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ANGLOPHONE STUDENTS OF
POLYTEHNIC YAOUNDE
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ASPY
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TU
MY TUTOR
FIRST EDITION 2018
SEMESTER 1
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to go on. Your origin in no way determines your future or destiny. It deppends on God and your readiness to submit to
Him.
You will be remembered for one of these things
• The problems you created
• The ones you solved
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• The innovation you brought into your generation
ABSTRACT ALGEBRA
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1.1 BINARY OPERATIONS (loi de composition interne)
Definition
It’s a mapping(or function) that associates an ordered pair of elements of a set E to a unique element in E i.e
∗ : E × E −→ E
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(x, y) 7−→ x ∗ y
• Associativity
∗ is said to be associative if ∀a, b, c ∈ E
(a ∗ b) ∗ c = a ∗ (b ∗ c)
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a∗e = e∗a = a
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ASPY Welfare Team 2017/2018 under the coordination of Ngwasiri Carlson Tel 673-026-038
e0 ∗ a = a ∗ e0 = a.....(2)
Considering e as an element and e’ as the identity element
e0 ∗ e = e ∗ e0 = e....(3)
e ∗ e0 = e0 ∗ e = e0 ......(4)
(3)=(4) ⇒ e = e’
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• Inverse element
Let ∗ be a binary operation over E with identity element e. a’ is said to be the inverse of a if
a ∗ a0 = a0 ∗ a = e
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Theorem:Let ∗ be associative and admit an identity element. If an element has an inverse, then the inverse is
unique.
• Inverse of a composition
We can show that (a ∗ b)0 = b0 ∗ a0
Proof
e = (a ∗ b)0 ∗ (a ∗ b)
⇒ e ∗ b0 = (a ∗ b)0 ∗ (a ∗ b) ∗ b0
⇒ e ∗ b0 = (a ∗ b)0 ∗ a ∗ (b ∗ b0 )
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⇒ e ∗ b0 = (a ∗ b)0 ∗ a ∗ e
⇒ b0 = (a ∗ b)0 ∗ a
⇒ b0 ∗ a0 = (a ∗ b)0 ∗ a ∗ a0
⇒ b0 ∗ a0 = (a ∗ b)0 ∗ e
⇒ b0 ∗ a0 = (a ∗ b)0
• Regular Element
An element is said to be regular for ∗ if ∀x, y ∈ E,
a∗x = a∗y ⇒ x = y
x∗a = y∗a ⇒ x = y
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• Absorbant element
u ∈ E is said to be an absorbant of E with respect to ∗ if
∀a ∈ E, a ∗ u = u ∗ a = u
• Idempotent Element
a ∈ E is said to be idempotent with respect to ∗ if
a∗a = a
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1.1.3 Some terminologies
• Magma: (E, ∗) is a set and a B.O
• Monoid:Every magma which is associative and has identity element
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• Semi-group:Every associative magma
• Sub-semi group:A non empty set H of semi-group is said to be a sub-semi group if ∀a, b ∈ H, a ∗ b ∈ H
Proposition:Let G be a group
If x ∗ x = e ∀x ∈ G, then G is abelian
Proof
Let x ∗ x = e ∀x ∈ G
Let a, b ∈ G
⇒ a∗b ∈ G
⇒ (a ∗ b) ∗ (a ∗ b) = e
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⇒ a ∗ (a ∗ b) ∗ b = e
⇒ (a ∗ a) ∗ b ∗ a ∗ (b ∗ b) = a ∗ b
⇒ b∗a = a∗b
⇒ G is abelian
1.2 GROUPS
Under the magma (E, ∗)
E is said to be a group if the following properties are verified
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• E 6= ∅
• ∗ is closed in E
• ∗ is associative in E
• ∗ admits a unique identity elerment in E
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(a ∗ b)2 = (a ∗ b) ∗ (a ∗ b)
= a ∗ (a ∗ b) ∗ b
= a ∗ (b ∗ a) ∗ b
= (a ∗ a) ∗ (b ∗ b)
= a2 ∗ b2
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Suppose ∀a, b ∈ E, (a ∗ b)2 = a2 ∗ b2
(a ∗ b)2 = (a ∗ b) ∗ (a ∗ b) = a ∗ (b ∗ a) ∗ b.......(1)
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a2 ∗ b2 = (a ∗ a) ∗ (b ∗ b) = a ∗ (a ∗ b) ∗ b.......(2)
(1) = (2) ⇒ a ∗ (b ∗ a) ∗ b = a ∗ (a ∗ b) ∗ b
−1
⇒a ∗ a ∗ (b ∗ a) ∗ b ∗ b−1 = a−1 ∗ a ∗ (a ∗ b) ∗ b ∗ b−1
⇒ b∗a = a∗b
hence E is abelian
Prosition If (a ∗ b)−1 = a−1 ∗ b−1 for a and b in the group G then g is abelian
Proof Let a, b ∈ G
trivial subgroups and all other subgroups are called non-trivial subgroups
Theorem A subset H of G is a subgroup of G if and only if
a H is non empty
b x ∈ H and y ∈ H ⇒ x ∗ y ∈ H
c x ∈ H then x−1 ∈ H
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Thus H contains the identity element,
condition(b) implies that H is closed
condition (c) implies H contains inverses
Hence H is a subgroup
Proposition A nonempty set H of G is a subgroup of G if and only if a ∗ b−1 ∈ H, ∀a, b ∈ H
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Proof H is a non empty set of G
Suppose H is a subgroup G
Let a, b ∈ H
b ∈ H ⇒ b−1 ∈ H
Since a, b−1 ∈ H ⇒ a ∗ b−1 ∈ H
Suppose a ∗ b−1 ∈ H, ∀a, b ∈ H
H 6= ∅ ⇒ ∃a ∈ H
⇒ a ∗ a−1 ∈ H
⇒e∈H
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H has an identity element....(1)
Let b ∈ H
⇒ e ∗ b−1 ∈ H
⇒ b−1 ∈ H
Every element has an inverse.....(2)
Let a, b ∈ H
⇒ a, b−1 ∈ H
⇒ a ∗ (b−1 )−1 ∈ H
⇒ a∗b ∈ H
His closed in ∗.....(3)
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1,2,3⇒ H is a subgroup
Proposition If Hi is a subgroup of G then H = ∩Hi is also a sub group of G
Proof
Let Hi be a subgroup of g G
e ∈ Hi , ∀i ⇒ e ∈ H
H 6= ∅
Let a, b ∈ H ⇒ a, b ∈ Hi ∀i
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⇒ a ∗ b−1 ∈ Hi ∀i
⇒ a ∗ b−1 ∈ H
Hence H is a subgroup
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Proof
∀x ∈ G, e ∗ x = x ∗ ∗e ⇒ e ∈ Z ⇒ Z(G) 6= ∅
Let a ∈ Z(G)
⇒ a ∗ x = x ∗ a∀x
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⇒ a−1 ∗ a ∗ x ∗ a−1 = a−1 ∗ x ∗ a ∗ a−1 ∀x
⇒ e ∗ x ∗ a−1 = a−1 ∗ x ∗ e
⇒ x ∗ a−1 = a−1 ∗ x
⇒ a−1 ∈ Z(G)
Let a, b ∈ Z(G)
⇒ x ∗ (a ∗ b−1 ) = (x ∗ a) ∗ b−1
= a ∗ (x ∗ b−1 )
= a ∗ (b−1 ∗ x)
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= (a ∗ b−1 ) ∗ x
⇒ a ∗ b−1 ∈ Z(G)
Remark If G is an abelian group, then Z(G) = G
1.6 ISOMORPHISM
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Definition Let G be a group with respect to ∗ and let H be a group with respect to o
A mapping f : G → H is an isomorphism from G to H if
• f is a bijection from G to H
• f (x ∗ y) = f (x)o f (y) ∀x, y ∈ G
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⇒ ea = eb
⇒ ea−b = 1
⇒ a−b = 0
⇒a=b
f is injective
Let y ∈ H, ∃x ∈ G such that
ex = y
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⇒ x = ln y
f is surjective, hence f is bijective
f (x + y) = ex+y
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= ex · ey
= f (x) f (y)
fis therefore an isomorphism from G to H
Proof
i Suppose e identity element in G, and show ϕ(e) identity element in H i.e h ∗ ϕ(e) = ϕ(e) ∗ h = h, ∀h ∈ H
h1 ∗ h2 = ϕ(a) ∗ ϕ(b)
= ϕ(aob)
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= ϕ(boa)Gabelian
= ϕ(b) ∗ ϕ(a)
= h2 ∗ h1
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⇒ H is abelian
Kernel of ϕ
Kerϕ = {g ∈ G, ϕ(g) = eH }
Image of ϕ
Imϕ = {ϕ(a); a ∈ G}
Proposition Let ϕ : G → H be a homomorphism
i Kerϕ < G
ii Imϕ < H
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Proof
i We know that e ∈ Kerϕ since ϕ(e) = eH so Kerϕ 6= ∅
Let a, b ∈ Kerϕ
ϕ(aob−1 ) = ϕ(a) ∗ ϕ(b−1 )
= ϕ(a) ∗ ϕ(b)−1
= eH ∗ e−1
H
= eH = ϕ(e)
⇒ aob−1 ∈ Kerϕ ⇒ Kerϕ < G
Proposition Let ϕ : G → H
ϕ injective ⇔ Kerϕ = {e}
Proof suppose ϕ is injective
Let a ∈ Kerϕ ⇒ ϕ(a) = ϕ(e)
⇒ a = e since ϕ is injecvtive
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Thus Kerϕ = {e}
suppose Kerϕ = {e}
Let a, b ∈ G/ϕ(a) = ϕ(b)
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⇒ aob−1 ∈ Kerϕ ⇒ aob−1 = e
⇒a=b
Remark ϕ bijective ⇔ Kerϕ = {e} (the proof is left for the reader)
f :G→G
x 7−→ a ∗ x ∗ a−1
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f (x ∗ y) = a ∗ x ∗ y ∗ a−1
= a ∗ x ∗ e ∗ y ∗ a−1
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= a ∗ x ∗ a−1 ∗ a ∗ y ∗ a−1
= (a ∗ x ∗ a−1 ) ∗ (a ∗ y ∗ a−1 )
= f (x) ∗ f (y)
Thus f is a homomorphism from G to G in other words f is an endomorphism. It is now left for us to show that f is a
bijection
Let f(x) = f(y) x,y ∈ G
⇔ a ∗ x ∗ a−1 = a ∗ y ∗ a−1
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Let y ∈ G, find x ∈ G for which y =f(x)
Let f(x) = y ⇒ a ∗ x ∗ a−1 = y
⇒ x = a−1 ∗ y ∗ a since a,y∈ G ⇒ x ∈ G Thus f is surjective and therefore bijective. Hence f is an automorphism
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Let G be a group and S non-empty set. suppose
ϕ : G×S → S
ϕ(a, x) = a ∗ x, ∀a ∈ G, x ∈ S
If
i e ∗ x = x∀x ∈ S(e ∈ G)
ii (ab) ∗ x = a ∗ (b ∗ x)∀a, b ∈ G, x ∈ S
Then we say G operates on S and S is called a G-set
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1.10 STABILIZER
Let x ∈ S Hx = {a; a · x = x} is the stabilizer of x
Remark Hx is a subgroup of G
1.11 COSETS
Let G be a group and H a subgroup
If a ∈ G aH = {ah, h ∈ Hi is the left coset and Ha = {ha, h ∈ H} is the right coset
If the left coset coset, the group is said to be normal(invariant) subgrpoup i.e aH = Ha ∀a ∈ G
equals the right
⇔ aHa−1 = axa−1 , x ∈ H
1.13 NORMALIZERS
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1.14 PERMUTATIONS
1.14.1 Definition
Let A be a set, any bijective mapping from A onto itself is called a permutation on A
f is a permutation on A ⇔ f : A 7→ A is bijective
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From this definition we see that a permutation on a set is simply a function which re-orders or re-arranges the elements of
that set
Example
Let A = {a, b, c}
Consider the function f defined on A as follows: f(a) = c, f(b) = a, f(c) = b. We can illustrate the mapping as follows
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a −→ c
b −→ a
c −→ b
f is a bijective map from A onto A
f is therefore a permutation on A
1.14.2 Notation
A permutation as such will be represented as follows:
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a b c a b c a b c a b c
f= = other permutations on A are: , etc
f (a) f (b) f (c) c a b b c a a b c
a b c
h= is not a permutation on A ={a, b, c} because e is not in A
b e a
a b c
k= is not a permutation, because k is not injective(k(a)=k(b)) and therefore is not a bijection, from A onto
b c b
A
so
1 −→ 2 −→ 1
2 −→ 1 −→ 3
3 −→ 4 −→ 2
4 −→ 3 −→ 4
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1 2 3 4
and fog =
1 3 2 4
1 −→ 3 −→ 1
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2 −→ 1 −→ 2
3 −→ 4 −→ 3
4 −→ 2 −→ 4
1 2 3 4
so f −1 =
2 4 1 3
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1 2 3 4
I= is also a permutation on A. It is called the identity permutation
1 2 3 4
Example
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
consider the permutation f = of S7
1 6 3 7 5 4 2
We see that 2 −→ 6 −→ 4 −→ 7 −→ 2
So f can simply be written as f = (2, 6, 4, 7)
Note
1, 3 and 5 have not been included because they map themselves
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Note
Not all elements of Sn are cycles, that is not all permutations are cycles but every permutation can be written as a product
of mutually disjoint cycles.
