, Levels I, II and III Eddy Current/Flux Leakage Testing Method Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A Book E Aasecioes Society Sor Nowtosuravtive Testing, Inc.‘The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1741 Arlingate Lane PO Box 28518 Colurnbus, OH 43228-0518 Copyright © 1995 by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ASNT is not responsible for the authenticity or accuracy of information herein. Published opinions and statements do not necessarily reflect the opinion ‘of ASNT, Products or services that are advertised or mentioned do not carry the endorsement or recommendation of ASNT. IRRSP, NDT Handbook, The NDT Technician and www.ssntorg are trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ACCP, ASNT, Level III Study Guide, Materials Evaluation, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Research in Nondestructive Evaluation and RNDE are registered trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc, This publication contains suggested questions and answers in the Eddy Current Test method for use in conjunction with Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-IA for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing. Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC- IA is available from ASNT. ASNT exists to create a safer world by promoting the profession and technologies of nondestructive testing. ISBN-13: 978-0-931403-16-3, first printing 1980 second printing 05/88 third printing 05/1990 fourth printing with revisions 09/95 fifth printing 04/96 sixth printing 01/98 seventh printing 01/02 eighth printing 03/05, ninth printing 04/07Table of Contents References Reference Usage List Eddy Current Test Method Level I Questions Answers Level II Questions Answers Level UT “Questions Answers Flux Leakage Test Method Level I Questions Level Questions Level DT Questions Level I, I, and fT Answers 21 21 33 35 35 47 47 51 51 55 55Recommended Training References Eddy Current/Flux Leakage Testing Method ‘The following references were used in formulating the questions contained in this bock. A* Libby, HL. Introduction to Electromagnetic Test Methods. Wiley-Interscience. 1971. B.** McClurg, G.O. “Flaw Detection by Eddy Current Methods.” Nondestructive Testing, Vol. XV, No. 2 (1957): pp. 116-119. Eddy Current Testing, Classroom Training Handbook (CT-6-5), San Diego, CA: General Dynamics/Convair Division. 1967. (Now published by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.) D.* Eddy Current Testing, Programmed Instruction Handbook, Volume 1, (PI-4-5). San Diego, CA; General Dynamics/Convair Division, 1967. (Now published by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Ine.) E.* Eddy Current Testing, Programmed Insiruction Handbook, Volume 2, (PI-4-5). San Diego, CA: General Dynamics/Convair Division. 1967. (Now published by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.) 1976 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 11. Philadelphia, PA. American Society for Testing and Materials. 1976. G.* McMaster, R.C., ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, first edition. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1959. H** Libby, HLL. “Basic Principles and Techniques of Eddy Current Testing.” Nondestructive Testing, Vol. XIV, No. 6 (1956): pp. 12-27. L** Allen, J.W. and R.B, Oliver. “Inspection of Small Diameter Tubing by Eddy Current Methods.” Nondestructive Testing, Vol. XV, No. 2, (1957): pp. 104-109. J.** Cosgrove, L.A. “Quality Control Through Nondestructive Testing with Eddy Currents.” Nondestructive Testing. Vol. XIII, No. 5, (1955): pp. 13-15. Hochschild, Richard. “Eddy Current Testing by Impedance Analysis." Nondestructive Testing. Vol. XI, No. 3, (1954): pp. 35-44, ‘L.** Shiraiwa, T., T. Hiroshima, T. Hirota, and T. Sakamoto. “SAM Inspection Systems for Oil Country Tubular Goods,” Materials Evaluation, Vol. 35, No. 7, (197): pp. 52-56 ‘M. Sharpe, RS. Editor. Research Techniques in Nondestructive Testing, Volume 1, London and New York: ‘Academic Press. 1970. N. Sharpe, R.S., Editor, Research Techniques in Nondestructive Testing, Volume 2, New York: Academic Press. 1974. O.* McGonagle, W.J. Nondestructive Testing, second edition, New York: Gordon & Breach. 1969. P.#* Forester, Dr. Friedrich. “Progress Report — The Nondestructive Inspection of Tubings for Discontinuities and Wall Thickness Using Electromagnetic Test Methods,” Materials Evaluation, Vol. 27, No. 4, (1970): pp. 21A-31A. Q.** Black, W.A. “Nondestuctive Testing of Steel and Steel Products,” Nondestructive Testing, Vol. XVItI, No. 3, (1960): pp. 185-190. sR, Radio Amateur's Handbook. American Radio Relay League Staff, 1977. S. _ Frester, Dr. Friedrich. (1959, January). “Principles of Eddy Current Testing.” Metal Progress. T.* Materials Evaluation. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Us Metals Handbook, Volume 11, Nondestructive Inspection and Quality Control. Metals Park, OH: American Society for Metals. 1976. V. Sharp, R'S., Editor, Research Techniques in Nondestructive Testing, Volume 3. New York: Academic Press. 197. W. “NDT Monograph FL.” Mathematics and Formulae in NDT. W.H. Houldershaw Lid. 1978. X Stumm, W. (1979, July). “Magnetic Stray Flux Techniques in NDT — Theory, Application, and New Developments,” British Journal of NDT. Y.* Shiraiwa, T., T. Hiroshima, and S. Morishima. “An Automatic Magnetic Inspection Method Using ‘Magnetoresistive Elements and its Application.” Materials Evaluation, Vol, 31, No. 5, (1973): pp. 90-96. Z.* Lord, W., etal. “Residual and Active Leakage Fields Around Defects In Ferromagnetic Materials.” Materials Evaluation, Vol. 36, No. 8, (1978): pp. 47-54, AA.**Luz, H. (1973, February), “The Nondestructive Testing of Bars and Billets for Surface Defects by Magnetic Leakage Methods,” Journal of Nondestructive Testing, Volume 6, No. 1. BB.**Bergander, Marek J. “Computerized Magnetic Testing of Steel Ropes.” ASNT Paper Summaries, National Spring Conference, San Diego. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. April, 1979, CC. Poffenroth, Dennis N. “Flaw Detection in Mine Hoist and Elevator Transportation Systems.” ASNI/CSNDT Conference/Show, Niagara Falls. May, 1979. DD.* 1978 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 11. Philadelphia, PA. American Society for Testing and ‘Materials. 1978. EE, Bergander, Marek J. (1978, May), “Principles of Magnetic Defectoscopy of Steel Ropes,” Wire Journal. FF. _Bergander, Marek J., and Julivaz Stachurski. “A New Device for Magnetic Testing of Steel Ropes,” 4th International Congress of Transportation by Rope. Vienna, Austria, June, 1976. GG. Egen, Richard A. “Nondestructive Testing of Wire Rope,” Offshore Technology Conference. Houston, May, 197. * Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. "** Available in photocopy form from the ASNT Information Center (800) 222-2768 or (614) 274-6003, X247. Each question found in this book contains letter(s) and page number(s) and sometimes chapter or section number(s) in bold type immediately following the answers. For example, 15, When testing ferromagnetic materials, the depth to which eddy currents are induced in the material will be determined by the: a. conductivity of the materi . permeability of the material c. geometrical shape of the material 4. all of the above In this examnple, the first nuraber “3” refers to Reference 3 in the list provided above. The “2” indicates the chapter ‘number and the “31” is the specific page in Reference 3 where the answer to the question can be found. 6Reference Usage List Eddy Current/Flux Leakage Testing Method Reference A: Total = 49 Level I (14) Level II (15) Level If] (20) Reference B: Total = 0 Level I (0) Level It (0) Level III (0) Reference C: Total = 105 Level I (46) Level If (46) Level III (13) Reference D: Total = 14 Level I (5) Level II (6) Level III (3) Reference E: Total = 15 Level I (7) Level II (1) Level III (7) Reference F: Total = 2 Level I (0) Level II (0) Level MII (2) Reference G: Total = 77 Level I (24) Level Il (24) Level III (29) Reference H: Total = 0 Level I (0) Level II (0) Level It (0) Reference I: Total = 0 Level I (0) Level II (0) Level MI (0) Reference J: Total = 1 Level I (1) Level II (0) Level TH (0) Reference K: Total = 0 Level I (0) Level II (0) Level If] (0) Reference L: Total = 3 Level I (1) Level If (1) Level IM (1) Reference M: Total = 0 Level I (0) Level IT (0) Level IIT (0) Reference N: Total = 3 Level I (0) Level II (1) Level III (2) Reference O: Total = 10 Level I (4) Level II (6) Level SII (0) Reference P: Total = 3 Level I (0) Level II (0) Level UI (3)Reference Q: Total = 0 Reference Z: Total = 3 Level I (0) Level I (2) Level II (0) Level IT (0) Level II (0) Level IN (1) Reference R: Total = 1 Reference AA: Total = 4 Level 1 (0) Level I (1) Level II (0) Level II (1) Level IIT (1) Level II (2) Reference S: Total = 7 Reference BB: Total = 1 Level I (0) Level I (0) Level [1 (6) Level IE (1) Level UT (1) Level III (0) Reference T: Total = 0 Reference CC: Total = 1 Level I (0) Level I (0) Level II (0) Level II (0) Level [HI (0) Level III (1) Reference U: Total = 13 Reference DD: Total = 7 Level I (3) Level I (2) Level II (6) Level II (5) Level IIT (4) Level III (0) Reference V: Total = 25 Reference EE: Total = 3 Level I (10) Level I (2) Level II (10) Level II (1) Level ITE (5) Level IT (0) Reference W: Total = 3 Reference FF: Total = 1 Level I (0) Level 1 (0) Level II (0) Level II (1) Level Il (3) Level IIT (0) Reference X: Total = 1 Reference GG: Total = 2 Level I (0) Level I (0) Level IT (1) Level II (0) Level ILI (0) Level III (2) Reference Y: Total = 3 Level I (1) Level II (1) Level III (1)Level I Questions Eddy Current Testing Method ‘A test specimen used as a basis for calibrating test ‘equipment or as a comparison when evaluating test resulls is referred to as a: a. null-balancer b, phase shifter . reference standard . high pass filter C243; 6.40.5 Tn an eddy current testing situation, which of the following can provide sources of noise? instrumentation electronic circuits . nonspecific variations within the test object electrical interference |, all of the above eoge AdLS ‘The ratio of the responst or amplitude from signals of interest (0 the response or amplitude of indications ‘that contain no useful information for the test being conducted is referred to as: a. Poisson’s ratio b. signal-to-noise ratio <, the conductivity-to-permeability ratio d, the reactance-to-resistance