eve~yth.~1:1g wll~~h may b _e:said o~.... · . . .. ·_ .

my relations with. the ~ Oth~r appB.~s to J1i.1n ..~s ·~en:, :Sartre w~~~e~:< T~e .. : . . : . ·
-relationship is reciproc~I. . : . · ·' ·. . · .. . . · ·: · -~. • ...
•
•

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•
l

• • I ..-.
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Given this, Sartre claiins that the·restor~i:io1~ ~f individual liber~!e~ arid«l~the~~i~

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cltaracter t'an·be secured by enslaving t11e freedom of tl1e Qt~~r. T:~1s way, .th·t::.Ot~ei::_
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becc.mes objectified by the pfojects an~ tlictat~s_of t~e,· i~d.~v:~d~al su~J.ect:·T~~S, ~O~e:er> . •••
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ecomes construed as an ~11dless l'mp~s1ttpn. .of poY\'er .b.etw.~en. b_ot~ ..part1es. ..

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84 , 37 9) as se rts th t ((C . . .· . . .
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ha ll in e,..'\...0 ra., bly en t ·1 c Is, e su. pp os es th at th d . ~ e re a !11 ean 1n

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g of be i11 g-
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g tll e m ea ni ng of Sa rtr e,s h " · a~ 4 h~ pe le ss ,n es s. ~lj 1s ~o nc lu s1 .o .n ·
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ca~_ successfully fa ce sq tia re ly th e co tie nc es of
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c pl es th "a tc on tr ib ~t e to
· .·· A si de f~om _this, ~theisti ex ist en tia l_:tf iir lke rs ex to l pr in ci
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're so lu te in ou r. ow:n subjectj.Ye co nv ic tio ns an d po te n~ ia ls reg a,F dle ss of · ..

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