Example
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Consider the permutation
3 8 1 6 7 4 9 1 5
We have the following cycles: 1 −→ 3 −→ 2 −→ 8 −→ 1, 4 −→ 6 −→ 4, and 5 −→ 7 −→ 9 −→ 5 or simply (1,3,2,8),
(4,6) and (5,7,9). These are mutually disjoint cycles, they are called the orbits of f. This example illustrates that f is not a
cycle but a product of mutually disjoint cycles and we write, f = (1,3,2,8)(4,6)(5,7,9)
This illustrates that permutations can be written in less clumsy forms, that is, in terms of cycles or product of mutually
disjoint cycles.
Example
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Express each cycle as a product of disjoint cycles i) ii)
4 5 3 1 2 5 1 3 7 2 6 4
Solution
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i (1,4)(2,5)
ii (1,5,2)(4,7)
Example
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Given that f = (1,3,2,4) and g = (1,7,6,2). Find fog and gof
Solution
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
We have f = g= ⇒ f og =
3 4 2 1 5 6 7 7 1 3 4 5 2 6 7 3 2 1 5 4 6
⇒ f og = (1, 7, 6, 4)(2, 3) Similarly, gof = (1,3)(2,4,7,6)
Remark
Cycles on disjoint sets commutes while cycles that are not on disjoints sets of elements will not commute
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1.14.6 Transpositions
Every cycle (a1 , a2 , ...ar ) can be written as (a1 , ar )(a2 , ar−1 )....(a1 , a3 )(a1 , a2 )
For example (1,5,4,2) = (1,2)(1,4)(1,5)
Theorem
If a certain permutation f is expressed as a product of m transposition and also as a product of n transpositions, then either
m and n are both even or else m and n are both odd
A permutation that can be expressed as a product of even numbers of transpositions is called an even permutation
A permutation that can be expressed as a product of an odd number of transpositions is called an odd permutation
Remark
A cycle that has r elements or an r-cycles is an even permutation if r is odd and an odd permutation if r is even
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Example
Give the parity of the following permutations: i) (1,3,4,7) ii) (2,3,4,6,5)
Solution
i odd, Since it has an even number of elements
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Example
Given that f = (1,6,4,8,2), f −1 = (1, 2, 8, 4, 6)
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1.15 SN
1.15.1 EXERCISE 1
If α, β and γ are the roots of the equation x2 − 2x − 1 = 0, calculate:
1. α + β + γ =
2. αβ + γβ + αγ =
3. αβ γ =
Deduce
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4. 1−2α
1+2α + 1−2β 1−2γ
1+2β + 1+2γ
1.15.2 EXERCISE 2
let (G,*), (G,∆) be two groups and f : G −→ G a morphism of groups
1. Show that for all subgroups H of G, f(H) is a subgroup of G’ then deduce that Im f is a subgroup of G’.
Is it a normal subgroup of G’? Justify your answer
2. Show that for all subgroups H’ of G’, f −1 (H 0 ) is a subgroup of G. Deduce that Ker f is a subgroup of G
Is it a normal subgroup? Justify
3. Let H and K be two subgroups of G.
Show that H ∪ K is a subgroup of G if and only if H ⊂ K or K ⊂ H
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1.15.3 PROBLEM
PART A
We consider
the permutation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
σ= ∈ G12
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6 12 1 10 9 11 4 3 2 7 8 5
1. Decompose σ as a product of disjoint cycles
2. Decompose σ as a product of transpositions
3. What is the parity of σ ? Justify
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4. Determine the minimum integer such that σ n = Id
5. Calculate σ 1999
PART B
A bijection of {1, 2...n} {ontoitsel f } is called a permutation. The group (Sn , o) is called the permutation group or sym-
metric group
1. Describe the elements of S3
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2. Show that the composition of applications is a binary operation on S3
3. Deduce the centre of the group S3 denoted Z(S3 )
PART C
Let K a group and L a subset of K such that L is not an empty set(L = ∅) we define N(L) = (g ∈ K : gLg−1 = L) and
C(L) = (g ∈ K : ∀a ∈ G, gag−1 = a)
1. Show that N(L) is a subgroup of K
2. Show that C(L) is a subgroup of K
3. Show that C(L) is a normal subgroup of N(L)
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1.16 CC
1.16.1 EXERCISE 1
Let f : X → Y an application
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I 1 Let A and B be two parts of X. What can say of f (A ∩ B) and f (A) ∩ f (B)?
2 Show that f is injective if and only if ∀A, B ⊂ X, f (A ∩ B) = f (A) ∩ f (B)
II 1 Show that f is surjective if and only if ∀A ⊂ X, f (A) ⊂ f (A)
2 Show that f is injective if and only if ∀A ⊂ X, f (A) ⊂ f (A)
3 Show that f is injective if and only if ∀A ⊂ X, f −1 ( f (A)) = A
1.16.2 EXERCISE 2
1. Four friends: Adrienne, Beatrice, Charlotte, Delphine practice four different professions: lawyer, doctor, pharmacist
and teacher. Neither Beatrice nor Charlotte don’t practice a health profession. Of the four friends, she who loves
health, treats Adrienne and Charlotte. Adrienne and Charlotte don’t teach. Which of the following propositions are
possible?
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(a) Adrienne is a pharmacist and Charlotte a doctor
(b) Beatrice is a lawyer and Charlotte a teacher
(c) Charlotte is a teacher and Adrienne a pharmacist
(d) Delphine is a doctor and Beatrice a teacher
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(e) Adrienne is a doctor and Charlotte is a pharmacist
2. Serge, Alain and Marc are married to Lise, Monique and Helen. Knowing that:
1.16.3 EXERCISE 3
In N x N, we define < by:
2. Let A = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 4), (4, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5)}
(a) Determine two minimums and two maximums of A
(b) Does A admits a biggest element? if yes, precise by justifying
(c) Does A admits a smallest element? if yes, precise by justifying
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1.16.4 EXERCISE 4
1. Let R a binary relation on a set E at same time reflexive and transitive. We define the new relations S and T by:
xSy ⇔ (xRyandyRx)
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and
xTy ⇔ (xRyoryRx)
The relations S and T , are they equivalence relations? justify
2. Let g : I → J an application and β an equivalence relation on J. We define a relation α on I by:
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∀x, y ∈ I, xαy ⇔ g(x)β g(y)
1.16.5 EXERCISE 5
We define on ℜ the law * by: ∀x, y ∈ ℜ, x ∗ y = x + y + sin(xy)
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1. Is this law commutative? has is an identity element?
2. Determine an element of ℜ which admits many inverses for this law
3. Justify that the law * is not associative
1.17 CORRECTION CC
1.17.1 EXERCICE 1
I 1. We can say f (A ∩ B) ⊂ f (A) ∩ f (B) i.e
A ∩ B ⊂ A ⇒ f (A) ∩ f (B) ⊂ f (A)
A ∩ B ⊂ B ⇒ f (A) ∩ f (B) ⊂ f (B)
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⇒ f (A) ∩ f (B) ⊂ f (A ∩ B)
2. ⇒)
suppose that f is injective. Let A and B be two parts of X. We have
A∩B ⊂ A f (A ∩ B) ⊂ f (A)
⇒ ⇒ f (A ∩ B) ⊂ f (A) ∩ f (B)
A∩B ⊂ B f (A ∩ B) ⊂ f (B)
Reciprocally, let y an element of f (A) ∩ f (B). The injectivity of f gives a = b. It follows that a ∈ A ∩ B, so
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R
⇒ f surjective f (A) ⊂ f (A)
⇐ Reciprocally, the hypothesis on f implies f (E) ⊂ f (0) / ⊂ f (0)/ ⊂ 0/ ⊂ E The application f is then surjective
2. ⇒) suppose f is bijective. Let A a part of X
Let y ∈ X and x its uniaque image by f
We have the following equivalene: y ∈ f (A) ⇔ yisnotin f (A) ⇔ xisnotinA ⇔ x ∈ A ⇔ y ∈ f (A). Then f (A) ⊂
f (A)
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⇒ f bijective ⇒ f (A) ⊂ f (A)
⇒ f injective f (A) ⊂ f (A)
⇐ Reciprocally, let a and b be two elements of E.
Let A = {a}
We have a, b ∈ A ⇒ f (b) ∈ f (A) ⊂ f (A) ⇒ f (b) is not in f(A)
⇒ f (b) 6= f (a) so f is injective
3. ∀x ∈ A, f (x) ∈ f (A) and so x ∈ f −1 ( f (A)) ⇒ A ⊂ f −1 ( f (A))
Since ∀A ∈ E, A ⊂ f −1 ( f (A)), the question reduces to showing that f is injective if and only if ∀A ∈ E, A ⊃
f −1 ( f (A))
⇒) suppose f is injective.
If f is injective, ∀x ∈ f −1 ( f (A)), f (x) ∈ f (A) ⇒ ∃x0 ∈ A/ f (x) = f (x0 ). since f is injective, x = x’, consequently,
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x ∈ A ⇒ f −1 ( f (A)) ⊂ A
⇐) suppose ∀A ⊂ E, f −1 ( f (A)) ⊂ A and f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) = y
We take A = {x1 }
f (A) = f ({x1 }) = { f (x1 )} = {y}
⇒ f −1 ( f (A)) = f −1 ({y}) = f −1 (y)
By hypothesis, f −1 ( f (A)) ⊂ A so f −1 (y) ⊂ {x1 }
1.17.2 EXERCISE 2
1. a Impossible since Charlotte do not practice any healtth profession
b Impossible since Charlotte do not teach
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1.17.3 EXERCICE 3
1. a ≤ a and b ≤ b ⇒ (a, b) < (a, b) ⇒< is relexive....(1)
(a, b) < (a0 , b0 ) ⇒ a ≤ a0 and b ≤ b0
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b≤b ≤b 0 00 b ≤ b00
(1),(2) and (3) ⇒< is an ordered relation
The oreder is total since for every ordered pairs (a, b), (a0 , b0 ) ∈ N 2 we have (a, b) < (a0 , b0 ) or (a0 , b0 ) < (a, b)
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Minimums (1,1) and (1,2)
b Yes (5,5) since (5,5) is a maximum belonging to A
c Yes (1,2) since (1,2) is a minimum belonging to A
d Yes, (5,5) since (5,5) is the smallest of all the maximum belongig to A
e Yes (1,1) since (1,1) is the biggest of all the minimums belonging to A
1.17.4 EXERCISE 4
1. Showing that S and T are equivalent relations
∀x ∈ E, (xRx and xRx) ⇒ xSx. S is reflexive.....(1)
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∀x, y ∈ E, xSy ⇔ (xRy and yRx) ⇔ (yRx and xRy) ⇔ ySx. S is symetric
xSy ⇔ (xRyandyRx)
∀x, y, z ∈ E,
ySz ⇔ (yRzandzRy)
⇒ xSy and ySz ⇔ ((xRy and yRz) and (yRx and zRy)) ⇔ (xRz and zRx) ⇔ xSz. S is transitive......(3)
(1),(2) and (3) ⇒ S is an equivqlent relation
∀x ∈ I, g(x)β
g(x) ⇒ xαx ⇒ α relexive
g(x)β g(y) ⇒ xαy
∀x, y ∈ E, But β is symetric since its equivalent
g(y)β g(x) ⇒ yαx
⇒ g(x)β g(y) ⇒ g(y)β g(x)
⇒ xαy ⇒ yαx. α is symetric
g(x)β g(y) ⇒ xαy
∀x, y, z ∈ E But β is transitive since its is equivalent
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c. Showing gb surjective
Suppose g is surjective
g surjective ⇒ ∃y ∈ J/∀x ∈ I, y = g(x) ⇒ ∃y ∈ J/β /∀x ∈ I/α, y = [g(x)] = gb(b
x)
⇒ gb is surjective
{z J} −→
d. We have I| −→ J/β ⇒ I −→ J/β .....(1)
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| {z } | {z }
g π πog
Also, I −→ I/α −→ J/β ⇒ I −→ J/β .....(2)
| {z } | {z } | {z }
gb θ gboθ
We see clearly that we have two possible trajectories which are equivalent ⇒ πog = gboθ
1.17.5 EXERCISE 5
1. we have x ∗ y = x + y + sin(xy) = y + x + sin(yx) = y ∗ x
⇒ x ∗ y = y ∗ x so ∗ is commutative.