ratio 0.366 IACS is a recognized abbreviation for: a, Induced Alternating Current System b. Inductively-Activated Comparison System ¢. Internal Applied Current System 4d. International Annealed Copper Standard C28; GAZ Which of the following is not a basic component of eddy current equipment? a. amplifier b. coil ¢. liquid couplant d. detector G.36.2 6 10. ‘The process of comparing the reading or output of an instrument, device, or dial with a standard to determine the instrument's accuracy, capacity, or ‘graduations is referred to as: 4. calibration b. differentiation cc integration phase shifting 3.28 When conducting an eddy current test using a differential comparison coil arrangement that compares an external reference standard with the test specimen, the system should be nulled or balanced: a. with only the reference standard in one coil ’. with the reference standard in one coil and an acceptable test specimen in the other coil ¢. with the reference standard in one coil and an unacceptable test specimen in the other coil 4. with only the test specimen in one coil Ga021 ‘The impedance of an eddy current test coil will increase if the: \. test frequency increases inductive reactance of the coil decreases . inductance of the coil decreases |. resistance of the coil decreases anep C235 Some of the products commonly tested using encircling coils are: a rods, tubes, and wire b. plate when volumetrically inspected ¢, sheets and metalized foil all of the above G.40.1 Which of the following would normally be considered the best fill factor when testing straight tubing with an encircling or feedthrough coil? a. 0.95 (95%) b. 1.75 (175%) c. 0.50 (50%) d. 0.25 (25%) 6.36.17Eddy Current Testing Method, Level 1 1, 12 13, 14, When a magnetic metal partis placed in an eddy the impedance of the coil will be changed by which of the following propertics of the part? a. conductivity bb, dimensions . permeability 4d. all of the above 6362 An eddy current is circulating electrical current induced in a conducting article by: 8. gamma rays b. an alternating magnetic field ©. apiezoelectric force, 4. any of the above C25 ‘The conductivity of a material can be changed by changing the: a, alloy of the specimen ’, heat treatment of the specimen . temperature of the specimen 4. all of the above C29 to 212 Figure 4 is an illustration of a material's: a. phase analysis loop b. sine wave cc. hysteresis loop 4. none of the above 249 10 15, 16. 7 ‘When testing ferromagnetic anaterials, the depth to which eddy currents are induced in the material will be determined by the: a. conductivity of the matetial ». permeability of the material ©. geometrical shape of the material d. all of the above C231 ‘When testing plate with a probe coil, itis noted that the eddy current output indication varies as the distance from the coil to the surface of the test part varies. The term used to describe this action is: a. fill factor ». hit-off ©. phase differentiation d. edge effect C224 ‘The main purpose for spring-loaded eddy current probe coils is to: a, minimize lift-off variations . minimize wear on the probe ¢, reduce operator fatigue d. eliminate edge effect C24 Lift-off is utilized i a, measuring permeability changes 'b. measuring conductivity changes . measuring the thickness of non-conductive coatings . determining proper test frequency 2.25 . In eddy current test systems where encircting coils are used, coupling efficiency is referred to as: a. lift-off », edge effect ©. fill factor phase differentiation 636.17 ). When inspecting products with a uniform cross section, an eddy current signal is produced when the leading end or trailing end of the product approaches the test coil. This phenomenon is referred to as: a. liftoff b. endeffect «. fill factor 4. phase discrimination 2.27au. 3, 25. 26. of the following conditions would be the most difficult to detect when eddy current testing rod with an encircling coil? a. a deep surface crack that has a depth of 30% of the rod diameter . a small inclusion in the center of the rod ©. a5% change in diameter 4d. a 10% change in conductivity 2.29 ‘When testing tubing with an inside diameter coil, most of the eddy currents: . flow in a longitudinal direction down the tubing . flow radially in the tube . flow around only the outside diameter of the tubing 4, flow around the inside diameter of the wing. C230 es 29. ‘Which of the following test frequencies would produce eddy currents with the largest depth of penetration? a. 100 Hz, b. 10 kHz, c. 1 MHz d. 10 MHz. C231 An eddy current test coil’s opposition to the flow of alternating current is called: a. resistance b. inductive reactance . impedance . capacitive reactance €2.33 An increase in the impedance of an eddy current test coil will: fa. cause an increase in the current flow through the test coil . cause a decrease in the current flow through the test coil ¢, not affect current flow in the test coil d. decrease the voltage applied to the coil C234 ‘Which of the following will affect the impedance of ‘an encircling eddy current test probe? a. conductivity of a test specimen in the coil b. permeability of a test specimen in the coil ¢. fill factor 4. all of the above C234, 235 it 21, 30. 31. 32. Eddy Current Testing Method, Level ‘When a test coil consists of a double winding arrangement, and one winding is referred to as a primary winding, the other winding is referred to as the: a. absolute winding b, secondary winding ¢, phase winding d. none of the above C33 Eddy current test coils which are wound to form a ‘wide coil would normally be used to detect: a. pitting ’. small inclusions . changes in conductivity 4. porosity C38 Eddy current test coils, which are wound to form a narrow coil, would normally be used to detect: imensions b. gradual changes in conductivity variation in heat treatment a. small surface defects C38 Direct current saturation coils would most likely be used when testing: a. steel b. aluminum . copper d. brass C39 ‘The single absolute coil arrangement can be used in: ‘a. encircling coils only b. probe coils only cc. probe and encircling coils only 4. probe, encircling, and inside diameter coils C39 The primary purpose(s) of the secondary winding in an eddy current coil is to: a. induce eddy currents in the test specimen bo, detect changes in the eddy current flow ¢. induce eddy currents in the test specimen and to detect changes in the eddy current flow 4. provide de saturation 3.10Eddy Current Testing Method, Level 1 33, 34, 38, 36. 38. Which of the following eddy current test coil arrangements uses one atea of the test specimen as 2 reference standard against which another area on the same specimen is simultaneously compared? a. single absolute coil . double absolute coil . de saturation coil 4, differential coil C3 40, The readout mechanism used when testing by the ellipse method is a: a, meter b, strip-chart recorder . cathode ray tube 4. any of the above C316 aL Reference standards used for eddy current testing: 4, must contain artificial discontinuities such as notches and drilled holes 'b. must contain natural discontinuities such as cracks and inclusions €. must be free of measurable discontinuities 4. may contain artificial or natural discontinuities ot be free of discontinuities depending on the test system and the type of test being conducted 3.27 42, A reference standard used to ensure that the amplitude and phase characteristics of an eddy current system do not drift during continuous testing is called a: a. DGS standard ». calibration standard . reference block . none of the above C328 43, Which of the following could not be tested by the eddy current testing method? a, 102 mm (4 in.) thick plate to be tested for small discontinuities throughout the plate tubing to be tested for surface cracks ©. rod to be tested for laps and seams 4. tubing to be tested for variations in outside diameter C436 44. Which of the following is not applicable to eddy current testing? a. can be used for high-speed testing b. can accurately measure conductivity . can be set up to provide high sensitivity to small discontinuities 4. can penetrate up to 152 mm (6 in.) in atest part 64-36 12 39. ‘The entire circumference of a test partis evaluated at one time when using: an encircling coil a probe coil a secondary winding none of the above Bld ‘When attempting to determine the exact point location of a discontinuity, the test system should include: 1. a phase shifter b, a probe c . an attenuator 4, a penetrameter EA? Itis often possible to sort various noamagnetic alloys of a metal by means of an eddy current test when: a, there is a unique range of permeability values for each alloy by. there is a unique range of conductivity values for each alloy C. the direction of induced eddy currents varies for each alloy 4. the magnetic domains for each alloy are different E310 Which of the following products would be most applicable to a test using an inside coil? a sheet b. rod «, bolt hole d. coating thicknesses E333 ‘When eddy current testing rod for discontinuities, ‘which of the following conditions could produce extraneous indications? a. improper adjustment of the hold-down rollers used to center the rod in the coil b. rod is fed through the coil at varying speeds . changes in dimension d. all of the above €. none of the above E333 ‘One method of reducing nonrelevant indications when eddy current testing ferromagnetic materials is to: a. decrease the pressure on the hold-down rollers >. use a direct current saturation coil to magnetically savurate the test specimen ¢. readjust the gain control A increase the rate of feed through the coil Eso45, 47. 48, 49. 50. Eddy currents are circulating currents induced ina 51. conducting material by a: varying piezoelectric field standing wave front direct current |. varying magnetic field eese C25 Tn order to generate measurable eddy currents in a test specimen, the specimen must be: 52. a. aconductor b. an insulator ©, either a conductor or insulator 4, a ferromagnetic material C28 Al ferromagnetic materials that have been ‘magnetically saturated to suppress permeability variations may retain a certain amount of the ‘magnetization called the: 33. 1. coercive force ». residual magnetisin cc, hysteresis Loop d. hysteresis loss C217, 218 ‘An ac current flowing in a conductor will set up: a. an alternating current field around the conductor . aperiodically changing voltage tangent to the ‘conductor c. an alternating magnetic field around the conductor d. none of the above: 54, D.l-4 ‘The characteristics ofthe alternating magnetic field in the vicinity of the ac coil are affected by: . the coil parameters . the magnitude of the applied ac current . the frequency of the applied ac current 4. all of the above = 55. 2:32 t02-35 ‘When using an encircling coil with both primary and secondary windings, the excitation alternating current is applied to: a. the secondary winding b. the primary winding ¢. either the primary or secondary winding depending (on the setting of an instrament control 4. both the primary and secondary coils D.l-21, 1-23 a3 Eddy Current Testing Method, Level I Which of the following is not a read-out system used to present eddy current test information? a. calibrated and uncalibrated meters b. litmus paper . cathode ray tube 4. strip-chart recorders E.2-18, 76 ‘Which of the following statements best describes the selection of eddy current test frequency? a. the frequency must equal the ff, ratio to give an accurate test b. the frequency must be within +3% of the ff, ratio to give an accurate test «, there is a range of suitable frequencies centered around the optimum frequency 4, the frequency should be within +25% of the characteristic frequency v.84 Which of the following is not a method that may be used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio? 4, change to a test frequency that will decrease the noise b. increase the amplification of the test instrument. ¢. improve the fill factor add filter circuits to the instrument A.16, 35-36 ‘When conducting an eddy current test on tubing, the magnitude of the indication caused by a discontinuity is dependent on: a, the depth of the discontinuity b. the width of the discontinuity ¢. the length of the discontinuity d. all of the above 63711 A.coil’s magnetic field may be viewed as a distribution of lines of flux around the coil. The ‘number of lines in a unit area is defined as: a. magnetic density b. flux density c, magnetic coupling, . hysteresis density C219Eddy Current Testing Method, Level 1 56. Which of the following discontinuities would be easiest to detect with an eddy current test? a. acrack that lies parallel to the direction of the eddy current flow . adiscontinuity located in the center of a 51 mm (@in) thick diameter rod ¢. a tadial crack that extends to the outer surface of a rod 4. a subsurface radial crack located at a depth of 13 mm (05 in, ina 51 mm (2 in.) diameter rod €.2-29; V.80 Eddy current test techniques can be used to: ‘a, measure coating thickness b. measure cladding thickness . gauge the thickness of sheet d. all of the above 54s 58, Eddy currents cannot be induced in: a. aluminum b, latex paint . steel 4. copper DA’ 59. Which of the following characteristics do not apply to ‘magnetic materials? a. high permeability value . no hysteresis loop . definite saturation point on hysteresis loop dd. appreciable residual magnetism past Which of the following is not an eddy current testing ‘method? a, pulse-echo testing d, impedance testing cc. phase analysis testing 4d, modulation analysis testing DSS 61. Eddy currents always travel: a. in nonconductive materials b. radially when testing rod with an encircling coil . in closed paths 4. ina gas C25 62. 63. 67. 14 For the purposes of eddy current testing, saturation of ferromagnetic material is reached when the current is at such a value that for any further increase in current, the signal-to-noise ratio will: a, start to inesease b, start to decrease ¢. show no significant change 4, suddenly drop to zero C221 When sorting a known mix of two alloys with a comparator having a quantitative readout device, itis, desirable to hold all indications within the bounds of the readout device in order to: a. eliminate overloading b, detect the possible existence of « thied alloy . make proper balancing possible d, phase the readings correctly GAL: V.98 A term used to define a condition of balance in a device or system which results in zero output is: a. high frequency standardization b. integration . null-balance d. differentiation A202 A term used to define a unit of flux density is: a. amaxwell b. a gauss . an ohm 4, amho 633.12 Changes in the hardness of age hardenable aluminum and titanium alloys will normally be accompanied by changes in: a. retentivity b. permeability ‘c. magnetostriction 4. conductivity v8 A term used to describe holes, grooves, notches, etc., that are introduced into a reference standard to provide accurately reproducible quality levels is: 4. a natural discontinuity b. an artificial discontinuity ¢. ap ellipse 4. none of the above v.8868. A term used to define one or more turns or loops of a conductor wound in such a manner as to produce an axial magnet field when current passes through the conductor is: acoil resistor capacitor an oscillator a b. c, 4. v6 69, Nondestructive tests are commonly conducted to: a. determine the quality of finished products b, locate defective material before excessive fabrication is performed on the material ¢. monitor production techniques . all of the above ATS 70, ‘The region around a magnet that attracts other pieces of iron or steel is called: a. amaxwell b. the magnetic field c. retentivity 4. alternating current 6.302 71. An eddy current coil arrangement that does not make a ‘comparison with either two sections of the test specimen or one section of the test part and a reference standard is called: a, an absolute coil arrangement . aself-compatison differential coil arrangement c, an extemal reference differential coil arrangement d. none of the above A69 72. Which of the following are common applications for eddy current testing? a, measurement of conductivity ot a combination of conductivity and permeability b, measurement of the thickness of thin metal sections, cladding, or coating c. detection of surface and subsurface discontinuities 4, all of the above 6.36.2 73. Which of the following is not a primary purpose for using an eddy current standard? a, determine if the eddy current test system is capable ‘of performing the test properly b. determine if a discontinuity is cause for rejection c, determine the instrument control settings needed to pass the highest percentage of test specimens run. . detecmine if the sensitivity of a test system has drifted with time A295 Eddy Current Testing Method, Level I 74. Material must be reasonably centered in the test coil of a flaw detection system because: 1, the coil would otherwise be out of balance b. parts of the material furthest away from the coil, radially, may receive a less sensitive inspection c. the flow of eddy currents around the product will be disturbed, resulting in improper penetration 4. lack of proper centering may change the phase adjustment of the instrument C225 7S. When you determine that a flaw detection instrument has been set up incorrectly, or is defective, all material: a, should be retested since the time correct set-up or proper operation was last verified . accepted should be retested . rejected should be retested d. none of the above CA3L 76. An eddy current system (60-cycle comparator type) ‘will measure variations caused by differences in: a. size or shape b. grade or chemistry of the material c, the way in which the material has been processed 4. all of the above 0.346 77. A length of tubing containing a notch running from end to end and having uniform width and depth, when tested with an encircling self-reference differential coil system, will produce: a. erratic signals b. a continuous, sustained signal . no signal d. excessive signals C3 78. In eddy current testing, optimum sensitivity toa known defect placed at random on the surface of a nonferrous length of tubing is obtained by: a. proper choice of frequency b. centering the tubing in the coil cc. proper adjustinent of phase . all of the above V.79, 81, 83 79, Spinning probe-type eddy current instruments are ‘most useful in the detection of: a. surface and subsurface inclusions b the smallest surface blemishes ¢. internal piping or burst 4. allof the above v.90 15Eddy Current Testing Method, Level I 30. 81. 82. 83 85 One principal advantage of spinning probe eddy 86. current instruments is: a. the ability to locate the circumferential position of defects b. relative insensitivity to vibration «. the variety of internal and surface defects that may be detected d. all of the above C35 87, Atany given instant, a spinning probe eddy current instrument should be inspecting: 4, one complete circumference of the product b, an area defined by the size of the probe coil ¢, one longitudinal line the length of the product 4, none of the above C345; 0.353 A spinning probe eddy current instrument would be ‘most useful in: , measuring hardness of ferromagnetic steel products b. flaw detection in hexagonal and shaped material ¢. detecting and precisely locating surface and subsurface discontinuities 4. inspection of copper bus bars for electrical conductivity v.90 89, ‘Which of the following is not a nondestructive testing method? a. ultrasonic testing b. fatigue testing . eddy current testing 4. radiographic testing Cas 90. Which of the following is not applicable to spinning, probe-type instruments? a. the size of product to be inspected is limited by the de saturation capability of the system b, the frequency may be varied to accommodate various metals and alloys . they may be used on straight or coiled wire products 4. they are useful in seam detection 91 6.38.36 In a feedthrough encircling coil eddy current system, calibration standard may be used to: a. insure repeatability and reliability of the setup b. precisely calibrate the flaw depth . reduce sensitivity to vibration dd, measure the test frequency A.295-296 16 "What causes phase shift in an eddy current test coil?” ‘a. a change in the ratio of inductive reactance (X,) to resistance (R) . a change in the sensitivity setting of the instrument use of modulation analysis none of the above ae A3L 6.36.3 Ina feed-through encircling coil flaw detection eddy current system, what would be the purpose of renning a calibration defect several times but in various positions (such as top, bottom left, amd right)? a. to check the phase selectivity ». to ensure proper centering of the material in the test coil Cc. to select the modulation analysis setting 4. to select the proper operating speed G.39.10-12 Ina