Also, x ∗ 0 = 0 ∗ x = x ⇒ e = 0 is the identity element
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3. (x ∗ y) ∗ z = x + y + sin(xy) + z + sin((x + y + sin(xy)z) = x + y + z + sin(xy) + sin(xz + yz + zsin(xy))
x ∗ (y ∗ x) = x + y + z + sin(yz) + sin(x(y + z + sin(yz)) = x + y + z + sin(yz) + sin(xz + xy + xsin(yz))
Hence (x ∗ y) ∗ z 6= x ∗ (y ∗ z). So ∗ is not associative
1.18 CORRECTION SN
1.18.1 EXERCISE1
We have x3 − 2x − 1 = 0......(1)
For an equation of the form ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0......(2) with roots α,β , γ, we have
α + β + γ = − ab
αβ + αγ + β γ = ac
αβ γ = − da
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comparing
(1) and (2), we have a = 1, b = 0, c = -2 and d = -1
α +β +γ = 0
⇒ αβ + αγ + β γ = −2 (3)
αβ γ = −1
1. α + β + γ = 0
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2. αβ + αγ + β γ = -2
3. αβ γ = -1
3+2(α+β +γ)−4(αβ +αγ+β γ)−24αβ γ
4. 1−2α
1+2α + 1−2β 1−2γ
1+2β + 1+2γ = 1+2(α+β +γ)+4(αβ +αγ+β γ)+8αβ γ
1.18.2 EXERCISE2
1. Showing that f(H) is a suubgroup of G’
H is a group, so e is its identity element ⇒ f (e) ∈ f (H) ⇒ f (H) 6= 0........(1)
/
Let f(x) and f(y) ∈ f (H)
x, y ∈ H
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⇒ x, y−1 ∈ H
⇒ xoy−1 ∈ H
⇒ f (xoy−1 ) ∈ f (H)
⇒ f (x) ∗ f (y−1 ) ∈ f (H)
⇒ f (x) ∗ ( f (y))−1 ∈ f (H)........(2)
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(1) and (2) ⇒ f(H) is a subgroup of G’
Deducing Imf a subgroup of G’
Im f = { f (a), a ∈ H} ⇒ Im f = f (H) ⇒ Imf is a subgroup of G’
Imf is a normal subgroup of G’
H *k CH 6= 0/
⇒
K*H CKH 6= 0/
Let x ∈ CHK ⇒ x ∈ H and x is not in K........(1)
y ∈ CKH ⇒ y ∈ K and y is not in H......(2)
(1) and (2) ⇒ x, y ∈ H ∪ K.....(3)
suppose by absurdity that X ∗ y ∈ H
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Let x,y∈ G
x,y∈ G ⇒ xRy ⇒ y−1 .x ∈ N
⇒ yy−1 xy−1 ∈ N
⇒ xy−1 ∈ N
⇒ yRx ⇒ symetric.....(2)
Let x,y,z∈ G
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xRy ⇒ y−1 x ∈ N
x,y,z∈ G ⇒ ⇒ z−1 y.y−1 x ∈ N ⇒ z−1 x ∈ N ⇒ xRz ⇒ transitive......(3)
yRz ⇒ z−1 y ∈ N
(1), (2), and (3) ⇒ R is an equivalent relation
c. Showing that the quotient group G/N is abelian if and only if a−1 b−1 ab ∈ N, ∀a, b ∈ G
⇒) Let suppose G/N is abelan
G/N abelian ⇒ ab = ba ∀a, b ∈ G
ab = ba
⇒ b−1 ab = b−1 ba
⇒ b−1 ab = eG a = a
⇒ a−1 b−1 ab = a−1 a = eG ∈ N
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⇒ a−1 b−1 ab ∈ N
⇐) Suppose a−1 b−1 ab ∈ N
a−1 b−1 ab ∈ N ⇒ (a−1 b−1 ab) ∗ (a−1 b−1 ab) = e
a−1 b−1 ab ∗ b−1 a−1 ba = e
b−1 a−1 aa−1 ba = e since bb−1 = e
a−1 b−1 ba = e since aa−1 = e
⇒ ba = ab so G/N is abelian
1.18.3 PROBLEM
Part A
1. σ = (1, 6, 11, 8, 3)(2, 12, 5, 9)(4, 10, 7)
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3 9 8 7 12 1 10 11 5 4 6
Part C
1 Showing that N(L) is a subgroup of K
∀a ∈ L, ea = ae ⇒ ea−1 e = a ⇒ e ∈ C(L) ⇒ C(L) 6= 0.....(1)
/
Let g ∈ C(L), ⇒ gag−1 = a
⇒ ga = ag
g−1 (ga)g−1 = g−1 (ag)g−1
⇒ ag−1 = g−1 a
g−1 a(g−1 )−1 = a
g−1 ∈ C(L)......(2)
Let g1 , g2 ∈ C(L)
⇒ a(g1 g−1 −1
2 ) = (ag1 )g2
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−1
= (g1 a)g2
= g1 (ag−1
2 )
= (g1 g−1
2 )a
⇒ (g1 g − 2−1 )a(g1 g−1
2 )
−1 = a
−1
⇒ g1 g2 ∈ C(L).....(3)
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(1),(2) and (3) ⇒ N(L) is a subgroup of K
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COMPUTER SCIENCE
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2.1 CC
2.1.1 COMPUTER
1. What are the characteristics elements of a memory?
2. What are the characteristics elements of a processor?
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3. What are the characteristics elements of a graphic card?
4. How can we remove a CD in the absence of electricity?
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2.2 CORRECTION
2.2.1 COMPUTER
1. its frequency, its mark, its set of instructions
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2. its rotating speed, its space
3. color deepness, graphic memory
4. Using a needle or a pin
5. No, since optical computers also exists
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6. the processor, the peripherals, and the memory
7. A memory is of the type RAM, when access to the memory is direct and not sequential
PHYSICS PRACTICALS
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3.1 SN
3.1.1 Exercise 1
Q1 a) The preliminary set ups and adjustments made to an Oscilloscope before use.
• Put on the Oscilloscope using the "POWER" button.
• Press CH1 then CH2 , two signals will appear for channel 1 and channel 2.
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• Adjust the vertical sensibility gain using the CH1 or CH2 button. Then select the page 2/2 and activate the
End option using the 0 F2 button. (as proposed in manual)
b) V = (8.0 ± 0.2)volts. What is the value of the displacement of the trace if the y-gain is at 2volts/cm
Sinusoidal waveform.
(c) Indicate how you would determine the period of the signal
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TOtime = time base × no o f divisions on horizontal axis swept by trace
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For example on the figure above, if the timebase is set at 0.02s/div, then the Period = T
3.1.2 Exercise 2
Q1 .
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Q2 Fresnel’s representation
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Q3 Finding cos φ and tan φ
It is worth noticing that the angle φ between the Fresnel vectors for VR and Vb can be represented as:
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i.e vector V~R and V ~[
~b are both entering and leaving 0 when (V ~
b , VR ) = θ = φ
Hence to apply the cosine rule here, we write
IωL
also sin φ = p
r + (Lω)2
2
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ωL
hence tan φ =
r
Q4 Express r in terms of Z and cos φ , L in terms of Z and pcos φ (think it had to be Z and sinφ )
Now for a coil of internal resistance r, we have that Z = r2 + (Lω)2
r ωL Z
from cos φ = r2 +(Lω)2
, we have r = Z cos φ , also, from sin φ = r2 +(Lω)2
, we have L = ω sin φ with ω = 2π f
Cursor position C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
VR (volt) 4.5 5.3 6 6.2 6.4 6.5
Vb (volt) 2.71 2.01 0.93 0.69 0.464 0.33
V (volt) 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8
cos φ 0.76 0.88 0.74 0.86 0.86 0.90
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V 2 −VR2 −Vb2
Use cos φ = to f ill table
2VRVb
taking an average value o f cos φ , we have
0.76 + 0.88 + 0.74 + 0.86 + 0.86 + 0.90
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cos φ =
6
cos φ = 0.83
hence, r = Z cos φ , ∆r = ∆Z cos φ , ∆r = 4.15Ω
r = (46.5 ± 4.2)Ω
q
but Z = r2 + (Lω)2
Z 2 − r2
⇒ Z 2 = r2 + (Lω)2 ⇒ L2 =
ω2
1
d(Z 2 ) − d(r2 )
So 2Ldl =
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ω2
1
2Ldl = 2 (2ZdZ − 2rdr)
ω
1
So ∆L = (|2Z|∆Z + |2r|∆r)
2Lω 2
1
∆L = 2 (|Z|∆Z + |r|∆r)
ω L
So L = (L ± ∆L) (to be calculated )
3.1.3 Exercise 3
L(m) 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20
20T (s) 22.50 26.00 29.00 31.50 34.10 26.70 38.50 40.40 43.00 45.50
20T
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T= (s)
Q1 20
∆T (s) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
T 2 (s2 )
∆T 2 (s2 )
Now ∆T 2 = 2T ∆T, ∆T = 1s
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s
L 4π 2 L 4π 2
Now, T = 2π ⇒ T2 = ⇒ Slope =
g g g
4π 2
hence g = , g = (g ± ∆g)ms−2 (to be calculated)
Slope
3.2 CORRECTION SN
3.2.1 EXERCISE1
1 In the course of the lab work, titled numerical oscilloscope 1, you measured a voltage in continous current
a what will be preliminary ajustments required on the osciloscope?
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b the value of the measured voltage is V = (8.0 ± 0.2)volts. what is the value of the displacement of the
trace(impulse) if the gain selection is positioned at 2volts/cm
2 You want to measure the period of a signal produced by G.B.F with the help of a numerical oscilloscope
a How will you do to stabilise the the signal?
b What is its form?