feedthrough encircling coil eddy current system, de saturation would probably be most helpful in testing: a. copper water tubing b. titanium tabing e a. © ferromagnetic steel mbing brass rivet wire AS6 Ina feedthrough encircling coil eddy current system, the test frequency is controtled by the: a. oscilloscope ». sensitivity setting . oscillator 4. modulation analysis setting A250, 252 Alloy variations in a nonmagnetic material would ‘most likely affect: a. permeability ». conductivity c. diameter 4, frequency 6376 Which of the following frequencies will provide the greatest eddy current penetration m aluminum? a. 1kHz b. 10 kHz c. 3 kHz d. 300 Hz A13095. Eddy Current Testing Method, Level 1 ‘The coercive force of a soft iron electromagnetic core 97. When eddy current testing a nonferrous specimen, & would be the permanent magnet. coercive force of a a. greater than ». less than ©. twice d. equal to ATS Metals that do not react or react only slightly to magnetic fields are called: a, diamagnetic metals b. paramagnetic metals ¢. nonmagnetic metals 4, all of the above A.170-171; G.30.1 A symbol commonly used to express conductivity is: a b aed a RR F C243 A symbol commonly used to express permeability is: pose RMRE v54 The method used to generate eddy currents in a test specimen by means of a coil can most closely be compared with the action of a: a, transformer , capacitor c. storage battery d. generator A.32-33 7 discontinuity will: a. increase the effective conductivity of the specimen '. increase the effective permeability of the specimen c. decrease the effective conchictivity of the specimen d. none of the above A.188 ‘Demagnetization is generally needed when the residual field in a specimen: 4. may affect the operation or accuracy of instruments when the specimen is placed in service ». may interfere with the proper functioning of the part might cause particles to be attracted and held to the surface of moving parts any of the above reasons could make demagnetization necessary 4. v.67 A term used to define testing that requires that the test article be loaded and/or sectioned to verify and/or establish mechanical or physical properties is: a, impedance testing ’. phase analysis testing ¢, destructive testing 4. nondestructive testing Cha10. 12 13; 14. 15; 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21 22; 23. 25. O'S SO Pee ceoparcceeopracarasr eae oscacan Level I Answers Eddy Current Testing Method 26. d Sl. b 27. b 52. ¢ 28. ¢ 53. b 29. d 54, d 30. a 55. b 31. d 56. ¢ 32. b 57. @ 33. d 58. b 34. ¢ 59. b 35. d 60. a 36. b 61. 2c: Si. @ 62. ¢ 38. d 63. b 39. a 64. ¢ 40. b 65. b Al. b 66. d 42. ¢ 67. b Bd 68. a 44. b 69. d 45. d 70. b 46. a 7. a 47. b 72. d 48. ¢ 2. © 49. d 74. b 50. b 75. a 19 76. Th 78. 79. 80. 81 82, 83. 84, 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. OL. 92. 93. 94, ‘95. 96. OF. 98. 99. omens garages ae ce rE raneL Level II Questions Eddy Current Testing Method ‘A method of minimizing the effect of indications caused by gradual dimensional changes while retaining the indications caused by discontinuities is i ‘8, include a high-pass filter in the eddy current test ‘equipment b, include a tow-pass filter in the eddy current test equipment ¢. increase the band pass of the amplifier 4, use the impedance method of testing ASL Which of the following methods may be used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of an eddy current test system’? a. filtering or differentiation ». phase discrimination «. integration d. all of the above E216 In order to decrease the effect on conductivity readings due to variations in test part thickness: a. the test frequency should be increased D. the test frequency should be decreased c. the fill factor should be decreased 4. there is no practical method for decreasing this effect 0347 ‘When testing by the eddy current method, discontinuities will be most easily detected when the eddy currents are: a. coplanar with the major plane of the discontinuity ». perpendicular to the major plane of the discontinuity . parallel to the major plane of the discontinuity 4. 90 degrees out of phase with the current in the coil 637.18 21 A term used to describe the effect observed due to a change in the electromagnetic coupling between a test specimen and a probe coil when the distance of ‘separation between them is varied is: a, fill factor », edge effect ¢, end effect Ad. lift-off 0.357; V.29 ‘A term used to define the phenomenon where, at very high frequencies, the eddy current flow is restricted to an extremely thin outer layer of the conductor a. skin effect b. high-frequency filtration ¢, low-frequency filtration 4, any one of the above 0.347; V.80 The fill factor when a 13 mm (0.5 in.) diameter bar is insetted in a 25 mm (I in.) diameter coil is: a. 0.5 (50%) b, 0.75 (75%) c. 1.0.(100%) a. 0.25 (25%) v9 ‘The term used to define the difference between actual instrument output and expected output as defined by a straight line calibration curve is: a. phase shift b. nonlinearity . liftoff d. skin effect us Which of the following could be used to suppress ‘unwanted high-frequency harmonics? a. low-pass filter b. oscillator cc, phase discriminator 4. high-pass filter D.5-122Eady Current Testing Method, Level It 10. The impedance change of an eddy current test coil n. ‘ue to a change in test part characteristics can be ‘most easily analyzed as a combined change in: a. capacitive reactance and resistance », harmonic frequencies and inductive reactance ¢, signal amplitude and phase 4. retentivity and harmonic frequencies 6.36.19-20 The inductive reactance of a test coil can be calculated using the formula: 6.361 12, When conducting an eddy current test, variations in the test material can be detected as variations in: a. test speed b. impedance of a pickup coil c. none of the above d. all of the above 0.346 13, A term used to define two or more coils electrically connected in opposition such that any electromagnetic condition which is not common to both a test specimen and a reference specimen will produce an unbalance in the system is: a. differential », absolute cc. laminar 4, flying probes 8S 14, Tubing is generally inspected using: a. U-shaped coils . gap coils «, encircling coils 4, none of the above U.8S 15, When testing small parts in an eddy current encircling coil for permeability measurements, which of the following test parameters may be considered important? a. length of the test sample b. thickness of the test sample . cross-sectional area of the test sample d. all of the above 6341 16. 18, 19, 2 22 In atest coil consisting of both a primary and secondary winding, the voltage actoss the secondary isa function of: a. test material permeability btest frequency c. geometry of the test object, dLall of the above 636.12 Eddy current testing relies on the principle of: a, magnetostriction b. electromagnetic induction . plezoelecttic energy conversion i magnetomotive force Al When the H field strength around a material is increased and then decreased to zero, the induction field B within the part does not return to zero. The (erm to define this B value when H has returned to zero is: a. coercive force b. residual magnetism saturation value 4. hysteresis loss ATS; V54 ‘The term used to define the value of H field required to decrease the remanence of 2 material to ze 1 coercive force , magnetizing force . back emf 4. the overlap value AALTS ‘The three major specimen parameters that influence eddy current testing are: a. electrical conductivity, frequency, and material geometry b. density, permeability, and frequency ©. electrical conductivity, permeability, and material ‘geometry 4. thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and permeability 6.36.2 Doubling the number of turns on a coil will: a. double the inductance », halve the inductance cc. decrease the inductance by a factor of four 4, increase the inductance by a factor of four 6.36.1922, 23. 2s. 26. 2. Frequency ratio, fif,, can be defined as: a. the argument of the mathematical function describing the electromagnetic field within the test specimen b. test frequency divided by limit frequency . neither of these . both of these 6.36.13 When testing tubing, using an encircling (OD) coil, what is the phase relationship of the output signals from identical ID and OD discontinuities? a. the signals are in phase b. the phase of the OD discontinuity leads the phase of the {D discontinuity «. the phase of the OD discontinuity lags the phase of the ID discontinuity 4. indeterminate 25.26 A term used to define an instrumentation technique that discriminates between variables in the test part by the different phase angle changes which these conditions produced in the test signal is: a. phase distortion », phase shifting cc. phase discrimination 4. phase analysis, C3413 Ifthe characteristic frequency (f,) of a material is 125 Hz, the test frequency requited to give an f/f, ratio of 10 would be: 6.36.13 ‘A term used to define any change in a sinusoidal signal when the output is not a linear reproduction of ‘the input is: a. distortion b, hinearity . phase shifting dynamic range C4041 ‘Aca fixed test frequency, in which of the following ‘materials will the eddy current penetration be greatest? a. aluminum (35 percent LACS conductivity) ’b. brass (15 percent [ACS conductivity) cc. copper (95 percent [ACS conductivity) d. Sead (7 percent IACS conductivity) C231 Eady Current Testing Method, Level 11 28. The heating effect in magnetic materials caused by the work required to rotate magnetic domains can be eliminated by: a. increasing the rate of displacement of the specimen through the coil . magnetically saturating the test specimen c. decreasing the rate of displacement of the test specimen through the test coil 4. testing in an air-conditioned room C222 29. Ifthe test frequency increases while the field strength is held constant, the surface eddy current density: a, decreases ». increases . remains the same 4. could do any of the above 6379 30. As the fill factor decreases, the impedance variation of a pickup coil produced by a given change in conductivity will a. increase , remain the same c. decrease. d. could do any of the above A.39-40Eddy Current Testing Method, Level It 31 32. 33, ‘The abscissa values on the impedance plane shown in Figure 2 are given in terms of. ‘a, absolute conduetivity b. normalized resistance cc. absolute induetance d. normalized inductance S101 In Figure 2 (an impedance diagram for solid nonmagnetic rod), the f, or characteristic frequency is calculated by the forntula: S101 In Figure 2, a change in the {/f, ratio will result in: a. achange in only the magnitude of the voltage across the coil . acchange in only the phase of the voltage across the coil c. a change in both the phase and magnitude of the voltage across the coil . no change in the phase or magnitude of the voltage across the coil S101 34. 35, 36. In Figure 3, the solid curves are plots for different values of: a. heat treatment b. conductivity «©. fill factor 4. permeability $.102 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 Figure 4 illustrates the fact that eddy current responses: a. can be caused by several parameters b. differ in phase and magnitude with different parameter changes «. can be made selective with regard to the variable of interest 4. all of the above 8.103 Which of the following would be easier to detect in tubing by the eddy current method using the self- ‘comparison differential coil arrangement? 1, gradual changes in diameter . gradual changes in conductivity . changes in temperature 4. short flaws 8.10437. The magnetic domains in an unmagnetized ferromagnetic material are: a. arranged to facilitate the conduction of electrons ». randomly oriented and neutralize each other c. uniformly oriented 4. create a major north and south pole in the material C.2-14; V.93 38. When a magnetic material is placed in a region of an applied magnetizing force (H), magnetic field (B) is developed in the material by means of: a. induction. . conduction c. heat transfer dd, magnetic domain transfer 6.30.6 Figure 5 aok_ Oy A 10 08 = 06 3 3 5 Bu E 20 z 15| Tube 020 20 4 i, 30 50 R oe 02 04 * or Normalized Resistance 39, Figure 5 illustrates the fact that the limit frequency, 4, equations and impedance diagrams for long solid rods and long thin-walled tubing are: a. different ». identical ¢. similar 4. untelated G.38.8 Eddy Current Testing Method, Level IT 40. To eliminate any dependence upon the number of turns of a test coil, the inductance values of an ‘impedance diagram are: a, disregarded b. normalized ©. corrected toa value of 1 d. none of the above 436-38 41. A term used to define a system that indicates only the ‘magnitude of variations in the total coil impedance regardless of the phase or direction in which it occurs on an impedance plane is: a. inductive reactance magnitude system b. feedback-controlled system . impedance-magnitude system . impedance vector analysis system DS-30 42. When eddy current testing tubing with a system that includes a frequency discriminating circuit, which of the following variables would be classified as a high- frequency variable? a. small discontinuities b. conductivity changes c. diameter changes 4, wall thickness variations DS-123 43, A major problem associated with the eddy current test method is the: a. inability of eddy current testing to accurately measure conductivity b. need to test at low speeds to prevent skipping ¢. latge number of known or unknown variables that appear in the output indication , inability of eddy current testing to detect small discontinuities 2-7 44, The atoms of a metal showing magnetic characteristics are grouped into regions that are the smallest known permanent magnets, These regions are called: a. lattice structures, b. cells ¢. domains 4. planetary spins C2413Eddy Current Testing Method, Level II 45, When a coil's magnetizing force is applied to a fervo- magnetic material, the flux density in the material is: 1 less than the flux density generated by the test coil because of heat losses ». less than the flux density generated by the test coil becanse of resistivity . the same as the flux density generated by the test coil 4, greater than the flux density generated by the test coil C220 The flux density in a magnetic material is usually designated by the: a symbol b. symbol & c. letter B 4. letter H 220 47. The magnetizing force of an eddy current test coil is usually designated by the: a. symbol jt b, symbol & «. letter B 4, letier 2-20 48. In eddy current testing, the specimen is coupled to the test coil by: a. core coupling , magnetic saturation ©. the coil’s magnetic field 4d, magnetic domains C222 49, The thickness of nonconductive coatings on a conductive base can be most simply measured by: a. observing the lift-off effect caused by the coating b. testing both sides of the specimen 6. varying the current in the test coil 4. varying the test frequency over a given range during the test ©.2-25 50. ‘The use of magnetic shielding around the exciting coil will generally: a. increase the magnetic field extension but decrease the eddy current penetration ». increase the magnetic field extension and eddy current penetration . decrease the magnetic field extension but increase the eddy current penetration 4, decrease the magnetic field extension and eddy current penetration €2.26 51. 92. 53, 34, 55. 56. 26 ‘Which of the following is not a factor that affects the inductance of an eddy current test coil? a. diameter of coils b. test frequency . overall shape of the coils 4. distance fromm other coils C2238 ‘The formula used to calculate the impedance of an eddy current test coil is: C239 ‘An out-of-phase condition between current and voltage: a. can exist only in the primary winding of an eddy current coil ». can exist only in the secondary winding of an eddy current coil . can exist in both the primary and secondary windings of an eddy current coil 4. exists only in the test specimen 2-40 ‘A term used (o define a surface coil mounted so that the coil can be rotated about the circumference of a test specimen is: a. bobbin coil b. encircling coil «. spinning coit 4. gap coil C35 A term used to define an eddy current test coil which uses magnetic material to purposely shape the magnetic field is: a. bobbin coil b. encircling coil ‘. spinning coil d. gap coil ‘The vector-point, ellipse, and linear time-base methods are all subdivisions of the: a. impedance method of testing b, the modulation analysis method of testing c. the phase analysis method of testing, 4, none of the above C34537. 38. 59. 61. It is frequently possible to separate the conductivity variable from the permeability and dimensional variables when using: 4. the vector-point method of testing ', the ellipse method of testing ©. the linear time-base method of testing 4. any of the above methods of testing C314 ‘When eddy current testing by the ellipse method, the normal indication when the test specimen and reference standard are the same is approximately: 1 steaight horizontal line on a cathode ray tube ». an ellipse on a cathode ray tube . a null reading on a meter |. aclean base line on a strip chart pegse C316 When eddy current testing by the ellipse method, one variable may be indicated by the angle of the ellipse or straight line while another variable may be indicated by the: a. brightness of the ellipse ’. horizontal length of the straight line ¢. size of the ellipse opening 4, sinusoidal shape of the waveform C316 ‘When eddy current testing by the linear time-base method, $s applied to the vertical deflection plates of a cathode ray tube when the test specimen and reference standard are the same and the balance controls are properly adjusted. a. a sinusoidal wave in phase with the timing voltage b. a sinusoidal wave 90 degrees out of phase with the timing voltage ©. a sawtooth waveform 4d, zero net voltage C3418 ‘When eddy current testing by the linear time-base method, what is applied to the vertical deflection plates of a cathode ray tube when a condition of unbalance exists between the test specimen and the reference standard? a, asinusoidal wave b. asawtooth wave c, asquarewave d, no voltage C39 2. 63. 64. 66. 67. Eddy Current Testing Method, Level IT The conductivity value for a metal is a function of the: a. heat treatment given the metal . cold working performed on the metal ©, aging process used on the metal 4, all of the above C46 ‘The ratio of the specific diameter of a probe to the minimum discontinuity of interest should be: a. less than 2 b. greater than 2 c. greater than 4 d greater than 10 C53 Which of the following materials would be more likely used as a mounting material for a probe coil? a. aluminum b. fiberglass ©. copper d. steel C54 A term used to define a surface or intemal rupture that is attributed to processing at too low a temperature or excessive working or metal movement during the forging, rolling, or extruding operation is: a. acold shat bb microshrinkage , burst 4. an inclusion C78 A term used to define the timing relationships involved in alternating current signals & magnitude b, phase ¢, impedance d. reactance A19-21 ‘When eddy current testing a nonferrous material, the choice of test frequency is determined by the: a. degree of phase discrimination required b. eddy current penetration needed «. rate of response required 4. all of the above A.27, 36; V.84-85Eddy Current Testing Method, Level It 68. n. 72, When testing ferrous materials, a sinall but detectable portion of the magnetic flux in the material will pass outside the metal when a surface discontinuity is encountered. This flux is called: a. air flux b. leakage flux ¢. induced flux d. none of the above v330 A term to define a property of a test system which ‘enables the separation of signals due to discontinuities in the test specimen that are located in close proximity to each other is: a. dynamic range b. sensitivity «linearity 4. discontinuity resolution 643.49 A term used to define a material having a permeability less than that of a vacuum is: a. diamagnetic », ferromagnetic . paramagnetic a. magnetic AAT ‘The inductive reactance of a coil is measured in units of: a, mhos b. ohms c. henrys d, gauss van Which of the following coil arrangements would eliminate or decrease the effects of minor variations in diameter, chemical composition, hardness, etc., which occur gradually along the Jength of a wire? a, external reference differential b. self-comparison differential c, single coil absolute 4d. double coil absolute C31 73. 74. 15. 