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3.2.2 EXERCISE2
We want to measure the inductance L and the resistance r of a magnet. We use the method of three voltmeters
1 Propose a setup for the experiment
2 Make Fresnel’s diagram indiquating the different voltages and their phage differences
3 Deduce from the diagram, the cosines of the angle between Vb and VR , also the tangent as a function of L and r
4 By using the expression of Z(impedence of the magnet), express r as a function of Z and of cosφ . Deduce L as a
function of Z and cosφ
We want to determine experimentally the caracteristiques L and r of the ;agnet using the three voltmeter method.Complete
the following table: the frequency of the signal is f = 50Hz, the impedence of the magnet is Z = (56 ± 5)Ω
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Cursur position C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
VR (volts) 4.5 5.3 6 6.2 6.4 6.3
Vb (volts) 2.71 2.01 0.93 0.69 0.46 0.33
V (volts) 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8
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cosφ
5 Calculate cosφ and determine with precision the resistance r and the inductance L of the magnet
3.2.3 EXERCISE3
We want to measure the acceleration due to gravity g, using the experiment on the simple pendulum. We obtain for the
following result for an angle fixed at 30 and for a period of 20 oscillations
L(m) 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20
20T(s) 22.30 26.00 29.00 31.50 34.10 36.70 38.50 40.40 43.00 44.50
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1 Complete if neccesary the table
CHEMISTRY
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4.1 SN
1. Steochiometry is based on the law of conservation of mass. on what law is thermochemistry based?
2. In writing thermochemical equations, why is it important to indicate their physical states?
(a) Sb
(b) Sn
(c) Te
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(d) Se
4.2 CC
1. The configuration of some excited atoms are given.Identify these atoms and write their ground-state:
i 1s1 2s1
ii 1s2 2s2 2p2 3d 1
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a(n = 2,ms = − 12 ) b(n = 4, ml = −1) c(n = 3, l = 2) d(n = 2, l= 0, ms = + 21 ) e(n = 4,l = 3, ml = +2)
3. In Balmer’s series of isotopes of hydrogen,a discharging tube contains a mixture H2 + D2 + T2 D representing deu-
terium atom 21 H and T represents tritium atom 31 T ;Determine the wavelength of Hα,Dα, T α corresponding to the
transition n = 3 to n = 2
Given data
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R∞ = 1, 097373.107 m−1 mH = 1, 67353.10−27 kg mD = 3, 34449.10−27 kg mT = 5, 00827.10−27 kg me = 9, 10953.10−27 kg
4. An electron in the hydrogen makes a transition from an energy state of principal quantum numbers ni to n = 4 state.If
the photon emitted has a wavelength of 486nm, What is the value of ni You have h = 6, 626.10−34 Js C = 3.108 ms−1
5. We give the following chemicals
4.3 CORRECTION CC
1 i 1s1 2s1
The atom is a helium atom (42 He)
4 He : 1s2
2
ii 1s2 2s2 2p2 3d 1
The atom is nitrogen 14
7 N
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2 a (n = 2, ms = − 21 )
When n = 2, l ∈ {0, 1} ml = [0, −1, +1] for l = 1 and ml = 0 for l = 0
So we have 4 electrons
1electron on 2s and 3 electrons on 2p
b (n = 4, ml = −1)
When n = 4, l ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3}
l = 0, m = 0
l= 1, m = -1,0,1
l = 2,m = -2,-1,0,1,2
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l = 3, m = -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3
but we want m = -1. We have 3 orbitals with value m = -1, hence 6 electrons
c n = 3, l = 2
When n = 3, l ∈ {0, 1, 2}
When l = 2, m = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}
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We have 5 orbitals hence 10 electrons
d whwn n = 2, l ∈ {0, 1}
when l = 0, m = 0
hence we have 1 orbital and 1 electron
e n = 4, l ∈ {−3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
when m = +2, we have one orbital hence 2 electrons
3 In the Balmer series,λm −→ 2
1
but λm→n = RH ( n12 − m12 ) for hydrogen,
where RH = ( mHm+m H
e
)R∞ , RD = ( mDm+m
D
e
)R∞ and RT = ( mTm+m
T
e
)R∞
1 1 1
= R ( − )
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λ H
3→2
H 22 32
1
λ3→2 D = RD ( 212 − 312 )
1
λ3→2 T = RT ( 212 − 312 )
NA:
λH = 656,469nm
λD = 656,291nm
λT = 656,232nm
4 ∆E = hc λ
1 1 1 E0 1
λi→4 = RH ( 42 − i2 ) = hc ( 42 − i12 )
NA:
i = 2 hence ni = 2
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2
5 a EI = En0 Z2
n = principal quantum number Z = atmic number of the atom
E0 = −13, 6eV EI = ionisation energy
b Elements obtained after ionisation
+ −
1 H −→ H + e
+ + 2+ + e
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2 He −→2 He + e, 2 He −→2 He
+ + 2+ + e, 3 Li2+ −→3 Li3+ + e
3 Li −→3 Li + e ,3 Li −→3 Li
+ + 2+ + e, 4 Be2+ −→B e3+ + e, 4 Be3+ −→4 Be4+ + e
4 Be −→4 Be + e, 4 Be −→4 Be
+ + 2+
5 B −→B +e, 5 B −→5 B + e, 5 B −→5 B3+ + e, 5 B3+ −→5 B4+ + e, 5 B4+ −→5 B5+ + e
2+
+ + 2+ + e, C2+ −→ C3+ + e, C3+ −→ C4+ + e, C4+ −→ C5+ + e, C5+ −→
6C −→6 C + e, 6C −→6 C 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
6+
C +e
+ + 2+ + e, N 2+ −→ N 3+ + e, N 3+ −→ N 4+ + e, N 4+ −→ N 5+ + e, N 5+ −→
7 N −→7 N + e, 7 N −→7 N 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
6+ 6+
N + e, 7 N −→7 N + e 7+
c Transition from n = 1 to n = ∞
2
d EI = En0 Z2
NA:
IE of hydrogen = 13,6eV
IE of helium = 54,4eV
IE of Lithium = 122,4eV
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IE of Be = 217,6eV
IE of B = 340,0eV
IE of C = 489,6eV
IE of N = 666,4eV
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4.4 SN CORRECTION
1. It is based on the law of thermodynamics (1st law of thermodynamics: law of conservation of energy)
2. It is important to specify the physical state of a reactant since enthalpy change depends on those states. e.g thee
enthalpy change of formation of Clg is not equal to the enthalpy change of formation ∆H θf of Cls
3. Polarisability increases down the group i.e F < Cl < Br < I This is because of an increase in the size of the atom
and a decrease in electronegativity
4. a. 17Cl : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
b. Cls −→ Clg+ + e, IE = ECl + − ECl
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Only the energy on n = 3 is affected, so we have
σ3s3p = (2 × 1) + (8 × 0, 85) + (6 × 0, 35) = 10, 9
∗
Z3s3p = 17010, 9 = 6, 1
2
E3s3p = −13, 6 × (6,1)
32
= −393, 6eV
+
= 1s2 | 2s2 2p6 | 3s2 3p4
17Cl
σ3s3p = (2 × 1) + (8 × 0, 85) + (5 × 0, 35) = 10, 55
∗
Z3s3p = 17 − 10, 55 = 6, 45
2
E3s3p = −13, 6 × (6,45)
32
= −377, 2eV
− 2 2 6 2 6
17Cl = 1s | 2s 2p | 3s 3p |
σ3s3p = 2 × 1 + 8 × 0, 85 + 7 × 0, 35 = 11, 25
∗
Z3s3p = 17 − 11, 25 = 5, 75
2
E3s3p = −13, 6 × 6 × (5,75)
32
= −400eV
EA = -393,6 + 400eV = 6,4eV
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Number of electrons on outermost shell is 4
Hence Sn is a metal
c. 52 Te
Te : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d 10 4p6 5s2 4d 10 5p4
Number of electrons on outermost shell is 6
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Hence Te is a non-metal
d. 34 Se
Se : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d 10 4p4
Number of electrons on outermost shell is 6
Selenium is a non-metal
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE
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5.1 CC
1. Write the numbers below as ordinals in words
• 1 first
• 2 second
• 3 third
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• 44 forty fourth
• 5 fifth
• 8 eighth
• 12 twelfth
• 80 eightieth
• 21 twenty first
• 99 ninety ninth
• 55 fifty fifth
• 33 thirty third
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ASPY Welfare Team 2017/2018 under the coordination of Ngwasiri Carlson Tel 673-026-038
ii 8936417.298 : eight million, nine hundred and thirty six thousand, four hundred and seventeen point
two, nine, eight
iii 8/17 : eight seventeenths
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8 Write the representation 45− 8 in word as you read it :forty five raised to the power of negative five eighths
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What are the different appellations of -5/8 in the representation above : power, index, exponent, logarithm
5.2 SN
1. Write the numbers below in words as
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a. Cardinal
b. Ordinal
2. Write 330 34 in words. What is the name of such a representation? Three hundred and thirty and three quaters.It
is called a mixed number
3. Use the verbal equivalent of maths symbols in parenthesis below and complete the sentences in (i) (ii) and (iii) to
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6. Write correct questions to correspond to thr answers in (i) and (ii) below
i The symbol / means right slash What does the symbol / means?
ii 2 goes into six 3 times How many times does 2 goes into six?
7. Write this numerical representation in word as you read it 2897634.798 Two million, eight hunderd and ninety
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seven thousand, six hundred and thirty four point seven nine eight
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ELECTROMAGNETISM
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6.1 QUESTIONS SN
Exercise 1 (8 marks)
1) True or False and justify. If we double the value of the charge of a particle, the electric field at that point doubles as
well
2) Explain how the separate charges constituting a dipole affect the field strength
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3) True or False and Justify. The magnitude of the field strength is constant along the field lines
4) True or False and Justify. The magnitude of the field strength is directly proportional to the density of the field lines
5) Define an electric dipole
6) What difference is there between a polar molecule and a permanent dipole?
7) Give 3 examples of a permanent dipole
8) Without proving, write the equation of field lines and equipotentials of an electrostatic dipole and then represent them
on a plan
9) True or False and justify. The Force experienced by a dipole in a uniform electric field is zero.
10) True or False and justify. The moment of the forces experienced by a dipole in a uniform electric field depends on the
point where it is calculated
11) Without necessarily proving, give the different contributions which come in play in the multipolar development of the
potential
12) Define a disruptive field and dielectric efficiency
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Exercise 2 (8 marks)
A sphere of center O and of radius R is uniformly charged in volume, with a volume density such that ρ = ρ0 ar0 , where
ρ0 and a0 are positive constants
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1) Examine the properties of symmetry of the system and give the orientation of the field
2) Using Gauss’s Theorem, calculate the field strength created by the sphere at all points M in space
3) Calculate the potential at all points M in space
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The interior charged zone of the sphere of radius R is now unequipped with charges such that the sphere becomes a
conductor. The system therefore constitutes a capacitor, whose first armature has a radius of a0 and the second has a
radius R.
6) Whats the nature of this capacitor? Determine its capacitance C1
We associate in parallel to the latter, a plane capacitor such that the equivalent capacitance gives 4nF.
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7) Determine the capacitance C2 of the plane capacitor, knowing that R = 2cm and a0 = 1cm
The system is connected to a battery of potential drop of 7V to maintain its charge
8) Determine the charge Q1 of the first capacitor and Q2 of the second capacitor
We remove the battery and we introduce into the plane capacitor (whose armatures of area S = 1m2 are separated
by a distance d = 0.3cm) a dielectric plate of thickness e = 0.15cm and of dielectric constant r = 2.6 (take ε0 =
8.854 × 10−12C2 /(Nm2 )
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9) Whats the nature of the dielectric?
10) Determine the new capacitance C of this plane capacitor. Has the aim of introducing the dielectric been reached?
Justify
Exercise 3 (7marks)
Two identical cylindrical wires, 1 and 2, of radius a, and infinite length, are disposed is free space parallel to each other,
and separated by a distance d, such that d >>> a. Wire 1 carries a charge of −λ (λ > 0) per unit length, and wire 2
carries the charge +λ per unit length. We wish to calculate the potential at every point M of polar coordinates (r, θ ) in
the plane xOy perpendicular to both wires
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1) Calculate the electrostatic potential V (r1 , r2 ) in M, taking by convention V = 0 on Oy.
If we take the limit as a tends to 0, but maintaining the product λ d constant, and equal to p, we obtain a cylinder dipole of
moment p per unit length, and directed towards Ox.
2) Calculate the potential V (r, θ ) in M.
3) Deduce the components Er and Eθ and the magnitude E of the electrostatic field in M
4) Analyze and interpret the results obtained in questions (2) and (3).
5) We suppose now that the point M is placed on wire 2 at an angle θ = π/3. Determine as a function of λ and d, the
potential V’ and the field strength E’ at this point M.
6) We trim on this cylindrical wire a portion of length L and linear density λ . Determine the capacitance C of the portion
of the conductor cut. Conclude.
6.2 SOLUTIONS
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Exercise 1
~0 = kq0
1) Vrai E ~e
r2 r
si q1 = 2q0 ⇒ E ~1 = k(2q2 0 ) ~er
r
= 2E ~0
1 q1 q2
2) De ~E = 4πε ~e on voit que le champ Eα r12
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r2 r
3) False. The magnitude of the electric field decreases when we get away from the charge, independent of being on the
field lines.