6. Which of the following conditions are not important ‘when selecting specimens to be used as reference standards? a. the specimen should be of the same size and shape as the piece to be tested b. the specimen should have the same heat treatment as the piece to be tested ©. the surface finish of the specimen should be the same as the piece to be tested 4. if the material is aluminum, the surface should be anodized 3.27 An eddy curent test coil’s magnetic field inten: air, a. increases with distance outside the coil and varies across the diameter inside the coil b. decreases with distance outside the coil and varies across the diameter inside the coil cc, decreases with distance outside the cail and is assumed to be constant across the diameter inside the coil d. increases with distance outside the coil and is, assumed (o be constant across the diameter inside the coil D27 The circuits which make it possible to minimize the effect of signals caused by variables of no interest on the readout mechanism are based on differences i a. amplitude b. phase ©. frequency 4. any one or a combination of toe quantities listed above A109-116 When a nonmagnetic rod is placed inside an eddy current test coil: 4, the magnetic field generated by the coil is increased in intensity b, the distribution of eddy currents is uniform through the rod’s cross section ¢. the distribution of eddy currents is at a maximum, at the rod’s surface, or near the surface, and decreases to essentially zero at the rod’s center 4, the temperature of the rod decreases D213 ‘The symbol commonly used to signify impedance is: errr DREN ay C232B. 19. 80. a1. 22. ‘A decrease in conductivity is equivalent to: an increase in permeability . an increase in resistivity a decrease in permeability . a decrease in resistivity pegs C28 Ifthe conductivity of a test part in an eddy current test coil decreases, the magnitude of the eddy currents ata given depth in the test specimen: a. increases b. remains the same . decreases d. may increase or decrease C28 When the voltage applied to a circuit and the current through the circuit both reach their maximums and minimums at the same time, the voltage and current a. additive b. in phase . regenerative d. out of phase ©.2.36 Which of the following is not a commonly used eddy current testing readout mechanism? a. signal generator . meter ¢. cathode ray tube 4. strip-chart recorder C27 Which of the following materials would have the highest resistivity value? aluminum with a 42 percent IACS rating . magnesium with a 37 percent IACS rating cast steel with a 10.7 percent IACS rating |. zirconium with a 3.4 percent JACS rating eoge C232 Figure 6 Values <— One Cycle——> 83, 85, 29 Eddy Current Testing Method, Level II The two voltages (V, and V,) shown in Figure 6 are: a. inphase bb. 45 degrees out of phase c. 90 degrees out of phase 4. 180 degrees out of phase <— One Cycle——> ‘The two voltages (¥, and V,) in Figure 7 are: a. in phase b. 45 degrees out of phase ¢, 90 degrees out of phase dd. 180 degrees out of phase C.2-37 In Figure 8, # represents; 2. the coil’s magnetizing force b. the material's flux density . the material's permeability . the material’s conductivity C218Eddy Current Testing Method, Level It 86. In Figure 8, B represents: a. the coil’s magnetizing force ». the material’s flux density the material’s permeability . the material’s conductivity C218 87. In Figure &, the distance represented by A is a ‘measure of the material's: a. permeability ». conductivity c. retentivity 4d. coercive force C218 88. In Figure 8, the distance represented by Cis a measure of the material's: a. permeability b. conductivity ¢. residual magnetism 4. coercive force C248 89, The ratio of a material’s flux density to a test coil’s magnetizing force, (B/H), can be used to determine the material's: a. conductivity b. resistivity ©. liftoff 4. permeabiticy C214 90. ‘The magnetic field generated by eddy currents induced in a test specimen: 4. opposes the magnetic field that induced the eddy currents, b, reinforces the magnetic field that induced the eddy currents ¢. cancels the magnetic field that induced the eddy currents 4. has no effect on the magnetic field that inchuced the eddy currents C28 ‘91. The impedance of a test coil usually can be represented by the vector sum of: a. inductive reactance and resistance bb. capacitive reactance and resistance ¢. inductive reactance and capacitive reactance d. inductance and capacitance 636.1 93, 95. For age hardenable aluminum and titanium alloys, changes in hardness are indicated by changes in: a. retentivity ». permeability ¢. conductivity d. magnetostriction v.04 ‘The penetration of eddy currents in a conductive material is decreased when: A. test frequency or conductivity of the specimen is decreased D. test frequency is decreased or conductivity of the specimen is increased . test frequency, conductivity of the specimen, or permeability of the specimen are increased 4. permeability of the specimen is decreased Ala ‘When the electrical current in an eddy current coil reverses direction: a, the direction of the eddy currents in a part remains the same. b, the eddy currents in the test part will change phase by 45 degrees ¢. the direction of the eddy currents inthe part also reverses 4. the eddy currents in the part remain the same C25 ‘When testing magnetic materials in an ac field, increasing the field strength: a. has no effect b, increases eddy current penetration , decreases eddy current penetration d. decreases eddy current penetration to some ‘minimum value, and then increases it €0 its maximum value when the specimen becomes ‘magnetically saturated 638.21 Impedance diagrams have been mathematically derived and experimentally verified for materials of any conductivity and permeability having rectangular, cylindrical, or spherical symmetry. To test all specimens of similar geometry under the same condition, itis only necessary to choose a test frequency, f, 0 that frequency ratio f/f, lies at the same point on the impedance diagram fér each. specimen, This principle is based upon: a, Ohm’s Law ». Kirchoff's Law ¢. the Similarity Law d. none of the above G.37.1097. To be useful, limit frequency equations must be: ‘used with their impedance diagrams bused to determine their impedance diagrams . both of these neither of these A158 98, When a rod is placed in an encircling type of coil, the density of eddy currents will be the greatest: a. at the surface . at the center c. midway between the surface and the center 4, none of the above 6378 99. The term fill factor applies to: a. asurface coil . coaxial cable , an encircling coil 4d, all of the above C225 100, An eddy current system using handling equipment with automatic marking of the defective areas primarily snakes it possible to: a. remove defective areas of the product, if desired b. eliminate test surface contamination ¢, allow an inexperienced operator to establish the defect cause 4, pass rejectable material GALS wh Eddy Current Testing Method, Level 17 101. Two test coils are often used in a bridge circuit to: a, eliminate skin effect b, determine the differences between a known standard sample. c. increase the conductivity of the circuit d. decrease the system sensitivity 4.69 102. In inspecting ferromagnetic materials, relatively low- frequencies are normally used because of the: a, Low penetrability of these materials ». higher resolution ¢. lower resolution d. higher penetrability of these materials AB? 103. The actual frequencies used in any specific eddy current inspection should be selected on the basis of the: a. thickness of the material ». desired depth of penetration c. degree of sensitivity or resolution required 4, purpose of the inspection . all of the above v.84 104. In modulation analysis testing, which of the following ‘would not modulate the test frequency applied to the test coil? 4. discontinuities in the test specimen b. dimension changes of the test specimen ¢. chemical composition of the test specimen a filter in the test circuit DS-11910. 12. 13, 14. 15; 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21 22. 23. 24. 25, 26. PeENAWUAYNS pearoneseoranee sees separ aD Level II Answers ‘ Eddy Current Testing Method 27. d 53. ¢ 28. b 54. ¢ 29. b 55. d 30. ¢ 56. ¢ 31. b 57. d ah 58. a 33. ¢ 59. ¢ 34. ¢ 60. d 35. d 6l. a 36. d 62. d 37. b 63. a 38. a 64. b 39. a 65. ¢ 40. b 66. b 41. ¢ 67. d 42. a 68. b 43. ¢ 69. d 44, ¢ 70. a 45. d Tl. b 46. ¢ 72. b 47. 4 73. d 48. ¢ 74. b 49. a 5. a 50. d 76. ¢ Sl. b Tl a 52. d 78. b 33 79. 80. 81 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. ‘93; 94, 95. 96. oe. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. RaeopeTrpeshennneoseepanegtEeomaneeLevel II Questions Eddy Current Testing Method In a feedthrough encircling coil eddy current system, 4. what would be the purpose of running a calibration defect several times but in various positions (such as top, bottom, left and right)? a. to check the phase selectivity b. to ensure proper centering of the material in the test coil «. to select the modulation analysis setting 4d. to select the proper operating speed FESL93 5, Ina feedthrough encircling coil eddy current system, a-calibration standard may be used to: a, insure repeatability and reliability of the setup b. calibrate the approximate depth of detectable flaws . both aand b . measure the test frequency C430 A calibration standard may be used with a spinning probe eddy current instrument to: a. produce an indication relative to the depth of the flaw b. check the instrument for repeatability and freedom from drift ¢. check probe coil for possible damage 4d, all of the above C430 Generator Secondary Coil Spinning probe-type eddy current instruments are most useful in: a. detection of surface and subsurface inclusions b. detection of surface defects such as overlaps and seams . detection of internal piping or burst 4. all of the above A194 A product can be viewed in terms of electrical magnetic effects. A diameter change of the product in an encircling coil is: a, anelectrical effect b. aconductivity effect c. amagnetic effect 4. all of the above DA6 In Figure 9, ac flowing through a primary coil set-up ‘a magnetic field and causes a flow of eddy currents in the rod, The voltage of the secondary coil is dependent upon: a. these eddy currents, », the primary coil , the generator d. all of the above ©2-40 D Primary Coil ——Eddy Current Testing Method, Level III 7 10. a. on Which of the following is not a method that may be used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio? a. change toa test frequency that will decrease the noise », increase the amplification of the test instrument ¢, improve the fill factor 4, add filter circuits to the instrument £276 In eddy current testing, the theoretical maximum testing speed is determined by the: a. magnetic flux density b, testing frequency €. conveyor drive a. test coil impedance AST; C433 In eddy current testing of ferromagnetic materials, the de saturating field may be provided by: a. an encircling solenoid b. a magnetic yoke c, both a and b d. none of the above F.ESTI-ULS Which of the following is a property of eddy currents induced in a conductor by an encircling coil? the magnitude of eddy current flow is large compared to the current flow in the coil b. the eddy current flow is affected by permeability variations in the sample c. the eddy current flow dissipates no power in the conductor 4. none of the above C221 ‘Which of the following is a property of eddy currents induced in a homogeneous conductor by an enci coil? a, they are weakest on the conductor surface . the phase of the eddy currents vacies throughout the conductor cc, they travel in straight lines 4. they are maximum along the coil axis, AATT Which factor does not affect the phase shift between the transmitted signal and the reflected signal for a reflection-type coil (assuming the part is nonferromagnetic)? a. the conductivity of the sample », the magnitude of the transmitted signal «. the thickness of the sample the presence of defects in the sample AIT 13. 