4) True. From k ~E k= kq r2
, Eα p. When the charges increase, the density of the field line increases and so does E.
5) An electric dipole is the association of two point charges, immobile and of opposite signs, separated by a distance
which is negligible compared to the distance from where the field is to be calculated.
6)
7)
8) Equation of Field lines : r = ksin2 θ k > 0
R
Exercise 2
ρ = ρ0 a10
TO
1) In the spherical referential (0,~er , e~θ , e~φ ), all the plans containing the line vector OM are invariant by rotation in the
directions of θ and φ as symmetrical plans of the system. Hence, the intersection of these plans of symmetry is in the
direction of ~er and hence, the field is in that direction. i.e. ~E = E~er
2) Lets consider a Gauss surface as being a sphere of center O and radius r.
•r<R
TU
RRR
~ =
~E.dS ρdτ
RR
Gauss’s Theorem states that Φ = ε0
Since ~E = E(r)~er and dS = r2 sinθ dθ φ , we have
Z Z Z Z Z
ρ0
E(r) r2 sinθ dθ dφ = r(r2 sinθ drdθ dφ
a0 ε0
Y
Z π Z 2π Z r Z π Z 2π
ρ0
E(r)r2 sinθ dθ dφ = r3 dr sinθ dθ dφ
0 0 a0 ε0 0 0 0
ρ0 r2
⇒ ~E = E(r)~er = ~er
4a0 ε0
• r = R, we have
M
Z R Z π Z 2π
ρ0
E(r)(4πR2 ) = r3 dr sinθ dθ dφ
a 0 ε0 0 0 0
ρ0 R2
⇒ ~E = E(r)~er = ~er
4a0 ε0
•r>R Z Z Z Z Z
ρ0
E(r) r2 sinθ dθ dφ = r(r2 sinθ drdθ dφ
a0 ε0
Z π Z 2π Z R Z π Z 2π
ρ0
E(r)r2 sinθ dθ dφ = r3 dr sinθ dθ dφ
0 0 a 0 ε0 0 0 0
ρ0 R4
⇒ ~E = E(r)~er = ~er
4a0 ε0 r2
~
4)~E = −gradV
R
⇒ dV ~
= −~E.dl
~
or E = E(r)~er and dl = dr~er + rdθ e~θ + rsinθ dφ e~φ
Z
⇒ dV = −E(r)dr ⇒V =− E(r)dr
TO
ρR4
Z
•r > R : V = − dr
4a0 ε0 r2
ρ0 R4
= +k
4a0 ε0 r
orV∞ = 0 ⇒ 0 = 0+k ⇒ k = 0
ρ0 R4
⇒V =
4a0 ε0 r
ρ0 R2
Z
•r = R : V = − dr
4a0 ε0
TU
ρ0 R2 r
= − +k
4a0 ε0
But since V is continuous on r = R
ρ0 R4 ρ0 R2 R
⇒ = − +k
4a0 ε0 R 4a0 ε0 R
2ρ0 R3
⇒k =
4a0 ε0
ρ0 R3
⇒V =
4a0 ε0
ρ0 r2
Z
•r < R V = − dr
4a0 ε0
3
ρ0 r
Y
= +k
4a0 ε0 3
But since V is continuous on r = R
ρ0 R3 ρ0 R3
⇒ = − +k
4a0 ε0 12a0 ε0
ρ0 R3
M
⇒k=
3a0 ε0
ρ0
4R3 − r3
⇒V =
12a0 ε0
4)
R
TO
.
Let PM = r1 QM = r2 OM = r < MOP = θ
1
λ
For an infinite charged wire of density λ , in free space, V = 2πε0 ln r + cte
λ 1 1
⇒ VM = ln − ln + ctebut V (r1 = r2 = 0) = 0 ⇒ cte = 0
2πε0 r1 + a r2 + a
λ r2 + a
⇒ VM = ln
2πε0 r1 + a
TU
Y
M
d2
r12 = r2 + − drcosθ
4
d2
r22 = r2 + + drcosθ
R
4
Sincea <<< d
λ r2 + a λ r2
VM = ln ' ln
2πε0 r1 + a 2πε0 r1
s
λ 2 2
4r + d + 4drcosθ
TO
⇒ VM = ln
2πε0 4r2 + d 2 − 4drcosθ
λ 4drcosθ 4drcosθ
= ln 1 + 2 − ln 1 − 2
4πε0 4r + d 2 4r + d 2
x2 x2
But ln(1 + x) − ln(1 − x) = x − + x + = 2x (where x is small)
2 2
λ 8drcosθ
⇒ VM =
4πε0 4r2 + d 2
2prcosθ
But λ d = p ⇒ VM =
πε0 (4r2 + d 2 )
TU
~
E(M) ~
= −gradV
∂V 1 ∂V
= − ~er − e~θ
∂r r ∂θ
∂V πε0 (4r2 + d 2 )(2pcosθ ) − 2prcosθ (8πε0 r
⇒ E(r) = − =
∂r −π 2 ε02 (4r2 + d 2 )2
2pcosθ (4r2 − d 2 )
⇒ Er =
πε0 (4r2 + d 2 )
1 ∂V 1 −2prsinθ
Eθ = − =−
r ∂θ r πε0 (4r2 + d 2 )
2psinθ
⇒ Eθ =
πε0 (4r2 + d 2
Y
q
E = Er2 + Eθ2
s
2p 2 θ + cos2 θ
(4r2 − d 2 )
⇒E = sin
πε0 (4r2 + d 2 ) (4r2 + d 2 )2
2pcosθ
3)We can briefly analyse that, both E and V are decreasing functions, tending to 0 at infinity with Vmax = πε0 d 2
and
M
Emax = 2πεp d 2
0
π d
5) If we place the point M on the negative conductor, the r2 = 0. Given that θ = 3 r= 2
4λ d d2
VM0 =
2
4πε0 4 d4 + d 2
R
λ
⇒ VM0 =
4πε0
0 2λ d p 2
EM = sin 60 + 0
πε0 (2d 2 )
0 3λ
⇒ EM =
TO
4πε0 d
6)
6.2.1 EXRECISE 3
See your TD
TU
Y
M
6.3 CC QUESTIONS
Please search for question paper.
6.4 CC SOLUTIONS
R
Exercise 1
Cartesian coordinate system (~ex ,~ey ,~ez )
Cylindrical coordinate system (~er , e~θ ,~ez )
~ = k(rcosθ~er + rsinθ e~θ )
TO
F(M)
π π 3π
A(R, 0, 0), B(R, , 0), C(R, , 0), D(R, , 0), R = 2cm
2 4 2
TU
These points describe a circle of radius R and of center O(0, 0, 0) in the Oxy plane
Y
M
dC = ~
~F.dOM
~
with dOM = dr~er + rdθ e~θ + dz~ez
⇒ ~F.dOM~ = krcosθ dr + kr2 sinθ dθ
R
Path 1: From A to C
π
r = R dr = 0 θ : 0 −→
4
Z π
4
⇒ C1 = kR2 sinθ dθ
0
√ !
TO
π 2
= kR2 [−cosθ ]0 = kR2 4
1−
2
Path 2: From A to 0 to C
From A to 0 : θ = 0 dθ = 0 r : R −→ 0
kR2
Z 0
⇒ C2a = kcos0 rdr = −
R 2
π
From 0 to C : θ = dθ = 0 r : 0 −→ R
4 √
k 2R2
Z R
π
⇒ C2b = kcos rdr = −
4 0 4
TU
√ !
kR2 2
⇒ C2 = −1 +
2 2
Path 3: From A to 0 to B to C
From A to 0 : θ = 0 dθ = 0 r : R −→ 0
kR2
Z 0
⇒ C3a = kcos0 rdr = −
R 2
π
From 0 to B : θ = dθ = 0 r : 0 −→ R
2
Z R
π
⇒ C3b = kcos rdr = 0
2 0
π π
From B to C : r = R dr = 0 θ : −→
2 4
Y
Z π
4
⇒ C3c = kR2 π
sinθ dθ
2
√ !
2
π
2 2
= kR [−cosθ ] = −kR 4
π
2 2
kR2 √
M
⇒ C3 = − 1+ 2
2
CONCLUSION: The force is not a conservative force.
2kcosθ ksinθ
Er = Eθ = 3
r3 r
R
Eθ dz 0
⇒ −Er dz = 0
rEr dθ − Eθ dr 0
⇒ rEr dθ − Eθ dr = 0
TO
dθ dr
⇒ =
Eθ rEr
r 3 r3
⇒ dθ = dr
ksinθ 2krcosθ
cosθ 1
Z Z
⇒ dθ = dr
sinθ 2r
1
⇒ ln|sinθ | = lnr
2
⇒ r = sin2 θ
TU
Y
M
6) Too calculate the potential from which the vector field derives
~E ~
= −gradV
∂V
Er ∂r
1 ∂V
⇒ Eθ = −
r ∂θ
R
0 ∂V
∂z
2kcosθ ∂V
− 3
= · · · (1)
r ∂r
ksinθ ∂V
− 2 = · · · (2)
r ∂θ
TO
∂V
= 0 · · · (3)
∂z
1
(1) ⇒ dV = −2kcosθ dr
r3
1 1
Z
⇒V = −2kcosθ dr = −2kcosθ − + k(θ , z)
r3 2r2
kcosθ
⇒V = + k(θ , z)
r2
ksinθ ∂V ksinθ ∂ k(θ , z)
(2) ⇒ − 2 = =− 2 +
r ∂θ r ∂θ
TU
∂ k(θ , z)
⇒ =0
∂θ
⇒ k(θ , z) = k(z)
∂ k(z)
(3) ⇒ = 0 ⇒ k(k) = k, k ε ℜ
∂z
kcosθ
⇒V = +k
r2
But r −→ ∞ v −→ 0 ⇒ k = 0
kcosθ
⇒V =
r2
Y
M
1 ∂ 2U ∂ 2U
1 ∂ ∂U
⇒ r + 2 + 2 =0
r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ2 ∂z
kcosθ
R
U=
r2
∂U −2kcosθ 2kcosθ
We haver = r 3
=−
∂r r r2
1 ∂ ∂U 1 4kcosθ 4kcosθ
⇒ r = 3
=
r ∂r ∂r r r r4
TO
∂U ksinθ ∂ 2U kcosθ
Also = − 2
⇒ =− 2
∂θ r ∂θ2 r
1 ∂ 2U kcosθ
⇒ =− 4
r2 ∂ θ 2 r
4kcosθ kcosθ 3kcosθ
⇒ 4
− 4 =0⇒ = 0(Laplace)
r r r4
3kcosθ ρ
For Poisson : 4
+ =0
r ε0
9)
∂U A 2 −3
= + B(3cos θ − 1)
∂r r2 r4
∂U 3B
r2 = A − 2 (3cos2 θ − 1)
R
r
∂ r
1 ∂ 2 ∂U 1 6B
r = 2 (3cos2 θ − 1)
r2 ∂ r ∂r r r3
∂U B
Also sinθ = sinθ (−6sinθ cosθ )
∂θ r3
TO
6B
= − cosθ sin2 θ
r3
∂ ∂U 6B 6B
sinθ = − 3 cosθ (2cosθ sinθ ) + 3 sin2 θ sinθ
∂θ ∂θ r r
1 ∂ ∂U 6B 6B
⇒ 2 sinθ = − 5 (2cos2 θ ) + 5 sin2 θ
r sinθ ∂ θ ∂θ r r
6B
⇒ ∆U = (3cos2 θ − 1 − 2cos2 θ + sin2 θ )
r5
6B
= (cos2 θ + sin2 θ − 1) = 0
r5
⇒ ∆U = 0
TU
~E ~
= −gradU
A
+ B(3cosθ − 1) −3
∂U
∂r r2 r4
1 ∂U
= − = − 1 B
r r3 (−6sinθ cosθ )
r ∂θ
∂U
∂z 0
~ 3B 2 A 3B
⇒ E = 4 (3cos θ − 1) − 2 ~er + − 4 sin2θ e~θ
r r r
10)Determining the divergence formula using Ostrogradski’s theorem
dV = rdrdθ dz
For the surface having as normal −~er , the corresponding surface is given by rdθ dz and the flux is given by
dφ1 = −ar (r, θ , z)rdθ dz
When we increment r by dr, the flux from the surface ~er will be
dφ2 = ar (r + dr, θ , z)(r + dr)dθ dz
M
R
∂
= (aθ )dθ drdz
∂θ
For the surface having as normal −~ez , the corresponding surface is given by rdrdθ and the flux is given by
dφ1 = −az (r, θ , z)rdrdz
When we increment z by dz, the flux from the surface ~ez will be
dφ2 = az (r, θ , z + dz)rdrdz
TO
Thus, the flux exit, with r and θ constant will be
dφr,θ = [az (r, θ , z + dz) − az (r, θ , z)] rdrdθ
∂
= r (az )dzdrdθ
∂r
⇒ dφ = dφθ ,z + dφr,z + dφr,θ
∂ ∂ ∂
= (rar ) + aθ + r az drdθ dz
∂r ∂θ ∂z
Z Z Z Z Z
But φ = ~ =
~a.dS div~adτ(Ostrogradski)
TU
⇒ dφ = div~adτ where dτ = rdrdθ dz
dφ 1 ∂ ∂ ∂
⇒ div~a = = (rar ) + aθ + az
dτ r ∂r ∂θ ∂z
Exercise 2
1)
Y
2)
M
k|Q3 |
E3 = = 0.02k
r2
k|Q2 |
E2 = = 0.04k
r2
E~R = (E3 cos60 − E2 )~ex + (E3 sin60)~ey
√
R
= −0.03k~ex + ( 3k × 10−2 ~ey
~F = QE~R
h √ i
= −3 × 10−6 (−0.03k~ex + ( 3k × 10−2 )~ey
4) There’s no change
TO
Exercise 3
1)We have a spherical symmetry since any rotation about θ and ϕ won’t alter the fields. These quantities depend solely
on r, the distance with respect to the origin
Orientation: ~er
TU
~ = ∑ Qint
Z Z
Gauss : φ = ~E.dS
ε0
RRR
Q = ρdτ
avec R R int
~ = E(r)
~E.dS dS = 4πr2 E(r)
RR
∑ Qint
Z Z Z
ρ
= r2 sinθ drdθ dϕ
Y
ε0 ε0
r
ρ r3
= [−cosθ ]π0 [ϕ]2π
0
ε0 3 0
ρ 4πr3
=
ε0 3
M
~ = ρr ~er
⇒ E(r)
3ε0
dV ~ dr
= −E(r). ~
Z
⇒V = − ~ dr
E(r). ~
R
Z
ρr
= − dr
3ε0
ρr2
⇒V =− +k
6ε0
W hen r = 0 V = V0
TO
ρr2
⇒V =− +V0
6ε0
4) ρ(r) = ar2 + br + c
4.2)
~ = 1
Z Z Z Z Z
Q= ~E.dS ρdτ
ε0
Z Z Z
⇒ E(r)ε0 (4πr2 ) = (ar3 + br2 + cr)dr sinθ dθ dϕ
4
br3 cr2
ar
= + + (4π)
TU
4 3 2
1 ar2 br c
⇒ E(r) = + + ~er
ε0 4 3 2
4.3)
Z
V = − E(r)dr
1 ar3 br2 cr
= − + + +k
ε0 12 6 2
r = 0 ⇒ V = V0
1 ar3 br2 cr
⇒V = − + + +V0
ε0 12 6 2
Y
M
REAL ANALYSIS I
TO
CC
Exercice 1. 5 points
1. Donner les définitions de partie ouverte et de partie fermée de R.
2. Soit a, b ∈ R tel que a < b. Les parties suivantes sont-elles ouvertes? fermées? Justifier vos réponses.
TU
]a, b[, [a, b[, [a, b] ∪ {b + 1}, Q.
3. Soit A une partie de R
Exercice 2. 6 points
Y
ln 3
1. Montrer que ln 2 n’est pas un nombre rationnel.
2. Soient A et B deux parties majorées de R. Montrer que A + B est majorée et que l’on a
sup(A + B) = sup(A) + sup(B).
n o
3. On pose A = (−1)n + n12 , n ∈ N∗ , B = [0, 1[ ∩ Q.
M
(a) Donner, s’il existe, la borne supérieure, la borne inférieure, le maximum et le minimum de A.
(b) Donner, s’il existe, la borne supérieure, la borne inférieure, le maximum et le minimum de B.
4. Soit x ∈ R. Montrer que ∀n ∈ N, | sin nx| ≤ n| sin x|.
58
ASPY Welfare Team 2017/2018 under the coordination of Ngwasiri Carlson Tel 673-026-038
Exercice 3. 9 points
n−3 n2 +n cos n
√
1. On définit les suites (un ), (vn ), (wn ) par un = −n+1 , vn = sin n−2n2
, wn = n2 + n − n.
(a) Donner la limite de (un )n≥0 et justifier votre réponse en revenant à la définition.
R
(b) Donner la limite de (vn )n≥0 et justifier votre réponse en revenant à la définition.
(c) Donner la limite de (wn )n≥0 et justifier votre réponse en revenant à la définition.
E(x)+E(2x)+E(3x)+...+E(nx)
2. Soit x ∈ R. On définit la suite (xn )n≥1 par xn = n2
.
(a) Donner un encadrement de (xn )n≥1 par deux suites qui converge vers une même limite.
TO
(b) En déduire que (xn )n≥1 est convergente et déterminer sa limite.
3. Les énoncés suivants sont-ils vrais ou faux? Justifier par une preuve ou un contre-exemple.
(a) Si une suite positive est non majorée, elle tend vers +∞.
(b) Si une suite d’entiers relatifs converge, elle est stationnaire.
(c) Si une suite a un nombre fini de valeurs, elle converge si et seulement si elle est stationnaire.
(d) Une suite est convergente si et seulement si elle est bornée.
(e) Si une suite n’est pas majorée, alors elle est minorée.
NB: L’important n’est pas de tout faire mais de bien faire tout ce que l’on peut faire.
TU
CORRECTION CC
7.0.1 EXERCISE 1
1 a Open part of ℜ
A part A of ℜ is said to be open when A is the neighborhood of all its points i.e
∀x ∈ A, ∃ε > 0, ]x − ε, x + ε[⊂ A
b Closed part of ℜ
A part A of ℜ is said to be closed when its complements in ℜ is an open of ℜ i.e
∀x ∈ CℜA , ∃ε > 0, ]x − ε, x + ε[⊂ CA
ℜ
Y
Q Q
Q: let x ∈ Q, ∀V (x) ∈ ℜ, ∃p ∈ Cℜ /p ∈ V (x). Cℜ is dense in ℜ,so Q is not open
M
Q
let r ∈ Cℜ , ∀V (r) ⊂ ℜ, ∃y ∈ V (x) since Q is not dense in ℜ. so Q is not closed
Q is neither closed nor open
3 Let A ⊂ ℜ
a x ∈ ℜ is an adherent point to A when all neighborhoods of x meets A i.e
x ∈ A ⇒ ∀ε > 0, ]x − ε, x + ε[∩ =
6 ∅
b x ∈ A is an interior point to A when A is a neighbrhood of x i.e
x ∈ Ao ⇒ ∃ε > 0, ]x − ε, x + ε[⊂ A
Q
c Qo = Q since for all neighborhoods V of an x ∈ Q,V ∩Cℜ 6= ∅
R
Let x ∈ ℜ
x ∈ CℜAo ⇔ x is not in Ao
⇔ x ∈ Cℜ A
TO
Fr(A) = A/Ao ?
o o
Ao ∪Cℜ
A o CA CA
A ) ∩ (C ℜ ) = (CA ) ∩ (C ℜ ) = (CA ) ∩ A = A/Ao
We have Fr(A) = Cℜ = (Cℜ ℜ ℜ ℜ ℜ
7.0.2 EXERCISE 2
2 Showing that A+B is majorated and that sup(A+B) = sup(A) + sup(B)
Suppose a ∈ A ∈⇒ a ≤ supA....(1)
b ∈ B ⇒ b ≤ supB.......(2)
(1) +(2) ⇒ a+b ≤ supA + supB.
Hence A+B is majorated by supA + supB.
TU
Determining sup(A+B)
As A is majorated ⇔ ∀a ∈ A, a ≤ supA and ∀ε > 0, ∃aε , supA − aε < ε/2.....(1)
As B is majorated, ⇔ ∀b ∈ B, b ≤ supB and ∀ε > 0, ∃bε /supB − bε < ε/2....(2)
Summing (1) and (2) gives a + b ≤ supA + supB∀a ∈ A, ∀b ∈ B and ∀ε > 0, supA + supB − (aε + bε ) < ε
Hence ∃(aε + bε )/supA + supB < ε
Therefore sup(A+B) = supA + supB
∀n ∈ N ∗ , 0 ≤ 4n12 ≤ 14
⇒ 1 ≤ 1 + 4n12 ≤ 45
⇒ 1 ≤ A1 ≤ 54
Y
⇒ supA1 = 54 and In f A1 = 1
1
∀n ∈ N, 0 ≤ (2n+1)2
≤ 91
1 −8
⇒ −1 ≤ −1 + (2n+1)2 ≤ 9
⇒ −1 ≤ A2 ≤ −8
9
−8
M
⇒ In f A2 = −1 and supA2 = 9
We notice also that -1 does not belong to A. so In f A does not belong to A, hence -1 is not a minimum
R
We have ksin(k +1)xk = ksinkxcosx+sinxcosKxk ≤ ksinkxcosxk+ksinxcooskxk ≤ ksinkxkkcosxk+ksinxkkcoskxk
≤ kksinxkkcosxk + ksinxkkcoskxk ≤ ksinxk(kkcosxk + kcoskxk)
TO
so ksin(k + 1)xk ≤ (k + 1)ksinxk hence true for n = k+1
conclusion: ∀n ∈ N, ksinnxk ≤ nksinxk
7.0.3 EXERCISE 3
n−3
1 a Un = −n+1 Let detremine the limit of Un and justify by definition
limn→+∞ Un = −1
Take nε = E( ε4 ) + 2
n2 +ncosn
b Vn = sinn−2n2
1+cosn/n −1
limn→+∞ Vn = limn→+∞ −2+sinn/n 2 = 2
n2 +ncosn 1 2n|cosn|+|sinn|
| Vn + 1/2 |=| sinn−2n2
+ 1/2 |= 12 | 2ncosn+sinn
n2 +(n2 −sinn)
|≤ 21 | 2ncosn+sinn
n2
|≤ 2 n2
≤ 12 | 2n+1
n2
|≤ 3n
2n2
= 3
2n ∀n ≥
2
Y
3 3
To have | Vn + 1/2 |< ε, it suffices to have 2n < ε, ⇒ n > 2ε
3
Take nε = E( 2ε )+2
√
c Wn = n2 + n − n
√
M
n2 +n−n2 √1 1
limn→+∞ Wn = limn→+∞ n2 + n − n = limn→+∞ √ 2
= limn→+∞ = 2
n +n+n 1+ 1+1/n
q
1
Take nε = E( 4ε )+1
E(x)+E(2x)+.....+E(nx)
2 (xn )n≥1 = n2
R
We see clearly that xn = ∑nk=1 E(kx)
n2
But x − 1 < E(x) ≤ x
⇒ kx − 1 < E(kx) ≤ kx
⇒ kx−1
n2
< E(kx)
n2
≤ nkx2
< ∑nk=1 E(kx)
TO
⇒ ∑nk=1 kx−1
n2 n2
≤ ∑nk=1 nkx2
1
⇒ n2 ∑k=1 k − n2 ∑k=1 1 < xn ≤ nx2 ∑nk=1 k
x n n
x n(n+1) x n(n+1)
⇒ n2 2 − n12 .n < xn ≤ n2 2
x(n+1) x(n+1)
⇒ 2n − n1 < xn ≤ 2n
b Lets show that xn is convergent and deduce its limit
x x
⇒ 2 < limn→+∞ xn ≤ 2
x
⇒ limn→+∞ xn = 2
3 a False
n, i f neven
counter example: let Un = Un is positive, not majorated but does not have a limit
1/n, i f nodd
b True
Let Un a series of real numbers which converges to l i.e ∀ε > 0, ∃nε ∈ N/∀n ∈ N, n ≥ nε | Un − 1 |< ε
SN
Exercice 1. 7 points
1. Soit x ∈ R∗+
R
1 x
− arctan x−1
(a) Montrer que arctan = arctan x+1
2x2 x .
n
(b) On pose Sn = ∑ arctan 2k12 . Exprimer Sn en fonction de n.
k=1
(c) Calculer la limite lim Sn .
n→+∞
TO
2ch2 x − sh2x
2. On pose ϕ(x) = .
x − ln(chx) − ln 2
(a) Donner une expression simplifiée de ϕ(x).