14, 15, a. Lift-off certainly reduces the amplitude of the flux Jeakage signal. The other significant effect it has on the signal is a change i a. phase ». frequency . increasing tift-off which reduces the apparent width of the defect 4. note of the above P3IA ‘The tubular product parameter having the greatest influence on the flux density of the raagnetic field in the part (assuming the magnetizing force, H,, remains constant) is the: 4 surface roughness of the product . diameter of the product cc. wall thickness of the product . length of the product V330 Any handling of equipment used in an eddy current system must take into consideration: a the operator's abilities D. the use of the product being tested . speed, frequency of test, sorting speed, and physical control of the product 4. all of the above GALi9 ‘An eddy current system lends itself to quality ratings such as “Quality Numbers” where the product being inspected: a. is not defective '. does not allow defective areas to be removed «. is of inferior quality 4. has inconsistent quality GAL10 When inspecting material with eddy currents in an automatic handling system, itis advisable to calibrate and adjust the sensitivity levels to: some electronic source another NDT method an NBS standard an actual test part being inspected apse Gai.10 A distinct advantage of using handling equipment in ‘an eddy current test system is to reduce the error caused by: a. instrument drift b. lift-off . skin effect 4, all of the above €. none of the above C22419. Decreased coupling or fill factor results in decreased test sensitivity because: a. reduced coupling between the driver coil and the specimen induces less eddy current flow in the specimen . reduced coupling between the specimen and the pickup coit results in smaller voltages across the pickup coil electrical circuits designed to provide fill factor ‘compensation may prove to be inadequate, depending upon the extent of fill factor toss J. all of the above © ABs Why is it desirable to hold the fill factor or lift-off constant? a. b. to avoid arcing between the coil and the specimen to minimize tester output signal changes that are not relevant to conditions within the specimen to be tested ~. a fill factor or lift-off change will shift the ‘operating frequency |. to minimize the load on the constant current ac excitation circuits ABS 21. ‘The reactance component is decreased by placing a conducting object in the coil’s electromagnetic field. Why is this so? a. the secondary field is exactly in phase with the primary field the secondary field is at precisely 90 degrees with the primary field the phase angle between the two field components is always greater than 90 degrees which partially cancels the primary field d, the secondary field is 180 degrees out of phase with the primary field which causes a large phase shift b, « ASS Test coils may be shielded with conducting material ‘or magnetic material to: a. b. shape field increase sensitivity «. increase resolution 4. all of the above €. none of the above A68 2. 28, 26. a, 37 Eddy Current Testing Method, Level When a magnetic bar is placed in the coil’s electromagnetic field, the coil’s reactance is incressed, What causes this phenomena? . the coil becomes magnetically saturated . the permeability raises the inductance of the test coil . the magnetic test sample's conductivity increases the reactance value of the coit |. this effect is described mathematically by the oe _ equation =“ H AS3 When an excitation voltage is applied to a primary winding, only the magnetic flux is in phase and the secondary magnetic flux is minor. When a test object is inserted in this coil, what action takes place? 4. the object gets hot and no information is available b. insertion of the object cancels all information c. the insertion of the test object intensifies the secondary magnetic flux producing @ new total ‘magnetic flux which can be used to supply test information 4. by subtracting the primary voltage from the secondary voltage, the net voltage is obtained AL ‘The test coil excitation current should be held constant so that the test piece information obtained by an eddy current system will: 4. coniain only flaw information and not indicate variations in magnetic field strength not contain signals generated by cross talk not contain electrical noise all of the above vB. ©, 4. Am Eddy currents flowing in the test object at any depth produce magnetic fields at greater depths, which ‘oppose the primary field, thus reducing its effect and causing what kind of change in current flow as depth increases? a. a decrease ». an increase . afrequency change 4. none of the above Ald ‘Skin effect causes eddy currents to tend to flow near the surface of the test piece. Which of the following factors alter the skin effect? testing frequency . test piece temperature test piece hardness J. test piece permeability all of the above aege AlsEddy Current Testing Method, Level Ill 28, Which of the following is not a common undesirable 31. An ac current produces eddy currents in a test object. effect to the test coil caused by the testing “The vector H, represents the secondary ac field in the environment? test piece. What function occurs to produce a ‘workable test situation? (See Figure 10.) a. temperature variation b. crack in test sample a. changes in the test specimen such as a crack, c. test object making contact with test coil metallurgical or dimeusional change alter the d. foreign object in the test coil field secondary field phase and amplitude €. test coil vibration b, the primary ac current must be 60 cycles to AQT produce this effect . a temperature rise in the specimen 29, There is one function that responds to variations in 4. a mismatch of the H, and H, fields produces a ‘eddy current flaw and magnetic field conditions. This change in the output function actually produces the output signal from the 6.36. ccoil. What is this function? Figure 11 fae | Aitegl 4. d component acta inpedance on te A199 depth of rs 38% 0.0 30. The inductive reactance of a test coil, which is one of the most important impedance quantities, depends ‘upon which of the following? 0.08 a. frequency, coil inductance, coil resistance 0.06 ». coil inductance only ¢. coil resistance and inductance only 4, frequency and coil resistance only 004 ¢. frequency and coil inductance only 0.02 Ly fi 10:15 50 100 150 Ih .. To separate cracks and diameter effects for steel cylinders, the optimum frequencies correspond to 4/4 ,ratios of less than (see Figure 11): a. 10 b. 15 ©. 50 . 100 e. 150 G.37.26, 37.27Figure 12 03 0.2 ° 402 40.3 107 60, Au, 02 ‘Dinas op % 08 304 0 =a aad PO 70d a 20 py os 16% 10" ee te 33. ‘Thin-walled tubes should be tested for cracks, alloy ‘or wall thickness at frequency ratios between (see Figure 12): a, 0.1 and 0.4 b. 04 and 2.4 c. 2.4and 4.0 d. 4.0 and 10 G.38.6, 38.7 ‘Figure 13 ou Subsurface Crack 30% Depth 0.10 008 8 ZF 0.06 0.04 1 = FS, 0 a os 7s tO % of Diameter 39 36. 37. Eddy Current Testing Method, Level Il |. Figure 13 indicates that the largest eddy current dications from subsurface cracks will occur when the frequency ratio (f/f,) a. Sorless b. 15 ¢. 50 4, 150 ormore 37.28 Figure 13 indicates that the magnitude of a signal ‘from a subsurface crack will increase when the frequency ratio (f/F,): a. remains the same . decreases c. increases a. none of the above ° 5 1015 50 100150 Figure 14 indicates that when inspecting for surface cracks in nonferromagnetic cylinders, the optirmam frequency ratio ({/f,) is between: a. Sand 10 b. 10 and 50 ©. 50 and 100 4, 100 and 150 6.37.23, 37.24 ‘An operating frequency of 100 kHz. will have the deepest penetration in: a. titanium ». copper ¢, stainless steel 4. aluminam v.80Eddy Current Testing Method, Level IIT 38. As the operating frequency is increased, the impedance of the empty coil: increases . decreases remains the same |. none of the above epee vai 39. Disadvantages of using a surface probe coil for the inspection of small-diameter tubing include: a, inability to detect small discontinuities, b, slow inspection speed ¢. inherent mechanical problems 4. both a and © €. both band .