(b) Calculer les limites de ϕ à −∞ et à +∞.
1
x + 1x
3. On définit la fonction f : R → R par f (x) = argch 2 .
Exercice 2. 8 points
1. Soient (un )n∈N et (vn )n∈N deux suites obtenues en posant (u0 , v0 ) = (1, 2) puis en déduisant le couple (un+1 , vn+1 )
√
à partir du couple (un , vn ) à l’aide des relations un+1 = un vn et vn+1 = un +vn
2 .
n
1
2. Soit (rn )n ∈ N la suite définie par rn = ∑ k!
k=0
h i
1 1 1
(a) Montrer que pour p ∈ N et n > 2, on a |rn+p − rn | ≤ (n+1)! 1 + n+2 + . . . + (n+2) p−1 .
|rn+p − rn | ≤ n1 .
(c) En déduire que (rn )n∈N est de Cauchy et donc converge. On note e sa limite.
(d) On suppose qu’il existe a, b ∈ N∗ (Corrected from Q∗+ to N∗ ) premier entre eux tels que e = ab .
i. Montrer que pour n > b, le nombre pn = n!(e − rn ) est un entier strictement positif.
ii. Montrer que 0 < pn < 1.
iii. Conclure que e est irrationnel.
Exercice 3. 5 points
1. On définit la fonction f de R vers R par f (x) = E(2x) − 2E(x).
R
ii. x ∈ [ 12 , 1[
(b) Montrer que ∀x ∈ R, on a f (x) ∈ [0, 1].
√ √
2. En admettant que 2 est irrationnel montrer que si x et y sont deux nombres rationnels differents, alors x+y √ 2 est
1+ 2
un nombre irrationnel.
TO
n
n o
3. On pose A = 31n + (−1) 2n , n ∈ N ∗ . Montrer que A est une partie bornée de R. Déterminer la borne supérieure et
la borne inférieure de A.
4. On pose B = x ∈ R∗ , −2 < 2x + 1x < 2 . B est-elle borné dans R? Déterminer sa borne supérieure et sa borne
NB: L’important n’est pas de tout faire mais de bien faire tout ce que l’on peut faire.
TU
Y
M
CORRECTION SN
Exercise 1
1. Let x ∈ R
R
(a) Required to show that
1 x x−1
arctan = arctan − arctan
2x2 x+1 x
x x−1
Let X = arctan x+1 and Y = arctan x
Therefore,
TO
tan X − tanY
tan(X −Y ) =
1 + tan X tanY
x x−1
x+1 − x
= x
x−1
1 + x+1 x
x2 − (x − 1)(x + 1)
=
x(x + 1) + x(x − 1)
1
=
2x2
From here, we get
TU
1
arctan = X −Y
2x2
which is the required result
(b) We suppose
n
1
Sn = ∑ arctan
k=1 2k2
Now we are to find Sn in terms of n.
From (a) above, we can expand Sn as
1
Sn = arctan − arctan(0)
2
2 1
+ arctan − arctan
3 2
Y
3 2
+ arctan − arctan
4 3
..
.
n−1 n−2
+ arctan − arctan
M
n n−1
n n−1
+ arctan − arctan
n+1 n
n
= arctan
n+1
n
(c) As n → +∞, →1
n+1
n π
So, Sn = arctan → arctan 1 =
n+1 2
2 cosh2 x−sinh 2x
2. Suppose ϕ(x) = x−ln(cosh x)−ln 2
R
2
ex +e−x e2x −e−2x
2 2 − 2
ϕ(x) =
x −x
ln(ex ) − ln e +e
2 − ln 2
2x −2x 2x −2x
e +e +2
2 − e2 + e 2
=
TO
!
x
ln xe −x
2 e +e
2
e−2x + 1
=
x −x
− ln e +eex
e−2x+1
=
− ln(1 + e−2x )
−(1 + e−2x )
ϕ(x) =
ln(1 + e−2x )
(b) Limits of ϕ at +∞ and −∞
TU
Let X = 1 + e−2x
Limit at −∞
as x → −∞, −2x → +∞
⇒ e−2x → +∞
⇒ X = 1 + e−2x → +∞
−X
So, lim ϕ(x) = lim
x→−∞ X→−∞ ln X
X
= − lim
X→−∞ ln X
−1 −1
= = + = −∞
lim lnXX 0
X→−∞
Y
Limit at +∞
as x → +∞, −2x → −∞
M
−2x
⇒e → 0+
−2x
⇒ X = 1+e → 1+
−X
So, lim ϕ(x) = lim
x→+∞ X→1+ ln X
X
= − lim
X→1+ ln X
−1
= = −∞
0+
ln x
This is from the standard limit: lim =0
x→+∞ x
−1
The 0+ indicates that the function tends to 0 from the positive sense. If it were 0− , 0−
= +∞
R
1 1
f (x) = arg cosh x+
2 x
(a) Determination of the domain of f, D f
• For 1
to be defined x 6= 0 i.e x ∈ R∗ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L
x
TO
• We also have that for the function arg cosh x to be defined, x ≥ 1.
So in this case,
1 1
x+ ≥ 1
2 x
1
⇔ x+ ≥ 2
x
First Case: x > 0 i.e x ∈ R∗+
Multiplying through by x, we have
TU
x2 + 1 ≥ 2x
2
⇒ x − 2x + 1 ≥ 0
2
⇒ (x − 1) ≥ 0
Which is true for all x in R∗+ since (x − 1)2 will always be greater than of equal to 0 no matter what x in
R∗+ .
So x ∈ R∗+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
N
(x − 1)2 ≤ 0
Y
Conclusion: To get the final solution, we take ∩( ∪ ) i.e we intersect the bulleted items because x has
L N J
to satisfy every condition and we unite the cases because each case is a possibility and not a necessity(case 1
or case 2 not case 1 and case 2).
M
cosh(x) = cosh(−x) = a
⇒ arg cosh a = x
i.e The range of the arg cosh function is in R+ i.e excluding negative values and ensuring that one element
does not have two images. This will be the same for f (x)
So we can redefine f as :
f : R∗+ → R∗+
1 1
x 7→ arg cosh x+
2 x
R
Study of the function f
Simplification of f
TO
⇒ cosh y = x
y −y
⇒ e +e = 2x
2y y
⇒ e − 2xe + 1 = 0
√
2x ± 4x2 − 4
⇒ ey =
p 2
⇒ y = ln(x ± x2 − 1)
But
p 1
ln(x − x2 − 1) = − ln √
TU
x − x2 − 1
√ !
x + x2 − 1
= − ln √ √
(x − x2 − 1)(x + x2 − 1)
p
= − ln(x + x2 − 1)
√
So y = ± ln(x + x2 − 1), x ≥ 1 for y to be defined
Now,
p
x≥1 ⇒ x+ x2 − 1 ≥ 1
p
⇒ ln(x + x2 − 1) ≥ 0
p
⇒ − ln(x + x2 − 1) ≤ 0
⇒ y ≤ 0 but y ∈ R+
Y
R
r !
1 1 1 2
1
= ln x+ + x + 2 +2−4
2 x 2 x
1 1
√ !
x + x + |x| x4 − 2x2 + 1
= ln
2
TO
2
x + 1x + x x−1
= ln
2
!
x + 1x + x − 1x
f (x) = ln
2
• x ≥ 1
x − 1 = x − 1 ⇒ f (x) = ln x
x x
• x < 1
x − 1 = 1 − x ⇒ f (x) = − ln x
TU
x x
− ln x, x < 1
Therefore f (x) =
ln x, x≥1
Roots:
1 1
f (x) = 0 ⇔ arg cosh x+ =0
2 x
1 1
⇔ x+ =1
2 x
1
⇔ x+ = 2
x
⇔ x2 − 2x + 1 = 0, since x 6= 0
Y
⇔ (x − 1)2 ⇔ x = 1
x→0+
1 1 1
as x → 0+ , → +∞ ⇒ x+ → +∞
x 2 x
1 1
and arg cosh x+ → +∞
2 x
So lim f (x) = +∞
x→0+
• lim f (x) =
x→+∞
1 1 1
as x → +∞, → 0+ ⇒ x+ → +∞
x 2 x
1 1
R
and arg cosh x+ → +∞
2 x
TO
1
x + 1x
We have f (x) = arg cosh =
2 ln x, x≥1
Thus,
f (x) − f (a) f (x) − f (a) ln x − ln a
lim = lim = lim
x→a
>
x−a x→a
<
x−a x→a x−a
1
= ln0 a =
M
a
Case 3: a = 1
for x → 1, x ∈]0, 1[
>
for x → 1, x ∈]1, +∞[
<
f (x)− f (1) −(ln x−ln 1)
So lim x−1 = x−1 = − ln0 1 = −1
x→1
<
f (x)− f (1) f (x)− f (1)
and lim x−1 = ln x−ln 1
x−1 = ln0 1 = 1 6= lim x−1
x→1 x→1
> <
Conclusion:
f is differentiable in R∗+ \{1} = D f = ]0, 1[ ∪ ]1, +∞[ = D f 0
and ∀x ∈ D f 0 , f 0 (x) is given by
−1
f 0 (x) = x , 0<x<1
1
x, 1 < x < +∞
R
From this, we clearly see that there are no stationary points.
Assymptotes:
The line x = 0 is a vertical assymptote to the curve
Variation Table
TO
TU
(c) Curve of f
Y
M
Exercise 2
1. Let (Un )n∈N and (Vn )n∈N be 2 sequences gotten by supposing
√ Un +Vn
(U0 ,V0 ) + (1, 2) and ,Un+1 = UnVn , Vn+1 =
2
R
(a) Let n ∈ N
Comparison of Un and Vn
Let’s show that Un ≤ Vn
TO
This is easily proven by induction.
• Let’s now show that ∀a, b ∈ R+ ,
a+b √
≥ ab
2
In essence,
s
a+b 2
a+b
= , since a, b ∈ R+
2 2
r
a2 + b2 + 2ab
=
4
TU
r
a + b2 ab
2
= + ..................................................⊕
4 2
We also have that (a − b)2 ≥ 0, ∀a, b ∈ R+
So a2 + b2 − 2ab ≥ 0 ⇔q a2 + b2 ≥ 2ab
2ab
√
Therefore, ⊕ ⇒ a+b2 ≥
ab
4 + 2 = ab
a+b
√
Thus, 2 ≥ ab , ∀a, b ∈ R+
∈ R+ , taking a = Un and b = Vn ,
Now, since Un ,Vn √
we have Un +V
2
n
≥ UnVn i.e Vn+1 ≥ Un+1
And since V0 ≥ U0 , It follows that, ∀n ∈ N, Vn ≥ Un
Y
Vn+1 = Un +Vn
≤ Vn +V
2 , since Un ≤ Vn
n
M
2
Therefore, Vn+1 ≤ Vn ⇒ (Vn )n∈N is decreasing
Un −Vn
(c) Let n ∈ Nmm RQTS Un+1 −Vn+1 ≥ 2
Un is increasing ⇔ Un+1 ≥ Un
Un Un
⇒ Un+1 ≥ +
2 2
R
Un Un
⇒ Un+1 − ≥
2 2
Un Vn Un Vn
⇒ Un+1 − − ≥ −
2 2 2 2
Un +Vn Un −Vn
⇒ Un+1 − ≥
2 2
TO
Un −Vn
⇒ Un+1 −Vn+1 ≥ QED
2
(d) Can we say that the sequences are adjacent?
The following properties have already been verified.
• Un is increasing and Vn is decreasing
• Vn ≥ Un
• So now we check whether lim (Vn −Un ) = 0
n→+∞
Un −Vn
We have 2 ≤ Un+1 −Vn+1 ≤ 0, since Un ≤ Vn ∀n
TU
Suppose Wn = Un −Vn . We get
Wn
≤ Wn+1 ≤ 0
2
Wn−1 Wn
i.e ≤ ≤ Wn+1 ≤ 0
4 2
W0
i.e n+1 ≤ Wn+1 ≤ 0
2
W0 = U0 −V0 = 1 − 2 = −1
So,
−1
≤ Wn+1 ≤ 0
2n+1
−1
Y
Therefore,
lim (Un+1 −Vn+1 ) = lim (Un −Vn ) = 0
n→∞ n→∞
M
Conclusion:
The sequences (Un )n∈N and (Vn )n∈N are adjacent
(e) Approximation of l, the common limit of (Un )n∈N and (Vn )n∈N
We are to give a term of the sequence which is an approximation of the limit to the nearest hundredth.
This comes back to looking for n0 such that
1 1
|Un0 − l| < or |Vn0 − l| <
100 100
R
1
|Un0 − l| + |Vn0 − l| <
100
Now, since (Vn )n∈N is decreasing, it implies that Vn ≥ l ∀n ∈ N, so |Vn − l| = Vn − l
Also, since (Un )n∈N is increasing, it implies that Un ≤ l ∀n ∈ N, so |Un − l| = l −Vn
So,
TO
|Un0 − l| + |Vn0 − l| = l −Un0 +Vn0 − l = Vn0 −Un0
But Un0 −Vn0 ≥ 2−1n0 , from (d)
1
So, Vn0 −Un0 ≤ 2n0
1
Thus, in order to have Vn0 −Un0 < 100 , it suffices to have
1 1
<
2n0 100
i.e 2n0 > 100
i.e n0 > log2 100
We get n0 ∈ {7, 8, 9, . . .}
TU
We take n0 = 7 and thus we take the term Un0 = U7 (We could also take Vn0 )
n
1
2. (rn )n∈N is the sequence defined by rn = ∑ k!
k=0
n+p 1 n+p
1
= ∑ = ∑ , the sequence is positive and increasing
k=n+1 k! k=n+1 k!
1 1 1
= + +...+
(n + 1)! (n + 2)! (n + p)!
1 1 1 1
M
= 1+ + +...+
(n + 1)! n + 2 (n + 2)(n + 3) (n + 2)(n + 3) . . . (n + p)
We have ∀i ∈ N, i ≥ 2,
(n + 2)(n + 3) . . . (n + i) ≥ (n + 2)(n + 2) . . . (n + 2) > 0
| {z } | {z }
i−1 times i−1 times
1 1
⇒ ≤
(n + 2)(n + 3) . . . (n + i) (n + 2)i−1
| {z }
i−1 times
So,
1 1 1 1
|rn+p − rn | ≤ 1+ + + . . . +
(n + 1)! n + 2 (n + 2)2 (n + 2) p−1
QED
R
n+2 1
(b) Remark: (n+1) 2 ≤ 2 , ∀n > 2
Proof:
∀n ∈ N, n > 2,
We have n2 > 4
⇒ n2 + 2n > 2n + 4, i.e adding 2n to both sides
TO
⇒ n2 + 2n + 1 ≥ n2 + 2n > 2(n + 2)
⇒ (n + 1)2 > 2(n + 2)
n+2 1
⇒ < .....................................................................~
(n + 1)2 2
From the sum of a g.p,
1
" #
1 1 − (n+2) p
|rn+p − rn | = 1
(n + 1)! 1 − n+2
1
0 ≤ 1− ≤ 1, ∀n > 2, ∀p ∈ N
(n + 2) p
TU
Thus,
!
1 1
|rn+p − rn | ≤ n+1
(n + 1)! n+2
1 n+2
≤
(n + 1)! n + 1
1 n+1
≤ , i.e applying the inequality in ~
(n + 1)! 2
1
≤
2(n!)
1
≤ , Since 2(n!) ≥ n, ∀n > 2
Y
n
QED
(c) Deducing that (rn )n∈N is a Cauchy’s Sequence and hence converges.
Let ε > 0, Searching for nε ∈ N/∀n, p ∈ N, n ≥ nε ⇒ |rn+p − rn | < ε
In order to have |rn+p − rn | < ε,
M
(rn )n∈N is therefore a Cauchy’s sequence and since it is a "suite numerique"(Sequence in R), it therefore
converges. We note e its limit.
Note: The condition n > 2 should not be forgotten when looking for nε because it was under that condition
that we found |rn+p − rn | < n1 . So to use the latter property, we must intersect it with the condition under
which it was gotten.
R
n
= (1)(2) . . . (b − 1)(b + 1) . . . (n − 1)(n)(a) − ∑ (k + 1)(k + 2) . . . (n)
| {z } k=0
∈Z, Since n>b | {z }
∈Z
TO
1
But (rn )n∈N is strictly increasing since rn+1 − rn = (n+1)! > 0, ∀n ∈ N
So rn < rn+1 < e ⇒ e − rn > 0 and since n! ≥ 1, ∀n ∈ N,
It follows that and pn > 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
Therefore,(1) and (2) ⇒ pn ∈ N∗ i.e pn ∈ {1, 2, . . .}
(ii) RQTS 0 < pn < 1
• We have already shown that pn > 0
• Now we show thatpn < 1
Let a, b, n ∈ N, n > b
+∞
1 1 1 1
e − rn = ∑ = 1+ + +...
TU
k=n=1 k! (n + 1)! n + 2 (n + 2)(n + 3)
1 1 1
≤ 1+ + + . . .
(n + 1)! n + 2 (n + 2)2
Similar reasoning as (2)(a) above
!
1 1
≤ 1
(n + 1)! 1 − n+2
Sum to infinity of a g.p
1 n+2 1 1
≤ = 1+
(n + 1)! n + 1 (n + 1)! n+1
1
≤ (1 + 1)
(n + 1)!
Y
1+n 1
≤ =
(n + 1)! n!
Since n > b ≥ 1
Exercise 3
1.
f: R →R
x 7→ E(2x) − 2E(x)
R
(a) Calculation of f(x)
TO
x≥0 ⇒ x − 1 ≥ −1
1
⇒ −1 ≤ x − 1 < E(x) ≤ x <
2
1
⇒ −1 < E(x) <
2
⇒ E(x) = 0
1
Only integer between -1 and 2 exclusively is 0
0 < 2x < 1
TU
2x ≥ 0 ⇒ 2x − 1 ≥ −1
⇒ −1 ≤ 2x − 1 < E(2x) ≤ 2x < 1
⇒ −1 < E(2x) < 1
⇒ E(2x) = 0
1 −1
x≥ ⇒ x−1 ≥
2 2
−1
⇒ ≤ x − 1 < E(x) ≤ x < 1
2
Y
−1
⇒ < E(x) < 1
2
⇒ E(x) = 0
−1
Only integer between 2 and 1 exclusively is 0
1 < 2x < 2
M
2x ≥ 1 ⇒ 2x − 1 ≥ 0
⇒ 0 ≤ 2x − 1 < E(2x) ≤ 2x < 2
⇒ 0 < E(2x) < 2
⇒ E(2x) = 1
R
Also,
TO
(1) + (2) ⇒ −1 < E(2x) − 2E(x) < 2
Therefore, f (x) ∈ N ∩ ] − 1, 2[= {0, 1}
⇒ f (x) ∈ [0, 1]
√
2. Hypothesis: 2 is irrational.
Required to show that
√
x+y 2
x, y ∈ CRQ , x 6= y ⇒ √ ∈ CRQ
1+ 2
i.e p ⇒ q
TU
By contradition, we assume p ∧ ∼ q and we work to arrive at an absurdity.
Assumption:
√ !
x + y 2
x, y ∈ CRQ , x 6= y and √ ∈Q
1+ 2
√ √
x+y 2 x+y 2
√ ∈Q ⇔ ∃q ∈ Q/ √ =q
1+ 2 1+ 2
√ √
⇔ x+y 2 = q+q 2
√
⇔ x − q = (q − y) 2
Case 1: y = q:
We thus have x − q = 0 ⇒ x = q = y (absurd)
Since part of our assumption was that x 6= y
Case 2: y 6= q,
We have √ x−q
M
2= ∈Q
q−y
Since x − q, q −
√y ∈ Q and q − y 6= 0
We thus have 2 ∈ Q (absurd)
Hence our supposition was false.
Therefore √
x+y 2
x, y ∈ CRQ , x 6= y ⇒ √ ∈ CRQ
1+ 2
n
n o
3. A = 31n + (−1)
2n , n ∈ N
∗
RQTS A is bounded
i.e ∃M ∈ R∗+ /∀x ∈ A, |x| ≤ M
n
Let x ∈ A, ⇒ ∃n ∈ N∗ /x = 31n + (−1)
2n
R
We have
1 1
∀n ∈ N∗ , 0 ≤ ≤ (7.1)
3n 3
−1 (−1)n 1
and ≤ ≤ (7.2)
2 2n 2
TO
−1 5
(1) + (2) ⇒ ≤ x≤
2 6
⇒ −1 ≤ x≤1
We take M = 1
Therefore A is bounded.
Looking for the supremum and the infimum
First two elements.
n = 1, x = 13 − 12 = −1
6
n = 2, x = 19 + 13
36
TU
13
By intuition, we say our supremum is 36 and we prove this
13
• Let x ∈ A, we show that x ≤ 36
(−1)n
x ∈ A ⇒ ∃n ∈ N∗ /x = 31n + 2n
We consider two cases.
Case 1: n even
x = 31n + 2n
1
n≥2 ⇒ 3n ≥ 9 and 2n ≥ 4
Y
1 1 1 1
⇒ 0 ≤ n ≤ and 0 ≤ ≤
3 9 2n 4
1 1 1 1 13
⇒ x= n + ≤ + =
3 2n 9 4 36
13
⇒ x≤
36
M
Case 2: n odd
x = 31n − 2n
1
−1 13
For n = 1,x = 6 ≤ 36
1 1 1 1 1 13
For n ≥ 3, x = − ≤ ≤ = ≤
3n 2n |3n {z 33} 27 36
Since n≥3
13 13
• Also, since 36 ∈ A, i.e for n = 2, it follows that 36 is the supremum of A.
−1
We also suppose our infimum is 6 and we prove
−1
• Let Let x ∈ A, we show that x ≥ 6
Case 1: n even
R
1 1 −1
x= n
+ ≥0≥
3 2n 6
Case 2: n odd
1 1
For n = 1, x = 6 ≤ 6
TO
1 1 −1 −1
For n ≥ 3, 0 ≤ ≤ and ≤ ≤0
3n 9 6 2n
−1 1 1 1
⇒ ≤ n− ≤
6 3 2n 9
−1
⇒x≥
6
−1
∴ ∀x ∈ A, x ≥ 6
• Also, −1
6 ∈ A(i.e for n = 1) and since ∀x ∈ A, x ≥
−1
6 , it follows that
TU
−1
6 is the infimum of A
4. B = {x ∈ R∗ , −2 < 2x + 1x < 2}
Investigating whether B is bounded
Let x ∈ B
x2 + 2 > 4x ⇔ x2 − 4x + 2 > 0
√ √
⇔ [x − (2 + 2)][x − (2 − 2)] > 0
√ √
⇔ x > 2+ 2 or x < 2 − 2
| {z }
No solution since x<0
√
M
R
−4x < x2 + 2 < 4x
TO
⇔ [x − (−2 − 2)][x − (−2 + 2)] > 0
√ √
⇔ x < −2 − 2 or x > −2 + 2
| {z }
No solution since x>0
√
So x > −2 + 2 and x > 0 ⇒ x > 0
•
x2 + 2 < 4x ⇔ x2 − 4x + 2 < 0
√ √
⇔ [x − (2 − 2)][x − (2 + 2)] < 0
√ √
⇔ 2− 2 < x < 2+ 2
TU
Intersecting both solutions from the separated inequalities, we get
√ √
x ∈]2 − 2, 2 + 2[
√
Infimum = −2 − √2
Supremum = 2 + 2
Y
M