¢ 40. Differential coil systems can be of which of the following types? (see Figure 15) a, sketch no, 1 b. sketch no, 2 , sketch no. 3 d. all of the above e. both aand b 436-38; 6.38.25 41. “The sensing element in an eddy current system can be ‘which of the following? a. the secondary winding of a differential coil », an absolute coil ¢. assingle winding coil all of the above © both aand b A181-182 Of the following test coil systems, which would be considered best for definitive detection of sinalt discontinuities in tubing? a. encircling coils ». inside probe (ID) coils . surface probe coils 4. both a and b 6.38.25, 38.36 Ina test coil system, when the sensing coil is placed near the excitation coil, which of the following statements is true? a. almost the same magnetic fx threads both coils b. signals from either coil can be used to provide information about the test piece . the arrangement is never sensitive to small discontinuities 4. all of the above , both and b Ad |. In linear time-base equipment: a. the balance control will not affect the phase of the signal on the CRT b, the balance control changes the horizontal position of the signal displayed on the CRT . the phase control permits initial smoothing of the input signals 4. the phase control shifts the signal to the left or right on the CRT E260 Filters are used in modulation analysis to: amplify crack or other discontinuity signals reduce the signal-to-noise tatio ¢. eliminate effect of small random changes in conductivity and permeability of test sample 4, separate conductivity variations from permeability Variations se B29 In modulation analysis, the type of display usually used is a. cathode ray tube , analog meter , chart recorder . digital voltmeter £2.7047, When the slit technique is used with the finear time- ‘base method: a, a shift in phase will move the waveform on the CRT to the left or right after calibration, the waveform ou CRT up or down when a discontinuity appears the equipment can be adjusted so that permeability and conductivity changes will show little ot no ‘change in the siit value . dimension effects will not be displayed at the slit when the conductivity effect is on the horizontal, line b. move E2468 48. In linear time-base equipment, which type of signal is ‘applied to the horizontal deflection plates? a, sinusoidal voliage b. square-wave voltage ‘c. sawtooth voltage 4, amplitude-modulated sinusoidal voltage E251 49. In the ellipse method, the following (see Figure 16) indication should be interpreted as: change in dimension change in conductivity and dimension change in conductivity no change E248 Figure 16 50. The ellipse test method, used with feed through coils: can test rods, tubes, and wires for surface and subsurface cracks . cannot be used for measuring diameter of rods that hhave surface cracks has limited vatue in the alloy sorting of nonferrous rod . is not affected by lift-off variations 6.40.28 41 31. 52. 53. 55. Eddy Current Testing Method, Level HIT In cathode ray tube ellipse testing: a. asstraight line trace will appear when the two voltages applied to the deflection plates are 90 degrees out of phase . the presence of a crack in a test specimen will generally produce a phase shift changes in diameter of a rod cannot be separated from crack effects |. a circle will appear on the screen whenever no voltage is applied to the vertical plates 6.40.24 Eddy current test instruments that indicate only the ‘magnitude of variation in total impedance of the test coil are: 4 unable to sort aluminum rods having different diameters, but the same chemical composition . normally used to measure wall thickness variations in as-cast pipe not used with cathode-ray tube indicators more sensitive to dimensional changes than variations in electrical conductivity b, © a 407 When using an inspection system having an “ellipse display” readout, the signal applied to the vertical ‘input of the scope is related to that applied to the horizontal input as follows: a. the vertical signal is demodulated; the horizontal signal is not b. the vertical and horizontal signals are of the same frequency «the vertical and horizontal signals are always in phase . none of the above 6.40.23, 40.24 Which material should be selected to provide the most effective shielding ofa test coil from an external RF field? a. fiberglass b. austenitic stainless steel ©. copper d. brass C47 To allow maximum current to flow through the coil, the capacitor should be adjusted so that: a, the capacitive impedance is equal to the generator jnmpedance the capacitive impedance is minimum . the capacitive reactance is equal to the inductive reactance . the capacitive impedance is maximum 6.40.43Eddy Current Testing Method, Level Ut 56. 37. 38. 59. 61. ‘A primary-secondary coil inspection system is being used, To suppress the primary coil signal induced in the secondary coil, one might: a. use a differential-ype secondary coil b. add a 180 degree out-of-phase signal to the induced signal ¢. subtract an in-phase signal from the induced signal 4. any of the above C240, 2-41 Which type of readout oscilloscope would be best for examining a nonrepetitive flaw indication during high speed testing? a. a storage type . asampling type | cc. atype having a short persistance screen @. a dual beam type 6.38.36 ‘An ink-writing strip chart recorder generally provides ‘an accurate representation of its input signal: a. ifthe signal frequency is 2 000 Hz or greater b. if the signal frequency is at least 200 Hz ¢. if the signal frequency is limited to 20 Hz 4. only if the signal frequency is limited to 2 Hz V8 ‘A probe coil inspection system is being used to detect ‘eracks in bars. Ifthe cracks have a minimum Tength of 6 mm (0.25 in.), reliable inspection is best a. 6mm (0.25 in.) b, 13mm @5in) ce. any multiple of 6 mm (0.25 in.) 4. coil diameter is imrelevant G.38.31 ‘To ensure reliable flaw detection, the maximum velocity of tubing through an encircling coil must be limited. This limitation is determined by: a. the inspection coil length ». the desired flaw size resolution . the test frequency all of the above C429 ‘Normal test speeds for modulation analysis testing is: a, 01.2 m 0-4 ft/min b. 12-9 m 4-30 fo/min cc. 9-91 m (40-300 ft/min d. 91-1 219 m (400-4 000 fty’min C429 63. 68. 67. ‘When performing modotation analysis testing, the type of test coil: ‘a, must be of the differential type '. must be of the absolute type . can be any basic type . a.and b are the best answers C429 A major limitation of modulation analysis is that the system is based on: a. static tests b. moving tests ©. absolute coil arrangements 4. differential coil arrangements €3.26 ‘Chemical composition, alloy changes, and heat treat changes usually have a frequency modulation that is: a. low b. medium . high 4. very high C325 Modulation would be defined as: 4. a process of comparing an instrument reading with a standard b. a process of grouping antcles by their response to eddy currents ©. a process of applying a variable effect to something that is constant 4. the point where increases in the coil’s magnetizing force does not increase the material’s lux density DS-116 In modulation analysis, the coil’s excitation frequency is being modulated by: a, test article conductivity b. test article dimensions c. test article defects 4. all of the above DS-126 Impedance changes produced by small lift-off variations are greatest when: a. there is a nonconductive coating on the test ‘material b. the coil is usually in contact with the test material . lower test frequencies are used 4, large diameter coils are used U.28068. 70, af 2 7B. ‘When testing for the unknown conductivity of a metal, the measured conductivity is strongly affected by: a. PR , material thickness «. coil diameter 4d. specimen temperature v.78 Jn selecting a coil for multifrequency tests: a, bandwidth is of major importance b. frequency response is of minor importance ¢. the Q of the coil should be Jess than 1 4. the Q ofthe col shoud be Jess than te inductance AlN In developing a multitrequency test, the parameter separation limitations are greatest for those parameters producing: a. nearly similar signals bb. O degrees to 90 degrees phase shifts c. signals having no electrical relation 4. 90 degrees to 110 degrees phase shifts A216 Mual inductance describes: a. the effect two coils have on each other b. the coupling between the test coil and test part ¢. aandb @. none of the above R29 Leakage flux testing is most applicable for the inspection of: «a, shallow surface seams on finished roller bearings b. heavy-wall copper tubing c. surface and subsurface cracks in hot-rolled rough surface ferromagnetic pipe 4. soft spots on polished steel bar stock N22 Increasing the heat-treating temperature of nonferrous, metals: increases electrical conductivity >. will have no effect on electrical conductivity . will decrease electrical conductivity may either increase or decrease electrical conductivity, depending upon the alloy and the nature of the heat treatment aoop Gari 74, Limit frequency, 15. Eddy Current Testing Method, Level It f,» is defined when the argument of the mathematical flmction describing the clectromagnetic field within a test specimen is set equal to: a 6.25 ba ©. 0.37 ao 6.36.13 Referring to Figure 17, suppose a test is being conducted at an f/f, ratio of 1. Due to a mix in alloys, a new test piece with a conductivity value four times as great as the original material is inserted in the coil. The new f/f, ratio will be: a. 0.25, bd o 16 4. unchanged S101Eddy Current Testing Method, Level tlt 77. Figure 19 illustrates: 2 variutions in fill factor for a solid rod. . variations in fill factor for a thin-walled tube c. transition between a solid rod and thin-walled tube d. all of the above 6.38.9 78. Figure 20 illustrates the impedance diagram for tubing whete the ratio of the inside diameter to outside diameter is 80 percent. It is possible to caleulate an approximate limit frequency, j,, by using only the outside diameter. Thus the maxienum test sensitivity for effects of conductivity, wall thickness 76. Figure 18 illustrates that the separation of diameter effects and conductivity effects: a. can be accomplished at any {/f,€ b. can best be accomplished at f/f, larger than 4 ¢. can best be accomplished at {/f* less than 4 4. cannot he accomplished at any $77, 6372 n=0.50 y A LP and cracks occurs ata frequency ratio of: 4 Fee | Vi 6.25 9 44" + ac) = ‘ : apes f ory : a. 400 On = G.38.11, 38.12 Tavs, a En oft al, Figure 20 O41 02 03 04 ° ‘0 pene: 79. The electromagnetic field in a test specimen during eddy current testing is described by: a, Bessel functions b. exponential fanctions c. algebraic fimctions 4, all of these 6.363IL. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Seerauaene vacracmesresce sera rales Level I] Answers Eddy Current Testing Method ZL. 3 41. d 22. d a2. ¢ 23. b 43. e 24. ¢ 44. d 25. a 45. ¢ 26. a 46. ¢ 27. © 47. a 28. b 48. ¢ 29. d 49. b 30. e 50. a 31. a Sl. b 32. a 52. d 33. b 53. b 34, a 54. ¢ 35. b 55. ¢ 36. b 56. d 37. ¢ Ss]. a 38. a 58. ¢ 39. e 59. a 40. d 60. d 61. 62. 63. 64, 65. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. ‘15: 16. 71. 8. 79. arecroracesracmergesISBN-13: 978-0-931403-16-3 = Catalog #: 2030 ~ ‘The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.